Seismic trapped modes in the oroville and san andreas fault zones

Three-component borehole seismic profiling of the recently active Oroville, California, normal fault and microearthquake event recording with a near-fault three-component borehole seismometer on the San Andreas fault at Parkfield, California, have shown numerous instances of pronounced dispersive wave trains following the shear wave arrivals. These wave trains are interpreted as fault zone-trapped seismic modes. Parkfield earthquakes exciting trapped modes have been located as deep as 10 kilometers, as shallow as 4 kilometers, and extend 12 kilometers along the fault on either side of the recording station. Selected Oroville and Parkfield wave forms are modeled as the fundamental and first higher trapped SH modes of a narrow low-velocity layer at the fault. Modeling results suggest that the Oroville fault zone is 18 meters wide at depth and has a shear wave velocity of 1 kilometer per second, whereas at Parkfield, the fault gouge is 100 to 150 meters wide and has a shear wave velocity of 1.1 to 1.8 kilometers per second. These low-velocity layers are probably the rupture planes on which earthquakes occur.     

Repeating deep earthquakes: evidence for fault reactivation at great depth

We have identified three groups of deep earthquakes showing nearly identical waveforms in the Tonga slab. Relocation with a cross-correlation method shows that each cluster is composed of 10 to 30 earthquakes along a plane 10 to 30 kilometers in length. Some of the earthquakes are colocated, demonstrating repeated rupture of the same fault, and one pair of events shows identical rupture complexity, suggesting that the temporal and spatial rupture pattern was repeated. Recurrence intervals show an inverse time distribution, indicating a strong temporal control over fault reactivation. Runaway thermal shear instabilities may explain temporally clustered earthquakes with similar waveforms located along slip zones weakened by shear heating. Earthquake doublets that occur within a few hours are consistent with events recurring before the thermal energy of the initial rupture can diffuse away.     

Natural and experimental evidence of melt lubrication of faults during earthquakes

Melt produced by friction during earthquakes may act either as a coseismic fault lubricant or as a viscous brake. Here we estimate the dynamic shear resistance (tau(f)) in the presence of friction-induced melts from both exhumed faults and high-velocity (1.28 meters per second) frictional experiments. Exhumed faults within granitoids (tonalites) indicate low tau(f) at 10 kilometers in depth. Friction experiments on tonalite samples show that tau(f) depends weakly on normal stress. Extrapolation of experimental data yields tau(f) values consistent with the field estimates and well below the Byerlee strength. We conclude that friction-induced melts can lubricate faults at intermediate crustal depths.     

Mantle phase changes and deep-earthquake faulting in subducting lithosphere

Inclined zones of earthquakes are the primary expression of lithosphere subduction. A distinct deep population of subduction-zone earthquakes occurs at depths of 350 to 690 kilometers. At those depths ordinary brittle fracture and frictional sliding, the faulting processes of shallow earthquakes, are not expected. A fresh understanding of these deep earthquakes comes from developments in several areas of experimental and theoretical geophysics, including the discovery and characterization of transformational faulting, a shear instability connected with localized phase transformations under nonhydrostatic stress. These developments support the hypothesis that deep earthquakes represent transformational faulting in a wedge of olivine-rich peridotite that is likely to persist metastably in coldest plate interiors to depths as great as 690 km. Predictions based on this deep structure of mantle phase changes are consistent with the global depth distribution of deep earthquakes, the maximum depths of earthquakes in individual subductions zones, and key source characteristics of deep events.     

Variation of interplate fault zone properties with depth in the japan subduction zone

The depth dependence of physical properties along the Japan subduction zone interface was explored using teleseismic recordings of earthquake signals. Broadband body waves were inverted to determine the duration of rupture and source depth for 40 interplate thrust earthquakes located offshore of Honshu between 1989 and 1995. After scaling for differences in seismic moment, there is a systematic decrease in rupture duration with increasing depth along the subducting plate interface. This indicates increases in rupture velocity or stress drop with depth, likely related to variation in rigidity of sediments on the megathrust.     

Slow earthquakes coincident with episodic tremors and slow slip events

We report on the very-low-frequency earthquakes occurring in the transition zone of the subducting plate interface along the Nankai subduction zone in southwest Japan. Seismic waves generated by very-low-frequency earthquakes with seismic moment magnitudes of 3.1 to 3.5 predominantly show a long period of about 20 seconds. The seismicity of very-low-frequency earthquakes accompanies and migrates with the activity of deep low-frequency tremors and slow slip events. The coincidence of these three phenomena improves the detection and characterization of slow earthquakes, which are thought to increase the stress on updip megathrust earthquake rupture zones.     

