论户外林业机械作业中的安全防护措施

户外林业机械作业机械化程度的提升,明显降低了人工作业的工作难度与劳动强度。然而户外林业机械的广泛应用,尤其是部分“一体式”机械的应用,给户外林业作业增加了安全隐患。介绍了户外林业机械特点,详细分析了户外林业机械作业的安全隐患,基于此,提出了保障户外林业机械作业安全的防护措施。     

高性能林业机械作业体系与实例分析——战后日本林业的发展及其启示(七)

实现林业机械化不仅需要性能优良的机械设备等硬件设施,还需要一整套科学的软件体系来支撑,包括作业体系的构建、生产目标的制定、林业机械的组合等。以高性能林业机械为核心的作业体系既是一项复杂的系统工程,同时还具有很强的实践性和操作性。     

便携式林业机械与软轴传动

我国南方林区的地形主要以山地和丘陵地为主,林业机械中的自走式机械、牵引式机械和悬挂式机械均受到该地形的限制。因而,随着林业机械的发展,到目前为止我国已涌现出了一批背负式弥雾喷粉机、割灌木机、手提式挖坑机、振动采种机、风力灭火机、打枝机、链锯等小动力林业机械,这类机械统称便携式林业机械。尽管这些机械都还有待于进一步地完善,但它们现在仍然是我国南方林区林业生产中的主要作业机械,并正在发挥着其力所能及的作用。     

谈谈油锯的正确使用和保养

油锯是林业生产机械化作业过程中广泛采用的一种林业机械.可用于森林采伐、贮木场造材以及营林生产中次生林改造、人工林间伐、低价林改造和主伐林场打枝等多种作业.我国生产的油锯种类较齐全,已经形成系列化产品,零部件通用程度较高,因此使用维修较方便.与其它林业机械相比,     

人体平衡功能与便携式林业机械作业安全研究进展

人体平衡功能的研究在许多领域受到重视,目前已涉及医学、康复医学、航空医学、体育运动和作业安全等领域.文章从人体平衡功能指标的确定,人体平衡功能的测量与分析,人体平衡的应用研究,特别是便携式林业机械作业安全等方面,系统地介绍了其研究的进展.最后,基于对人体平衡功能的研究,提出便携式林业机械作业安全的未来研究方向,即继续进行作业环境(温度、光线、振动)对人体平衡功能的影响以及作业工人选拔标准的制定等方面的研究.     

林业机械中的齿轮润滑

文章介绍了目前林业机械的齿轮润滑油现状,针对齿轮工作特点探讨了林业机械齿轮润滑的发展方向,提出合成润滑油和固体半固体润滑剂是林业机械齿轮油的发展方向。     

国有林场林业机械装备需求及发展策略——以云南省为例

林业现代化离不开林业机械装备的现代化。林业机械装备作为衡量林业现代化水平的重要标志,对促进林业经济效益的发挥、解放劳动力、更大程度地发挥林业生态效益都有较大影响。文中分析了云南省国有林场林业机械装备的使用情况,及云南省国有林场在木材采伐、造林抚育、育苗、森林防火、采种（摘）、病虫害防治、生物多样性探测和生态价值评估、林政管理方面对机械装备的需求;指出林场在林业机械装备发展中面临的困境,主要包括缺乏林业机械装备发展的顶层设计、缺乏保障林场机械装备的基础设施、缺乏发展林业机械装备的项目和资金、缺乏适宜的林业机械装备、缺乏研发使用机械装备的人才和理念;在此基础上,提出云南省国有林场林业机械装备的发展策略,即完善顶层设计、加强林场基础设施建设、多渠道保障林场机械装备的资金、增强林业装备的有效供给、培养林业机械装备研究使用人才。     

做好封存设备的保管工作

林业机械设备的使用,由于受林业生产季节的影响,有作业期集中,阶段性停歇的特点。此外,由于林业机械设备承包制的落实,提高了机械设备的效率和完好率,节余了大量林机设备。因此,停放期间林机设备的封存保管工作十分重要。如     

对福建省发展林业机械的探讨

从福建省林业机械发展现状出发，分析福建省发展林业机械的内在潜力，提出福建省发展林业机械的对策与展望，为全面推进林业机械化发展、加快林业机械标准化建设、促进林业健康发展提供思路。     

芬兰林业机械装备发展趋势及动因

林业机械装备是林业高质量发展的基础和保障。学习借鉴其他国家的林业机械装备发展思路，有助于推动我国林业机械装备业的高速发展。文中以芬兰为研究对象，介绍其林业机械装备发展现状与趋势，分析林机装备发展的动因，并在此基础上提出对促进我国林业机械装备发展的几点启示，包括发挥政府引导作用、健全社会服务体系、加强产学研用结合、加大财政支持力度、加强应用服务和技术培训、鼓励林机装备企业转型升级以及深化国际交流合作。     

我国林业机械与木工机械行业分类方法探讨

我国林木机械分类由于历史的原因几十年没有改变,探讨林业机械、木工机械、人造板机械的特点,将它们合理分类,按国家行业分类和管理原则规划林木机械,建立合理的分类方法非常必要。按国家行业分类的方法,提出林木机械分类的改革思路。     

林业机械与人机工程学

论述了人机工程学对林业机械产品设计的重要性,指出人机结合及人机协调的必要性.针对林业机械的结构特点,应用人机工程学原理提高林业机械的安全性指标.     

