群体规模和地面空间占有量对猪的福利和生产性能的影响

猪是一种群居性很强的哺乳动物。在野生状态下,它们可以根据需要自己调整群体的大小来适应自然环境。可是在集约化生产条件下,猪被限定在一定的群体规模下高密度饲养,它们不能自由地进行调整。密度过大可引起争斗、咬尾等异常行为的发生;群体规模的大小可影响猪争斗行为的发生频率等,这样势必会影响到猪的福利和生产性能。作者综述了地面空间占有量和群体规模对猪的福利和生产性能的影响。在研究群体规模和地面空间占有量时,很容易混淆二者的影响作用,以前出现过很多把群体规模和地面空间占有量搞混现象。所以针对以前的研究中出现的混淆地面空间占有量和群体规模的现象,作者提出了避免或减少这些混淆发生的一些方法。     

Participatory Livestock Farmer Training for improvement of animal health in rural and peri-urban smallholder dairy herds in Jinja,Uganda

Within the framework of a research project investigating methods to decrease mastitis incidence, farmer groups for participatory training in a modified Farmer Field School approach were initiated in order to improve animal health and farmer knowledge in mastitis control technologies in smallholder dairy farms in the Jinja district of Uganda. Two peri-urban groups and one rural group met for common learning and training two hours per fortnight during a 12-month period, facilitated by two local extension agents together with one or two scientists from Makerere University. Farmers rotated each time between farms owned by group participants, which demanded mutual trust, openness and respect. From their own assessment the farmers felt they had improved their milk production and reduced mastitis incidence on their farms. In an evaluation workshop, they articulated how they had built up common knowledge and experience from training in systematic clinical examination of animals, evaluation of the farm environments, and identification of improvements. Much of the acquired new knowledge was about basic dairy cow management and husbandry practices. In addition, they gave examples of how they were now used as resource persons in their local communities. Principles of learning and empowerment are discussed.     

Perceptions of clients and veterinarians on what attributes constitute 'a good vet'

The perceptions of veterinarians and small animal (SA) clients on what attributes constitute 'a good veterinarian' were examined by a questionnaire survey. The respondents were asked to record how important they considered 20 attributes for a veterinary surgeon to have on a five-point scale from 'not at all important' to 'very important'. In addition, they were asked to list which attributes they considered to be the three most important attributes in a veterinary surgeon; finally, they were asked whether there were any additional attributes that they considered to be highly desirable in a veterinary surgeon. In total, 407 SA clients, 243 SA veterinarians and 61 non-SA veterinarians completed the questionnaire. There were significant differences in the proportion of clients who considered an attribute to be 'very important' compared with SA veterinarians for 12 of the 20 attributes (P<0.005). A larger proportion of clients considered 'confidence', 'knowledge about veterinary medicine and surgery', 'cleanliness', 'good at explaining technical terms', 'patience', 'clear about cost of treatment', 'ability to work in a team', 'honesty', 'politeness', 'decisiveness', 'good with animals' and 'good practical skills' to be 'very important' attributes than the SA veterinarians; a larger proportion of SA veterinarians considered 'good communication skills' to be a 'very important' attribute than the clients.     

The implications of cognitive processes for animal welfare.

In general, codes that have been designed to safeguard the welfare of animals emphasize the importance of providing an environment that will ensure good health and a normal physiological and physical state, that is, they emphasize the animals' physical needs. If mental needs are mentioned, they are always relegated to secondary importance. The argument is put forward here that animal welfare is dependent solely on the cognitive needs of the animals concerned. In general, if these cognitive needs are met, they will protect the animals' physical needs. It is contended that in the few cases in which they do not safeguard the physical needs, it does not matter from a welfare point of view. The human example is given of being ill. It is argued that welfare is only adversely affected when a person feels ill, knows that he or she is ill, or even thinks that he or she is ill, all of which processes are cognitive ones. The implications for welfare of animals possessing certain cognitive abilities are discussed. For example, the extent to which animals are aware of their internal state while performing behavior known to be indicative of so-called states of suffering, such as fear, frustration, and pain, will determine how much they are actually suffering. With careful experimentation it may be possible to determine how negative they feel these states to be. Similarly, the extent to which animals think about items or events absent from their immediate environment will determine how frustrated they are in the absence of the real item or event but in the presence of the cognitive representation.     

青海蕨菜资源及栽培技术

阐述青海蕨菜的自然资源和栽培技术。通过对蕨菜进行孢子培养和组织培养 ,可成功地快速获得大量的人工种苗 ,经炼苗移栽至温棚 ,生长正常 ,适时定植大田 ,精细管理 ,生长健壮 ,并能安全越冬 ,次年4月中旬萌发 ,采摘。该技术有利于蕨菜人工栽培的推广生产     

烘干鸡粪作为蛋白质饲料的应用研究

把采集的新鲜鸡粪运用先进合理的加工工艺烘干后，作为一种蛋白质饲料加入畜禽的日粮中，具有无毒、适口性好、转化率高、价格低廉等优点，通过试验表明可部分取代植物性蛋白质饲料，从而降低养殖成本。鸡粪作为一种环境污染源，在环境保护呼声越来越高的今天，鸡粪通过先进合理的加工处理可制成优质饲料，又可加快社会环境的综合治理步伐，具有巨大的经济效益、社会效益、生态效益。     