Self-healing pulse-like shear ruptures in the laboratory

Models predict that dynamic shear ruptures during earthquake faulting occur as either sliding cracks, where a large section of the interface slides behind a fast-moving rupture front, or self-healing slip pulses, where the fault relocks shortly behind the rupture front. We report experimental visualizations of crack-like, pulse-like, and mixed rupture modes propagating along frictionally held, "incoherent" interfaces separating identical solids, and we describe the conditions under which those modes develop. A combination of simultaneously performed measurements via dynamic photoelasticity and laser interferometry reveals the rupture mode type, the exact point of rupture initiation, the sliding velocity history, and the rupture propagation speed.     

基于粮堆有效摩擦系数分布规律的平底筒仓储料静态压力场计算方法

为准确描述筒仓储料内部任意一点的压力,同时考虑到筒仓中储料与仓壁以及储料与储料之间不一定处于临界滑动状态,其接触面上实际摩擦应力与法向压力之比≤最大静摩擦系数,定义了"有效摩擦系数",即2个物体接触面上的实际摩擦应力与法向压力之比,并对粮堆有效摩擦系数分布的进行有限元数值模拟,提出筒仓仓壁和粮堆内部有效摩擦系数分布规律的数学表达式;基于粮堆有效摩擦系数分布规律,采用储料纵向剖分和微元体静力平衡分析的方法,提出筒仓储料静态压力场计算方法;将本研究结果与数值模拟和Janssen公式计算结果进行对比分析。结果表明:1)本研究计算方法能够计算得到储料内部任意一点的竖向压力和水平压力以及筒仓侧压力,同时能够得到同一水平面上竖向压力分布的非均匀性;2)采用本研究计算方法计算得到的粮堆内部不同深度处的压力与数值模拟结果相比较,两者存在一定差异;3)采用本研究计算方法计算得到的筒仓侧压力与数值模拟和Janssen公式计算结果相比较,三者相差不大。研究可为粮食行业内涉及储料散体压力场的诸多问题提供理论支持。     

Mantle flow beneath a continental strike-slip fault: postseismic deformation after the 1999 Hector Mine earthquake

Two recent large earthquakes in the Mojave Desert, California-the magnitude 7.3 1992 Landers and magnitude 7.1 1999 Hector Mine earthquakes-have each been followed by elevated crustal strain rates over periods of months and years. Geodetic data collected after the Hector Mine earthquake exhibit a temporally decaying horizontal velocity field and a quadrant uplift pattern opposite to that expected for localized shear beneath the earthquake rupture. We interpret the origin of this accelerated crustal deformation to be vigorous flow in the upper mantle in response to the stress changes generated by the earthquake. Our results suggest that transient flow in the upper mantle is a fundamental component of the earthquake cycle and that the lower crust is a coherent stress guide coupling the upper crust with the upper mantle.     

Weak interplate coupling by seamounts and repeating M approximately 7 earthquakes

Subducting seamounts are thought to increase the normal stress between subducting and overriding plates. However, recent seismic surveys and laboratory experiments suggest that interplate coupling is weak. A seismic survey in the Japan Trench shows that a large seamount is being subducted near a region of repeating earthquakes of magnitude M approximately 7. Both observed seismicity and the pattern of rupture propagation during the 1982 M 7.0 event imply that interplate coupling was weak over the seamount. A large rupture area with small slip occurred in front of the seamount. Its northern bound could be determined by a trace of multiple subducted seamounts. Whereas a subducted seamount itself may not define the rupture area, its width may be influenced by that of the seamount.     

Magnitude of shear stress on the san andreas fault: implications of a stress measurement profile at shallow depth

A profile of measurements of shear stress perpendicular to the San Andreas fault near Palmdale, California, shows a marked increase in stress with distance from the fault. The pattern suggests that shear stress on the fault increases slowly with depth and reaches a value on the order of the average stress released during earthquakes. This result has important implications for both long- and shortterm prediction of large earthquakes.     

胶合竹植筋深度及直径对抗拔性能的影响

采用胶合竹梁、双组份环氧树脂胶黏剂,不同直径和长度的公制螺纹杆,进行胶合竹顺纹双端植筋拉伸试件制备及测试,初步分析研究了植入深度和植筋杆直径2个因素对胶合植筋强度和破坏模式的影响。抗拉试验破坏模式主要为植筋杆的拔出破坏和螺纹杆的韧性断裂破坏2种模式,其中植筋杆的拔出破坏位于胶合竹/胶黏剂界面;胶合竹顺纹双端植筋的破坏载荷及名义剪切强度随螺纹杆直径和植入深度增加而增大;胶合竹基材较胶合木基材渗透性差,植筋杆受力不能很好地传递到竹材内部,是影响抗拔载荷主要因素之一。     

Variations in strength and slip rate along the san andreas fault system

Convergence across the San Andreas fault (SAF) system is partitioned between strike-slip motion on the vertical SAF and oblique-slip motion on parallel dip-slip faults, as illustrated by the recent magnitude M(s) = 6.0 Palm Springs, M(s) = 6.7 Coalinga, and M(s) = 7.1 Loma Prieta earthquakes. If the partitioning of slip minimizes the work done against friction, the direction of slip during these recent earthquakes depends primarily on fault dip and indicates that the normal stress coefficient and frictional coefficient (micro) vary among the faults. Additionally, accounting for the active dip-slip faults reduces estimates of fault slip rates along the vertical trace of the SAF by about 50 percent in the Loma Prieta and 100 percent in the North Palm Springs segments.     

