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Landscape Ecology - The current biodiversity crisis has intensified the need to predict species responses to landscape modification and has renewed attention on the fundamental question of what... 相似文献
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Scott B. Maresh Nelson Jaime J. Coon Courtney J. Duchardt James R. Miller Diane M. Debinski Walter H. Schacht 《Landscape Ecology》2018,33(10):1799-1813
Context
Humans have altered grasslands in recent decades through crop conversion, woody encroachment, and plant invasions. Concurrently, grassland birds have experienced range-wide declines. Studies have reported effects of plant invasions and land conversion on nest ecology, but few have assessed relative impacts of these changes.Objectives
We compared impacts of invasive plants and landscape context on nest survival of a grassland songbird, the dickcissel (Spiza americana). We also compared effects on parasitism by brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) and tested whether parasitism affects survival.Methods
From 2013–2016, we monitored 477 dickcissel nests. We measured nest-site vegetation (including woody plants, tall fescue Schedonorus arundinaceous, and other invasive grasses) and measured landscape context at broad scales.Results
Nest survival declined with increasing tall fescue cover at nest sites, and parasitism was more common at nests with greater fescue and woody cover. Some evidence suggested a negative effect of row-crop cover within 1000 m on nest survival, but no landscape patterns unambiguously affected survival. Woodland cover and wooded-edge prevalence were associated with reduced parasitism risk. Parasitized nests had smaller clutches, failed more frequently, and produced fewer fledglings than non-parasitized nests.Conclusions
Determining the impacts of invasive plants and other anthropogenic changes on grassland birds will aid in prioritizing management to improve habitat quality. Our results indicate that optimizing landscape context around habitats may not affect dickcissel nest survival strongly, except perhaps through effects on parasitism. In contrast, controlling tall fescue and shrubs within grasslands could benefit birds by increasing nest success and reducing parasitism.4.
Species distribution models (SDMs) often use elevation as a surrogate for temperature or utilise elevation sensitive interpolations
from weather stations. These methods may be unsuitable at the landscape scale, especially where there are sparse weather stations,
dramatic variations in exposure or low elevational ranges. The goal of this study was to determine whether radiation, moisture
or a novel estimate of exposure could improve temperature estimates and SDMs for vegetation on the Illawarra Escarpment, near
Sydney, Australia. Forty temperature sensors were placed on the soil surface of an approximately 12,000 ha study site between
November 2004 and August 2006. Linear regression was used to determine the relationship with environmental factors. Elevation
was correlated more with moderate temperatures (winter maximums, summer minimums, spring and autumn averages) than extreme
temperatures (summer maximums, winter minimums). The correlation (r
2) between temperature and environmental factors was improved by up to 0.38 by incorporating exposure, moisture and radiation
in the regressions. Summer maximums and winter minimums were predominately determined by exposure to the NW and coastal influences
respectively, while exposure to the NE and SW was important during other seasons. These directions correspond with the winds
that are most influential in the study area. The improved temperature estimates were used in Generalised Additive Models for
37 plant species. The deviance explained by most models was increased relative to elevation, especially for moist rainforest
species. It was concluded that improving the accuracy of seasonal temperature estimates could improve our ability to explain
the patchy distribution of many species.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
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Aafke M. Schipper Kees Koffijberg Marije van Weperen Guido Atsma Ad M. J. Ragas A. Jan Hendriks Rob S. E. W. Leuven 《Landscape Ecology》2011,26(3):397-410
Understanding the driving forces behind the distribution of threatened species is critical to set priorities for conservation
measures and spatial planning. We examined the distribution of a globally threatened bird, the corncrake (Crex crex), in the lowland floodplains of the Rhine River, which provide an important breeding habitat for the species. We related
corncrake distribution to landscape characteristics (area, shape, texture, diversity) at three spatial scales: distinct floodplain
units (“floodplain scale”), circular zones around individual observations (“home range scale”), and individual patches (“patch
scale”) using logistic regression. Potential intrinsic spatial patterns in the corncrake data were accounted for by including
geographic coordinates and an autocovariate as predictors in the regression analysis. The autocovariate was the most important
predictor of corncrake occurrence, probably reflecting the strong conspecific attraction that is characteristic of the species.
