Characterization of Heterodera avenae in Spain1

Several types of Heterodera spp. belonging to the ≪ avenae ≫ group have been found in Spain on cereal crops and wild Gramineae. The morphological differences between them relate to the colour of the cysts, presence or absence and consistency of the subcrystalline layer, presence or absence and shape of the ≪ underbridge ≫ in the vulvar cone, length of the 2nd-stage larvae and shape of their stylet knobs. The value of these characters in the diagnosis of these species is discussed together with the identity of the types.     

Studies on the Australian Pathotype of Heterodera avenae1

Australian studies on populations of Heterodera avenae have been conducted in Victoria, Western Australia. South Australia, and New South Wales. Only one pathotype has been identified so far, and it is distinct from those recorded elsewhere. Few recognised sources of resistance in barley and oats are useable in Australian breeding programmes. The first commercially acceptable cultivars of wheat, barley, and oats resistant to cereal cyst nematode will be released in Victoria within the next year or two. Their resistances are derived from spring wheat(AUS 10894), Marocaine 079 (CI 8334), and Arena sterilis (Cc 4658) respectively.     

Heredity of Heterodera avenae Resistance Originating from two Barley Cultivars and one Spring Wheat Cultivar1

Two spring barley cultivars Bajo Aragon-1-1 and Martin 403-2 from the cyst nematode test assortment were each crossed with a susceptible, a pathotype-11 -resistant, and a pathotype-11 and 12-resistant cultivar, as well as with each other. A spring wheat cultivar, AUS 10894, from the cyst nematode test assortment was crossed with a susceptible and a resistant cultivar. From these crosses F! and F₂ single plants were tested against pathotype 12 and/or pathotype 11 of Heterodera avenae in Denmark. Some plants of the spring barley cultivar Bajo Aragon-1-1 have two resistance genes, which probably are both dominant, but it is not out of the question that one might be recessive. Each gene is inherited independently of the other or with low linkage frequency. Neither gene is the same as or allelic to the resistance gene in the cultivar Ortolan, but one gene is allelic to or the same as the 191 gene in the cultivar Siri. The spring barley cv. Martin 403-2 has one dominant resistance gene which is not allelic to or the same as the resistance gene in Ortolan but is the same as or allelic to the 191 gene in the cultivar Siri. It is possible that there is one more gene, which might be recessive against pathotype 11. The spring wheat cv. AUS 10894 has one dominant resistance gene which might be the same as or allelic to the Loros gene.     

The Status of Heterodera avenae on Cereals in New Zealand1

The cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera avenae) was discovered in New Zealand in 1975 on wheat and oats. It was not at that time causing appreciable economic losses in yield, presumably because usual management practice incorporated a good crop rotation with lucerne. However, now that the growing of cereals has become more profitable, farmers are tending to grow consecutive cereal crops and more damage from H. avenae is being experienced. On one farm, up to 9 % of an oat crop was lost due to this nematode. The biotype has not yet been determined.     

Estimation of Loss in Wheat Yield Due to the Cerealcyst Nematode Heterodera avenae

Abstract

The cereal cyst nematode, Heterodera avenae Wollenweber, 1924, occurs worldwide including India where it causes ‘molya’ disease of wheat and barley. Wheat yield losses due to the nematode were estimated during 1974-76 at a few villages in Mohindergarh district, Haryana, India, by applying dichloropropane-dichloropropene mixture and dibromochloropropane singly or in combination as soil f umigants. In light soil the cereal cyst nematode infestation at 4/5 eggs and larvae/g soil approximated the economic threshold level. However, depending on the initial population density of H. avenae and other field conditions, such as soil type, moisture, soil condition, chemical application method, chemical application time etc., the increase in yield of wheat cv. Kalyan Sona ranged from 8 to 49% at nematode infestation levels of about 6 to 13 eggs and larvae/g soil when treated with these nematicides.     

The Effect of Environment on Survival and Hatching of Heterodera avenae1

Eggs within cysts of Heterodera avenae are able to survive long periods of desiccation and can be held for several years at 5oC when stored at low relative humidity. While this provides an excellent means of storing the nematode for use in laboratory experiments, field experiments show that desiccated eggs are readily dispersed by wind. Tolerance to desiccation is similar in free and encysted eggs, which hatch at the same rate. When eggs are desiccated, water is withdrawn from the larva within the egg shell. If cysts are exposed to conditions favouring eclosion, subsequent desiccation reduces egg viability and larval emergence. The importance of defining pre-test conditions in survival studies is emphasized, and differences in the physiological state of eggs may explain different observations in Australian and European studies.     