The aftershock signature of supershear earthquakes

Recent studies show that earthquake faults may rupture at speeds exceeding the shear wave velocity of rocks. This supershear rupture produces in the ground a seismic shock wave similar to the sonic boom produced by a supersonic airplane. This shock wave may increase the destruction caused by the earthquake. We report that supershear earthquakes are characterized by a specific pattern of aftershocks: The fault plane itself is remarkably quiet whereas aftershocks cluster off the fault, on secondary structures that are activated by the supershear rupture. The post-earthquake quiescence of the fault shows that friction is relatively uniform over supershear segments, whereas the activation of off-fault structures is explained by the shock wave radiation, which produces high stresses over a wide zone surrounding the fault.     

Stick-slip as a mechanism for earthquakes

Stick-slip often accompanies frictional sliding in laboratory experi ments with geologic materials. Shallow focus earthquakes may represent stick slip during sliding along old or newly formed faults in the earth In such a situation, observed stress drops repre sent release of a small fraction of the stress supported by the rock surround ing the earthquake focus.     

Slow earthquakes linked along dip in the Nankai subduction zone

We identified a strong temporal correlation between three distinct types of slow earthquakes distributed over 100 kilometers along the dip of the subducting oceanic plate at the western margin of the Nankai megathrust rupture zone, southwest Japan. In 2003 and 2010, shallow very-low-frequency earthquakes near the Nankai trough as well as nonvolcanic tremor at depths of 30 to 40 kilometers were triggered by the acceleration of a long-term slow slip event in between. This correlation suggests that the slow slip might extend along-dip between the source areas of deeper and shallower slow earthquakes and thus could modulate the stress buildup on the adjacent megathrust rupture zone.     

Mechanism diversity of the loma prieta aftershocks and the mechanics of mainshock-aftershock interaction

The diverse aftershock sequence of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake is inconsistent with conventional models of mainshock-aftershock interaction because the aftershocks do not accommodate mainshock-induced stress changes. Instead, the sense of slip of the aftershocks is consistent with failure in response to a nearly uniaxial stress field in which the maximum principal stress acts almost normal to the mainshock fault plane. This orientation implies that (i) stress drop in the mainshock was nearly complete, (ii) mainshock-induced decreases of fault strength helped were important in controlling the occurrence of after-shocks, and (iii) mainshock rupture was limited to those sections of the fault with preexisting shear stress available to drive fault slip.     

结构面粗糙度对其剪切过程中变形特征与强度特征的影晌

采用相同材料制作不同粗糙度试样进行法向应力下的直剪试验,深入研究结构面在剪切应力下的变形特征和强度特征,并进行数值模拟,得出结构面受到剪切作用时变形特征及强度特征与结构面粗糙度的关系,结果表明：在结构面受到剪切作用时,随着结构面粗糙度的增大,结构面的抗剪强度相应增大,但是在不同的粗糙度下,增大的幅度不同;受到剪切作用后,结构面的表面积出现不同程度的减小,随着粗糙度的增大,减小的程度变大．     

Large trench-parallel gravity variations predict seismogenic behavior in subduction zones

We demonstrate that great earthquakes occur predominantly in regions with a strongly negative trench-parallel gravity anomaly (TPGA), whereas regions with strongly positive TPGA are relatively aseismic. These observations suggest that, over time scales up to at least 1 million years, spatial variations of seismogenic behavior within a given subduction zone are stationary and linked to the geological structure of the fore-arc. The correlations we observe are consistent with a model in which spatial variations in frictional properties on the plate interface control trench-parellel variations in fore-arc topography, gravity, and seismogenic behavior.     

基于复杂接触摩擦的长矩形板镦粗的上限解

根据翁克索夫等人提出的镦粗时接触面上摩擦切应力按照库仑摩擦定律、最大摩擦定律及线性分布摩擦定律的组合分布，利用上限法求得了长矩形板镦粗时单位镦粗力上限解．该解和主应力法解析解完全相同，比通常假设接触面上摩擦切应力为某一常数或按库仑摩擦定律分布的上限解要精确得多，同时还指出了长矩形板镦粗时按库仑摩擦定律求单位镦粗力上限解的适用条件．