Significant landscape predictors mainly pertained to area characteristics at the patch scale and the home range scale; the
probability of corncrake occurrence increased with potential habitat area, patch area, and nature reserve area. The median
potential habitat patch size associated with corncrake occurrence was 11.3 ha; 90% of the corncrake records were associated
with patches at least 2.2 ha in size. These results indicate that the corncrake is an area-sensitive species, possibly governed
by the males’ tendency to reside near other males while maintaining distinct territories. Our results imply that corncrake
habitat conservation schemes should focus on the preservation of sufficient potential habitat area and that existing management
measures, like delayed mowing, should be implemented in relatively large, preferably contiguous areas. 相似文献
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Audrey Lustig Daniel B. Stouffer Crile Doscher Susan P. Worner 《Landscape Ecology》2017,32(12):2311-2325
Context
With accelerated land-use change throughout the world, increased understanding of the relative effects of landscape composition and configuration on biological system and bioinvasion in particular, is needed to design effective management strategies. However, this topic is poorly understood in part because empirical studies often fail to account for large gradients of habitat complexity and offer insufficient or even no replication across habitats.Objectives
The aim of this study was to disentangle the independent and interactive effects of landscape composition and landscape configuration on the establishment and spread of invasive insect species.Methods
We explore a spatially-explicit, mechanistic modeling framework that allows for systematic investigation of the impact of changes in landscape composition and landscape configuration on establishment and spread of invasive insect species. Landscape metrics are used as an indicators of invasive insect establishment and spread.Results
We showed that the presence of an Allee effect leads to a balance between the effectiveness of spread and invasion success. Spread is maximized at an intermediate dispersal level and inhibited at both low and high levels of dispersal. The landscape, by either increasing or mitigating the dispersal abilities of a species, can lead to a rate of spread under a dispersal threshold for which density and spread is at the highest.Conclusion
Our study proposes that change in landscape structure is an additional explanation of the highly variable spread dynamics observed in natural and anthropogenic landscapes. Consequently, a landscape-scale perspective could significantly improve spread risk assessment and the design of control or containment strategies.7.
Landscape Ecology - Effective landscape control of invasive species is context-dependent due to the interplay between the landscape structure, local population dynamics, and metapopulation... 相似文献
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Soundscape ecology is being proposed as a new synthesis that leverages two important fields of study: landscape ecology and
acoustic ecology. These fields have had a rich history. Running “in parallel” for over three decades now, soundscape ecology
has the potential to unite these two (among other) fields in ways that provide new perspectives on the acoustics of landscapes.
Each of us was involved in the “birth” of these two fields. We each reflect here on the rich history of landscape ecology
and acoustic ecology and provide some thoughts on the future of soundscape ecology as a new perspective. 相似文献
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Additive partitioning of plant species diversity in an agricultural mosaic landscape 总被引:13,自引:1,他引:13
In this paper, we quantify the effects of habitat variability and habitat heterogeneity based on the partitioning of landscape species diversity into additive components and link them to patch-specific diversity. The approach is illustrated with a case study from central Switzerland, where we recorded the presence of vascular plant species in a stratified random sample of 1'280 quadrats of 1 m2 within a total area of 0.23 km2. We derived components of within- and between-community diversity at four scale levels (quadrat, patch, habitat type, and landscape) for three diversity measures (species richness, Shannon index, and Simpson diversity). The model implies that what we measure as within-community diversity at a higher scale level is the combined effect of heterogeneity at various lower levels. The results suggest that the proportions of the individual diversity components depend on the habitat type and on the chosen diversity aspect. One habitat type may be more diverse than another at patch level, but less diverse at the level of habitat type. Landscape composition apparently is a key factor for explaining landscape species richness, but affects evenness only little. Before we can test the effect of landscape structure on landscape species richness, several problems will have to be solved. These include the incorporation of neighbourhood effects, the unbiased estimation of species richness components, and the quantification of the contribution of a landscape element to landscape species richness. 相似文献
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Landscape Ecology - The roles of landscape variables regarding the recreational services provided by nature parks have been widely studied. However, the potential scale effects of the relationships... 相似文献
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Context
Biodiversity in arid regions is usually concentrated around limited water resources, so natural resource managers have constructed artificial water catchments in many areas to supplement natural waters. Because invasive species may also use these waters, dispersing into previously inaccessible areas, the costs and benefits of artificial waters must be gauged and potential invasion- and climate change-management strategies assayed.Objectives
We present a network analysis framework to identify waters that likely contribute to the spread of invasive species.Methods
Using the Sonoran Desert waters network and the American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus)—a known predator, competitor, and carrier of pathogens deadly to other amphibians—as an example, we quantified the structural connectivity of the network to predict regional invasion potential under current and two future scenarios (climate change and management reduction) to identify waters to manage and monitor for invasive species.Results
We identified important and vulnerable waters based on connectivity metrics under scenarios representing current conditions, projected climate-limited conditions, and conditions based on removal of artificial waters. We identified 122,607 km2 of land that could be used as a buffer against invasion and 67,745 km2 of land that could be augmented by artificial water placement without facilitating invasive species spread.Conclusions
Structural connectivity metrics can be used to evaluate alternative management strategies for invasive species and climate mitigation.12.