Detection of novel kobu-like viruses in Japanese black cattle in Japan

During surveillance for bovine diarrhea of unknown causes in Japanese black cattle in Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan, we found two types of novel kobu-like viruses in fecal samples of calves. Sequence analyses revealed that they had L protein and 2A protein with H-box/NC sequence motif, which are present in kobuviruses. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that they were related to kobuviruses; however, they clustered apart from other kobuviruses. In the prevalence study of two types of novel kobu-like viruses, 16.9% and 10.4% prevalence of these viruses were observed in the feces of diarrheal calves in this area.     

Interactions between cattle and badgers at pasture with reference to bovine tuberculosis transmission

The normal behaviour of badgers, as described here, would not result in direct transmission of tuberculosis from badgers to cattle via air expired by badgers or via bodily contact. All activities of wild badgers in cattle fields at three different sites were observed at night for a total of 359 h. In addition, all activities of pairs of wild caught badgers were observed in a 0.5 ha enclosure with an artificial sett on 20 nights when cattle were present. Badger foraging in cattle fields was infrequent during dry conditions and variable at other times. Clover fields were preferred to grass pastures in two autumnal studies and under dry conditions the badgers did not prefer to forage on short pasture. Badgers consistently avoided close contact with cattle by changing routes from sett to foraging site and by foraging much less in areas of fields occupied by cattle. When foraging they preferred to remain at least 10-15 m from cattle and they avoided compact groups of cattle more than individuals. Some cattle would move towards badgers, especially if they were carrying out unusual behaviour, but badgers fled rapidly from every approach. In all potential encounters badgers were able to keep at least 2-3 m from approaching cattle. Badgers in the artificial sett delayed entering the enclosure if cattle were within 15 m of the entrance. When cattle were managed on a strip-grazing (rotational) system the whole area which they occupied was avoided by the badgers. However, badgers came closer to individual cattle and foraged in areas grazed by the cattle more if the cattle were set-stocked. If cattle are managed so that they are concentrated in a small area (rotational) system the risk of disease transmission is minimized because they are less likely to encounter badgers or their fresh products than are cattle managed on a large area (set-stocked) system.     

绿色畜牧养殖技术推广意义与对策

近年,我国经济与社会不断发展,人们生活质量及物质水平也在不断提升,其对于饮食结构的要求越来越多元化且不断追求绿色健康,并非常注重绿色食品的安全健康,在这一系列情况的推动下,也为畜牧养殖行业的发展带来了新的考验。为推动畜牧养殖行业持续健康发展,该文针对绿色畜牧养殖技术推广展开思考。     

多不饱和脂肪酸在养猪生产中应用的研究进展

多不饱和脂肪酸主要分为n-3和n-6两类必需脂肪酸,因其具有促进动物健康,抵抗疾病的特点,被广泛运用于实际生产中。本文主要介绍多不饱和脂肪酸的分类、主要来源以及其在养猪生产中的应用。     

Bilateral conjunctival masses in two dogs

Bilateral conjunctival masses in 2 dogs were excised. In one dog, the masses represented hemangiomas that may have been related to exposure to UV radiation. In the other dog, they represented conjunctival inclusion cysts of probable congenital origin.     

Muscle Growth and Meat Quality

Although poultry products are diverse, the general trend is for portioned and further-processed products to increase their market share. In this context, technological quality of poultry meat is an important aspect. It is largely determined by the acidification process of the meat postmortem. Defects in meat acidification have been described in poultry, and the purpose of this report was to evaluate whether they are linked to growth rate or stress susceptibility and whether they are under genetic control.     

阻断ELISA与中和试验检测猪瘟疫苗免疫猪血清抗体的比较

应用阻断ELISA和中和试验2种不同的方法对猪瘟疫苗免疫前后的猪血清抗体进行了检测,在所检测的6头仔猪免疫前和免疫后的12份血清中,2种方法的检测结果相符.应用Western blot对部分血清进行了验证,结果与2种方法检测结果一致,表明阻断ELISA和中和试验结果确实、特异,能真实反映免疫猪群的抗体水平.     

病原体溯源技术研究进展及在寄生虫上的应用

病原体是导致人和动植物感染疾病的根源,带来一系列的安全隐患。病原体溯源研究对于基因型鉴定、分类地位准确化、流行病学调查及疾病的防控具有重大意义。近年来,分子生物学技术已被广泛用于病原溯源研究。作者主要对病原体溯源技术的最新研究进展及其在寄生虫上的应用作一综述。     

