优化彩绒革盖菌产漆酶条件及染料脱色研究

对一株漆酶高产白腐菌———彩绒革盖菌的培养和产酶条件,包括培养基初始pH值、金属离子Cu2 和Mn2 的含量,以及诱导剂的种类、添加量和添加时间等相关因素进行了优化。结果发现该菌种适宜在pH值3.5~5.7环境下生长并合成漆酶,培养基中添加缓冲液可以获得更高的酶活,但不加则有较高的酶产率;铜和锰可以显著提高漆酶活力,当以0.1 mmol/L 2,5-二甲基苯胺为诱导剂时,培养基中宜含0.008~0.08 mmol/L Cu2 ,0.01 mmol/L左右的Mn2 。在5种常用漆酶诱导剂中,2,5-二甲基苯胺的效果最佳,且应在菌种进入对数生长期时加入效果最好,其最适添加浓度为0.4 mmol/L,此时最适产酶Cu2 浓度为0.4 mmol/L。研究显示漆酶在30和40℃下保持6 h后残余酶活分别为原来的95%和80%;60℃条件下,该酶保温1 h后的残余活力仅为原来的14%。该酶的最适反应温度是65℃,最适反应pH值为2.4~3。对20种常用染料进行的脱色研究显示,在pH值5、40℃条件下,该粗漆酶液可以直接作用于13种工业染料。     

漆酶对酚类化合物生物催化氧化动力学研究——以儿茶酚和表儿茶素为模式底物

以白腐菌漆酶为试材,儿茶酚和表儿茶素为模式底物进行了酶促氧化反应动力学参数的测定。结果表明,以儿茶酚和表儿茶素为底物,漆酶催化氧化的产物最大吸收波长分别为388和408nm,作用最适pH值分别为5.5和5.75;最适反应温度均为55℃。漆酶对2种底物的催化氧化反应均符合米氏方程规律。在25℃反应条件下测得儿茶酚和表儿茶素2种底物的Km值分别为0.279和0.145mol/L;Vmax分别为0.114和1.139A/(U.min)。漆酶对表儿茶素的催化活性大大高于对儿茶酚的,作用于其混合物时需以儿茶酚的酶用量为准,即底物浓度0.5mol/L时加酶0.04U/mL。     

优化培养条件对提高香菇漆酶产量的研究

对香菇发酵产漆酶条件进行了优化并研究了部分漆酶性质。结果发现静置培养优于振荡培养;pH值≥5.6时香菇菌体基本无法生长,香菇最适生长及产酶pH值为3.5;20℃低温有利于香菇漆酶生长,但最适产酶温度是25℃;Cu2 浓度为0.2~1.0 mmol/L时有利于香菇漆酶的合成,其中0.4 mmol/L是香菇产漆酶的最佳铜离子浓度,当铜离子终浓度超过5 mmol/L时,严重抑制香菇菌丝的生长;除了2,5-二甲基苯胺之外,阿魏酸、愈创木酚、没食子酸、黎芦醇等诱导剂促进香菇合成漆酶的作用不明显,反而会抑制菌丝生长;Tween-80的加入不利于漆酶合成。香菇漆酶在60℃条件下保温1 h后仍残余了2%的活力;以2,2′-连氮-双(3-乙基苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)(ABTS)为底物的最佳反应温度是65℃,最适反应pH值为2.2(柠檬酸-磷酸氢二钠缓冲液体系)。     

高产漆酶真菌菌株的筛选及酶学性质研究

从6株野生真菌和5株食用真菌中筛选出高产漆酶菌株,并对筛选出的野生菌株漆酶酶学性质进行初步探究。使用G-PDA确定菌株的产漆酶能力,然后通过液体发酵对产生的粗酶液进行酶活力测定,确定高产漆酶菌株,最后分别在不同pH和温度下进行酶学性质探究。初步筛选结果:第7天时,05号菌丝直径最大89.1mm,08号显色圈直径最大76.8mm,04号的显色圈颜色最深,09号显色反应最不明显。对于漆酶活力:04号活力最高262.7U/mL,其次是08号和05号分别为255.3U/mL、203.9U/mL。01和06号酶活力达到最大所需时间最短。酶学性质方面,08号的最适pH是3.2、最适温度是40℃;在不同pH、温度下分别保温2h,pH=4.0酶活力残余率为94.20%;温度在20~40℃内,酶活力残余率在99.00%以上。结果表明,0.04%G-PDA最适作为产漆酶真菌的初筛培养基;高产漆酶能力的菌株有04、05和08号菌株,且08号菌株漆酶的最适应用条件是pH=4.0、温度为40℃。     

白腐菌糙皮侧尔漆酶性质及其对蒽醌染料脱色性能的研究

白腐菌糙皮侧尔(Pleurotus ostreatus strain 3.42)分泌胞外漆酶，但未发现分泌木质素过氧化物酶(LiP)和锰过氧化物酶(MnP)、每升反应液以0．5mmol 2，2′-连氮-二(3-乙基苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)(ABTS)和0．1mmol的Cu^2 为诱导剂可明显提高漆酶酶活，酶活分别可达1000和800U／mL。与其它真菌漆酶相比，该酶最适反应pH值为3．5，在pH值4．0～6．0之间酶活性稳定；最适反应温度为65℃，在醋酸缓冲液(pH值5．0)中，反应温度低于50℃时，漆酶非常稳定；该酶对对-甲氧基酚的氧化速度要快于邻-甲氧基酚。叠氮化钠对该漆酶有强烈的抑制作用。蒽醌染料活性艳蓝KN-R(RBBR)可被该漆酶(30U／mL)直接脱色，12h脱色率为70％；添加小分子的介体物质ABTS(5μmol／L)，可使染料完全脱色。     