Operators' physical strain in operating the high proficient forestry machines

This study was undertaken to assess physical strain during work in forestry workers operating high quality forestry machines. The types of machine used in this study consisted of harvesters, processors, tower yarders, forwarders and excavators. Characterization of labor load in operation of these five types of machine and fatigue sensation in operators was attempted mainly from the physical burden inflicted on them. The results showed that though the heart rate, an indicator of physical strain, stayed low in all types of work, assessment of labor stress on the basis of heart rate was difficult and that local pain, a manifestation of physical strain, developed in operators. The results suggested the necessity of improving labor conditions in operators of these machines.     

Effects of soil compaction by a forestry machine and slash dispersal on soil N mineralization in Cryptomeria japonica plantations under high precipitation

New Forests - The use of heavy forestry machines for clear-cutting and site preparation causes soil compaction, which can decrease forest productivity. This process becomes complicated in forests...     

An integrated method for matching forest machinery and a weight-value adjustment

Proper matching of forestry machinery is important when raising mechanization levels for forestry production. In the matching process, forestry machinery needs not only expertise, but also improved methods for solving problems. I propose combination of case-based reasoning （CBR） and rule-based reasoning （RBR） by calculating the similarity of quantitative parameters of various forestry machines in an analytical and hierarchical process. I calculated the similarity of machin-ery used in forest industries to enable better selection and matching of equipment. I propose a weight-value adjusting method based on sums of squares of deviations in which the individual parameter weights were modified in the process of application. During the process of system design, I put forward a design method knowledge base and generated a dynamic web reasoning framework to integrate the processes of forest industry machinery selection and weight-value adjustment. This enables expansion of the scope of the complete system and enhancement of the reasoning efficiency. I demonstrate the validity and practicability of this method using a practical example.     

虚拟样机技术在联合采伐机设计中的应用研究

介绍了虚拟样机技术的内涵、特点及其应用,并结合联合采伐机工作臂的设计,指出了虚拟样机技术及其动态仿真在机械设计中的优越性,探讨了虚拟样机技术在林业机械设计中的发展趋势。     

计算机建立林业机械常用钢回火温度方程

利用计算机对20种林业机械常用钢的回火温度与化学成分,回火硬度关系进行研究,通过曲线拟合、定积分计算等方法,设用并计算出它们的化学成分当量,用回归分析方法得出了钢的回火温度方程:T=621.4—13.6H 331.6M。     

Operators' mental strain in operating the high proficient forestry machine

This study was designed to assess the mental aspect of the work load in operators of high proficient forestry machines. Workers engaged in the operation of harvesters, processors, tower-yarders, forwarders and an excavator were included in this study. Mental fatigue and stress generated by operating these five types of forestry machine were assessed. The stress intensity as a measure of mental strain was high in all types of work surveyed. In some types of work demanding a complicated operation of machine, complaints of both mental and physical strain were frequent. In the type of work such as undertaken on a contract basis, operators worked with a feeling of mental pressure to complete the work by the deadline in the contract. The results suggest that the work load needs to be assessed from the physical and mental aspects combined. The titles are tentative translation from Japanese title by the auther of this paper.     

Energy and carbon dioxide (CO2) balance of logging residues as alternative energy resources: system analysis based on the method of a life cycle inventory (LCI) analysis

Using the method of a life cycle inventory (LCI) analysis, the energy balance and the carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission of logging residues from Japanese conventional forestry as alternative energy resources were analyzed over the entire life cycle of the residues. The fuel consumption for forestry machines was measured in field experiments for harvesting and transporting logging residues at forestry operating sites in Japan. In addition, a total audit of energy consumption was undertaken. It involved an assessment of materials, construction, and the repair and maintenance of forestry machines as well as the costs associated with an energy-conversion plant. As a result, the ratio of energy output to input was calculated to be 5.69, indicating that the system examined in this study could be feasible as an energy production system. The CO₂ emission per MWh_e (e: electricity) of the biomass-fired power generation plant was calculated to be 61.8kgCO₂/MWh_e, while that of coal-fired power generation plants in Japan is 960kgCO₂/MWh_e. Therefore, the reduction in the amount of CO₂ emission that would result from replacing coal with biomass for power generation by as much as 3.0 million dry-t/year of logging residues in Japan was estimated to be 1.66 million tCO₂/year, corresponding to 0.142% of the national CO₂ emission. This study provides evidence that Japan could reduce its domestic CO₂ emission by using logging residues as alternative energy resources.     

Application of a Small-Scale Equipment System for Biomass Harvesting

The small-scale harvesting equipment system has been and continues to grow in use in forestry operations in some regions in the world. This harvest system can include a range of equipment types, such as feller-bunchers or chainsaws, skidders or farm tractors, and chippers. These machines are generally smaller, lower cost and less productive than larger, more advanced forestry machines. The objective of this project was to investigate the feasibility of a small scale harvesting system that would produce feedstock for a biomass power plant. The system had to be cost competitive. A boom-type feller-buncher, a small grapple skidder and a chipper were tested as a small-scale system. In this study, feller-buncher and skidder productivity was determined to be 10.5 m³ per productive machine hour, and production for the chipper was determined to be 18 m³ per productive machine hour. Production from the system did not reach the desired levels of 4 loads/day (25 m³/load); however, the system was able to produce about 3 loads/day. The results showed that the system currently could fill a roadside van for $16.90/m³, but suggested machine modifications could potentially reduce the system cost to $12.73/m³. Residual stand damage was minimal, especially on flatter ground and not operating on a slash layer. Soil disturbance from the harvesting system was predominantly undisturbed or classified as a shallow disturbance.