Pulsed-wave Doppler echocardiography in birds of prey

Pulsed-wave spectral Doppler echocardiography was applied to 111 diurnal and nocturnal raptors of both sexes weighing between 190 and 4200 g. In the first stage, 40 birds were examined without special preparation; in the second stage, 15 birds were examined first when they were not anaesthetised and then when they were anaesthetised; in the third stage, 41 birds were examined after they had been fasted for different periods of time; and finally 15 birds, in which echocardiography had not been possible by using standard (dorsal) restraint and positioning, were examined after being placed in lateral and ventral recumbency. Doppler-derived diastolic inflow into the ventricles was detectable in approximately 80 per cent of the birds weighing between 190 and 2300 g independently of their weight, heart rate and whether they had been anaesthetised or fasted, and aortic blood flow was detected in about 50 per cent of them. It was possible to apply the technique under standard conditions of dorsal recumbency to only one of the birds weighing more than 3000 g and to about 80 per cent of those weighing between 190 and 2300 g. In 11 of 15 birds in which the technique could not be applied under standard conditions, blood flow could be detected in the ventricles and/or the aorta after the birds had been repositioned. No systolic blood flow through the pulmonary artery was detectable in any of the birds.     

Essential oils for the nutrition of poultry, swine and ruminants

Essential oils are very complex mixtures of volatile, lipophilic compounds originating from plants. Due to their lipophility they posses a good intestinale and percutane absorption. Under external application essential oils demonstrate antiphlogistic or rubefacient to pro-inflammatority activities. Orally intake they stimulate the secretion of digestive enzymes and increase gastric and intestinal motility. Moreover they show spasmolytic, expectorative and diuretic activities. Besides antimicrobial properties on bacteria and fungi have been observed in vitro and in vivo. Due to their various effects essential oils increasingly gain attention in animal nutrition and are discussed to be alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters. In some studies essential oils have been reported to reduce intestinal pathogens in broilers and piglets. When administered to ruminants essential oils decrease ruminal ammonia production by suppression the growth of deaminative microorganisms. However, the observed effects on growth performance are inconsistent among studies. In conclusion, there are still some unanswered questions concerning the mode of action, metabolic pathway and optimal dosage of essential oils in different animal species. Further scientific research is therefore needed to use essential oils effectivly in livestock feeding.     

Effects of anticholinergic treatment on the cardiac and respiratory systems in dogs sedated with medetomidine.

Alpha 2-adrenergic agonists are often used for sedation and, or, analgesia in dogs, but they are often associated with bradycardia and in some animals with atrioventricular heart block. In this study, atropine or glycopyrrolate either helped to maintain the heart rates or were effective in increasing reduced heart rates of dogs treated with medetomidine. In the process, however, cardiac dysrhythmias often developed. These dysrhythmias were predominantly associated with the combined responses to the medetomidine and the anticholinergic agent because there were no significant changes in respiratory function. A reduced blood oxygen content or increased blood carbon dioxide can contribute to cardiac irritability. Atropine and glycopyrrolate were more effective in preventing bradycardia and had less undesirable side effects when they were given before the administration of medetomidine.     

How best to geo-reference farms? A case study from Cornwall,England

The commonest way of geo-referencing farms as single points is using the location of the farmhouse as either read off a map or approximated by its postcode. While these two methods may be adequate for small farms, they are unlikely to be satisfactory for large ones, or alternatively when they are comprised of several discrete units or holdings.In order to investigate the best representation of the total farm polygon(s) by a single point, we undertook a study using nearly 500 actual farm boundaries in the county of Cornwall, England. For each farm, the farm boundaries were digitised, and its area and centroid determined using ArcView 3.2. A variety of point geo-referencing systems were tested to find the best single point location for a farm, as judged by the proportion of farm area captured. Whilst the centroid was found to capture the largest area, the main farm building was judged to be the best geo-referencing method for practical purposes. In contrast, the various systems of geo-coding using the farm postal address performed relatively poorly. Where there are separate parcels of land managed together in a single parish, they may be identified as a single unit, but if there are separate parcels in different parishes they should be identified as separate units.The implications of these results for Great Britain's national animal health information system (VETNET) are discussed.     

试论清代东北流人对宁古塔的文化贡献

流人,是因罪被徙者。东北自古为朔风凄寒之地,所以清初统治者把这里作为流放地。在东北不胜枚举的流放地中,边陲重镇宁古塔尤为“声名远播”,流放到此的流人不计其数。他们当中不乏有名臣良吏、文化名人。他们自带书籍、传播文化,设馆授徒、教书育人,热衷创作、写诗赋文,结社自娱、切磋诗文,创作剧本、上演戏剧,此外还改变当地落后的风俗习惯。他们的文化活动最终使曾为文化荒漠的宁古塔变成了“说教敦师之国”。     

Mechanisms of dialkyltin induced immunopathology

In this report the immunotoxic effects of dialkyltin compounds are reviewed. In rats they induce lymphocyte depletion in the thymus and the thymus dependent areas of the peripheral lymphoid organs, without signs of a generalized toxicity. As a consequence of their selective lymphocytotoxic action they cause immunosuppression, especially of the cell mediated immunity. Various mechanisms are discussed that may be involved in the selective effect on the thymus, indirectly through changes in endocrine control or the reticular epithelial cells, and directly on the intrathymic rapidly dividing cells. It is suggested that the immunotoxicity of dialkyltin compounds is related to their affinity for dithiol groups, resulting in a disturbance of cell energetics as well as in cell proliferation.