3,3-二甲基联苯胺法测定香菇漆酶活性研究

以邻联甲苯胺(3,3-二甲基联苯胺)为底物,采用分光光度法测定香菇(Lentinula edodes)漆酶(Laccase)的活性,对最佳反应条件进行了筛选和优化.结果表明:当以醋酸-醋酸钠为缓冲溶液体系进行酶活性测定时,最适pH值为4,最适温度为53 ℃.漆酶在30 ℃的条件下保温过夜活性仍能保持在90%以上,而高温条件下漆酶不稳定,容易变性失活.当缓冲溶液体系中二价铜离子质量浓度在50～60 mg/L之间时,漆酶活性约提高50%;而亚铁离子则可以完全抑制漆酶的活性.     

锰过氧化物酶对结晶紫脱色的研究

利用茯苓PoriaCOCOS在液体发酵条件下产锰过氧化物酶,并对其用于染料结晶紫降解脱色,确定其最适工艺条件．结果表明：茯苓产的锰过氧化物酶对染料结晶紫的最适脱色条件为H2O2浓度0．15mmol／L,pH5．0,反应温度40℃．     

利用汽爆玉米芯酶解液发酵生产类胡萝卜素的研究

研究了汽爆玉米芯酶水解及酶解液发酵生产类胡萝卜素.对影响酶解各因素考察表明:在最适酶解条件下,即温度50℃、pH值4.8、底物质量浓度50 g/L、加酶量48 FPU/g、酶解时间60 h,还原糖质量浓度达34.85 g/L.利用均匀设计对发酵条件进行了优化,最优发酵条件为:装液量23.91 mL,pH值4.85,接种...     

一株用于石油污染修复的产漆酶菌种产酶条件优化及性能评价

选取血红密孔菌Pycnoporus coccineus为产漆酶菌种,通过开展单因素产漆酶条件优化研究,明确最佳液体发酵工艺参数,制备出粗酶制剂并进行原油降解性能评价。结果表明:1)漆酶最佳液体发酵工艺参数为初始pH值5～7、初始温度30℃、摇床转速200r/min,接种量1.5%、碳源为羧甲基纤维素钠20.00g/L、氮源为硝酸钠5.00g/L、磷源磷酸氢二钾为2.00g/L、Cu2+浓度为1.00mmol/L、诱导剂为蔥2.00×10-4 mmol/L;复合制剂(粗酶制剂+菌剂)TPHs降解率高于单一制剂(仅投加菌液),环境耐受性、微生物底物作用能力及原油降解速率均显著提升。     

偏肿革裥菌锰过氧化物酶酶学性质和染料脱色

【目的】研究白腐菌偏肿革裥菌(Lenzites gibbosa)所产锰过氧化物酶(MnP)纯酶的序列特征、酶学性质及其对染料的脱色能力,为其应用于木质素降解、染料脱色奠定基础。【方法】将纯化后的样品经SDS-PAGE检测后获得的唯一L.gibbosa MnP条带切割,采用Nano液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱法联用(Nano LC-ESI-MS/MS)多肽测序技术对蛋白氨基酸序列进行测定。利用该SDS-PAGE图谱,建立蛋白分子量与迁移率的标准直线,从标准直线上求出MnP纯酶样品的表观分子量;参照酶活测定方法检测最适反应温度及温度稳定性、最适反应p H值及p H稳定性;采用lineweaver-Burk双倒数作图法求解米氏动力学常数Km值。研究L.gibbosa菌种培养液和MnP纯酶液对蒽醌类的茜素红、偶氮类的刚果红、杂环类的中性红和三苯基甲烷类的结晶紫等4种不同类型染料的脱色能力。【结果】串联质谱扫描出2条MnP的保守序列肽段,与克隆到的基因Lg-mnp1编码的Lg-MnP1(Gen Bank登录号:ACO92620)序列完全吻合,表明其所代表的酶蛋白Lg-MnP1就是唯一电泳带中主要的蛋白。Lg-MnP1的表观分子量为45.39 k Da,最适反应温度为35℃,在低于40℃的条件下都具有一定的催化能力,但温度超过50℃后迅速失活;其最适反应pH值为3.5,p H超过4.5反应程度就迅速下降,在p H为2~3时最稳定;在以2,6-DMP为底物时,在21℃条件下其米氏常数Km为6.124 mmol·L~(-1)。L.gibbosa培养液对染料在1 h的脱色率分别为茜素红100%、中性红22.17%、刚果红19.09%,对结晶紫的脱色率很低,在36 h脱色率仅为0.018%。纯化后的Lg-MnP1溶液对染料的最大脱色率在2 h分别为中性红100%、刚果红95.55%、茜素红75.85%和结晶紫36.57%。【结论】SDS-PAGE得到的唯一一条电泳带中的MnP是Lg-MnP1。Lg-MnP1是一种中温性、偏酸性的酶,与2,6-DMP的亲和力较大。L.gibbosa含有菌丝的培养液对茜素红具有彻底的降解效果,但Lg-MnP1纯酶液对中性红、刚果红和结晶紫的降解效率要远高于同时含有菌丝、漆酶和MnPs的培养液。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.