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Westphal Michael I. Field S.A. Tyre A.J. Paton D. Possingham H.P. 《Landscape Ecology》2003,18(4):413-426
We assessed how well landscape metrics at 2, 5, and 10 km scales could explain the distribution of woodland bird species in
the Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia. We considered 31 species that have isolated or partially isolated populations in
the region and used the Akaike Information Criterion to select a set of candidate logistic regression models. The 2 km distance
was the most appropriate scale for a plurality of the species. While the total amount of area of native vegetation around
a site was the most important determining factor, the effect of landscape configuration was also important for many species.
Most species responded positively to area-independent fragmentation, but the responses to mean patch isolation and mean patch
shape were more variable. Considering a set of candidate models for which there is reasonable support (Akaike weights > 0.10),
12 species responded negatively to landscapes with highly linear and isolated patches. No clear patterns emerged in terms
of taxonomy or functional group as to how species respond to landscape configuration. Most of the species had models with
relatively good discrimination (12 species had ROC values > 0.70), indicating that landscape pattern alone can explain their
distributions reasonably well. For six species there were no models that had strong weight of evidence, based on the AIC and
ROC criteria. This analysis shows the utility of the Akaike Information Criterion approach to model selection in landscape
ecology. Our results indicate that landscape planners in the Mount Lofty Ranges must consider the spatial configuration of
vegetation.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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Simon J. Watson David M. Watson Gary W. Luck Peter G. Spooner 《Landscape Ecology》2014,29(7):1249-1259
The extent and connectivity of individual habitat types strongly affects the distribution and abundance of organisms. However, little is known of how the level of connectivity and the interactions between different habitat types influences the distribution of species. Here, we used the geographically restricted and endangered regent parrot Polytelis anthopeplus monarchoides as a case study to examine the importance of composition and connectivity between different elements in 39 complex landscape mosaics (each 10 km radius). We compiled a database of 674 regent parrot nesting records, regional vegetation maps and measures of multipath connectivity between core vegetation types under different scenarios of resistance to movement provided by landscape elements. The occurrence of regent parrot nests was strongly affected by landscape composition, being positively related to the extent Eucalyptus camaldulensis riverine forest, but negatively related to the extent of semi-arid woodlands dominated by Eucalyptus largiflorens. Connectivity between E. camaldulensis forest (principal nesting habitat) and mallee (preferred feeding habitat) was a strong predictor of nest locations. Our study shows that the suitability of fragmented agricultural landscapes for supporting species can be greatly affected by connectivity and interactions between preferred and non-preferred habitats. For species that require complementary habitats such as the regent parrot, conservation management activities may be ineffective if they simply focus on a single core habitat type or the impacts of human land uses without regard to the interrelationships among landscape elements. While increasing the amount of primary preferred habitat should remain a cornerstone goal, increasing the extent and improving connectivity with alternative landscape elements also should be priority management objectives. 相似文献
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Landscape change is an ongoing process for even the most established landscapes, especially in context to urban intensification and growth. As urbanization increases over the next century, supporting bird species’ populations within urbanizing areas remains an important conservation challenge. Fundamental elements of the biophysical structure of urban environments in which bird species likely respond include tree cover and human infrastructure. We broadly examine how tree cover and urban development structure bird species distributions along the urban-rural gradient across multiple spatial scales. We established a regional sampling design within the Oak Openings Region of northwestern, Ohio, USA, to survey bird species distributions across an extensive urbanization gradient. Through occupancy modeling, we obtained standardized effects of bird species response to local and landscape-scale predictors and found that landscape tree cover influenced the most species, followed by landscape impervious surface, local building density, and local tree cover. We found that responses varied according to habitat affiliation and migratory distance of individual bird species. Distributions of short-distance, edge habitat species located towards the rural end of the gradient were explained primarily by low levels of urbanization and potential vegetative and supplemental resources associated with these areas, while forest species distributions were primarily related to increasing landscape tree cover. Our findings accentuate the importance of scale relative to urbanization and help target where potential actions may arise to benefit bird diversity. Management will likely need to be implemented by municipal governments and agencies to promote tree cover at landscape scale, followed by residential land management education for private landowners. These approaches will be vital in sustaining biodiversity in urbanizing landscapes as urban growth expands over the next century. 相似文献
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Improved knowledge of the environmental factors that affect woody composition is urgently required for species conservation in riparian zones of urbanizing landscapes. We investigated the environmental factors influencing tree abundance and regeneration in diverse forest types growing in the riparian area of an urbanizing landscape along the Chao Phraya River. We established 252 0.1-ha circular plots in remnant forest patches along 372 km of the river. Cluster analysis was applied to classify the forest types. The relationships between environmental variables and tree abundance were assessed with ordination analysis, and generalized linear models were used to assess seedling/sapling abundance. The cluster analysis revealed five forest types, including floodplain forest with three sub-forest types, swamp forest, and mangrove forest. The ordination indicated that tree abundance in the floodplain forest was positively affected by distance to the ocean and the proportion of forested area. Swamp forest was positively influenced by the proportion of urbanized area and mean rainfall. Mangrove forest was negatively related to distance to the river. Seedling/sapling abundance of the dominant species in the floodplain forests was positively affected by lowland plain topography and negatively affected by the proportion of urbanized area, whereas swamp and mangrove forest species were positively influenced by the proportion of urbanized area and estuarine topography. Mature tree density influenced seedling/sapling abundance of all forest types. Tree abundance and regeneration of the riparian landscape was prevented by the urbanized area, floodplain, estuarine topography, and mature tree densities in remnant forests. These results suggest that remnant forest patches of conserved riparian forests along the urbanized landscape of the Chao Phraya River must be protected and the factors determining their colonization must be considered to enhance restoration practices. 相似文献
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Marco Malavasi Marta Carboni Maurizio Cutini Maria L. Carranza Alicia T. R. Acosta 《Landscape Ecology》2014,29(9):1541-1550
Coastal dunes and sand areas are reported to be among the habitats most invaded by alien species in Europe. Landscape pattern could be a significant driver in invasion processes in parallel with land-use legacy. Fragmentation of natural habitats combined with the availability of propagules from the surrounding matrix may enhance the invisibility of ecological communities. Based on multitemporal land cover maps (1954–2008) and a floristic database, we analyzed how habitat fragmentation, propagule pressure and land-use legacy have affected alien plants’ presence and richness on natural dune patches along the Lazio Coast (Central Italy). Floristic data were derived from an existing geo-database of random vegetation plots (64 m2). A set of landscape patch-based metrics, considered to be adequate proxies of the main processes affecting alien invasion and richness, was calculated. First, we fit a generalized linear model (GLM) with binomial errors to assess which landscape metrics are influencing patch invasion. Second, we extracted invaded patches and, with GLMs, we investigated how landscape metrics affect average alien species richness. Alien invasion and alien richness seem to be affected by different processes: although alien invasion of each patch is strongly associated with its land-use legacy, the richness of aliens is more affected by landscape fragmentation and by the propagule pressure to which patch is exposed. By integrating spatial and temporal landscape metrics with floristic data, we were able to disentangle the relations of landscape fragmentation, propagule pressure and land-use legacy with the presence and richness of alien plants. The methodological approach here adopted could be easily extended to other alien species and ecosystems, offering scientifically sound support to prevent the high economic costs derived from both the control and the eradication of aliens. 相似文献
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Robert L. HopkinsII 《Landscape Ecology》2009,24(7):943-955
The distributions of freshwater mussels are controlled by landscape factors operating at multiple spatial scales. Changes
in land use/land cover (LULC) have been implicated in severe population declines and range contractions of freshwater mussels
across North America. Despite widespread recognition of multiscale influences few studies have addressed these issues when
developing distribution models. Furthermore, most studies have disregarded the role of landscape pattern in regulating aquatic
species distributions, focusing only on landscape composition. In this study, the distribution of Rabbitsfoot (Quadrula cylindrica) in the upper Green River system (Ohio River drainage) is modeled with environmental variables from multiple scales: subcatchment,
riparian buffer, and reach buffer. Four types of landscape environment metrics are used, including: LULC pattern, LULC composition,
soil composition, and geology composition. The study shows that LULC pattern metrics are very useful in modeling the distribution
of Rabbitsfoot. Together with LULC compositional metrics, pattern metrics permit a more detailed analysis of functional linkages
between aquatic species distributions and landscape structure. Moreover, the inclusion of multiple spatial scales is necessary
to accurately model the hierarchical processes in stream systems. Geomorphic features play important roles in regulating species
distributions at intermediate and large scales while LULC variables appear more influential at proximal scales. 相似文献
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在对南昌市园林树种应用现状进行调查、分析的基础上,提出南昌市树种规划的原则,就南昌市主城区的基调树种、骨干树种和一般树种等规划内容进行探讨,并提出南昌市个性化植物景观的营造策略。 相似文献