北京地区小麦禾谷孢囊线虫病发生动态调查

小麦禾谷孢囊线虫病是小麦生产上的重要病害.2010-2011年对北京地区小麦禾谷孢囊线虫的发生规律进行了定期定点调查.结果表明,禾谷孢囊线虫在北京地区全年只发生1代,夏季滞育,卵孵化高峰为4月初;2龄幼虫侵染高峰为4月上旬,3龄幼虫发育高峰为4月下旬至5月初,4龄幼虫发育高峰为5月上旬,白雌虫发育高峰为5月下旬至6月上旬,10月份播种后部分2龄幼虫就可以发生侵染并且冬前发育至3龄幼虫.本研究结果可为北京地区禾谷孢囊线虫的防治提供理论依据.     

青海省小麦孢囊线虫病发生和分布特点

小麦孢囊线虫病是青海省小麦青稞产区的主要病害之一。2007-2010年,采用随机取样方法对青海省小麦孢囊线虫病的发生、分布情况进行了调查。调查结果表明,小麦孢囊线虫病主要分布在青海省西宁、海东、海北、黄南、玉树、海西州6个地区,在不同海拔、不同生态区均有分布,但不同生态区以及同一生态区不同地块间发生量差异较大。垂直分布调查结果表明,同一地块中禾谷孢囊线虫主要分布在20 cm以上的土层中。     

甘肃省小麦禾谷孢囊线虫的发生及分布

为了解甘肃省小麦孢囊线虫病发生程度和分布情况,2009-2012年于小麦抽穗至灌浆期,采用Z字形取样法,取根际0~20cm土壤,用漂浮法分离孢囊,统计100g土样的孢囊数量,用形态学方法鉴定线虫。从甘肃省12个地区50个县区,134个乡镇共采集到463个小麦田间土样。结果表明,孢囊平均检出率为47.9%,其中冬麦区孢囊平均检出率为61.5%,春麦区平均检出率为34.2%,冬麦和春麦混播区为52.3%,冬麦、春麦及冬春麦混播区平均孢囊数分别为3.5、6.8和3.9个/100g土样。其中平凉市灵台县和兰州市永登县孢囊线虫发生最为严重,个别地块每100g土样中孢囊数超过40个。根据孢囊形态学特征的观察,将甘肃省采集到的孢囊线虫鉴定为禾谷孢囊线虫(Heterodera avenae)。研究结果可为有效防治甘肃省麦类孢囊线虫病提供依据。     

燕麦孢囊线虫在田间的水平和垂直分布

为明确燕麦孢囊线虫在田间的水平和垂直分布,分别在小麦收获后玉米播种前和小麦播种前土壤翻耕后进行水平和垂直取样调查。调查结果表明,燕麦孢囊线虫在田间水平分布主要为聚集分布,翻耕对其水平分布影响不大; 小麦收获后翻耕前燕麦孢囊线虫在田间垂直分布主要分布于5～10cm处,占取样深度土层孢囊总数量的35.8%,翻耕后燕麦孢囊线虫的垂直分布主要在0～15cm的土层发生变化,0～10cm的孢囊数量下降而10～15cm的孢囊数量增加。在0～20cm土壤中,翻耕前与翻耕后孢囊数量分别占孢囊总数量的89.4%和88.6%。     

Variations in Cereal Yield Losses associated with Heterodera avenae in England and Wales1

Many field experiments in England and Wales during the past 20 years have measured cereal yield losses and established regressions of yield on numbers of Heterodera avenae. Yield benefits from soil sterilants were greatest where most H avenae was present. Isogenic selections of barley and oats resistant and susceptible to H. avenae were extensively grown to assess the losses caused by this nematode alone. In some experiments these losses were identical with those measured by nematicide use, but in others (notably where broad spectrum biocides were used) losses were greater than those attributable to H. avenae and could be explained only by the known incidence of accompanying pathogens. Some yield loss may be due to migratory nematodes, e.g. Pratylenchus spp. occurring with H. avenae. Barley and wheat yields in the last 30 years have increased by 63 and 84 % due to improvements in cultivars and farming practice. Smaller percentage loss in a high yielding crop can be as costly as large percentage loss in poor crops grown on dry light soils. Many factors - soil type, rainfall, nutrients, other pathogens etc. - can greatly modify crop responses to similar popuiation levels of H. avenae.     

Resistance of Cereals to Heterodera avenae: Methods of Investigation, Sources and Inheritance of Resistance1

Techniques used in cereal breeding programmes for selecting for resistance to cereal cyst nematodes are described. Routine screening is done in field nurseries and in pots of infested soil in glasshouse and controlled environments. Other investigations of resistance use a laboratory technique which permits identification of the penetration sites of individual nematodes. Erosion of resistance, as indicated by 1) the development of only one or two females or 2) the occasional development of more females on plants with resistance genes, is discussed in relation to variation in nematode virulence and to environmental, especially temperature effects. Identification of tolerance is more difficult unless the differences are great, or the experimentation carefully controlled and replicated. Direct selection for tolerance in segregating generations is not presently practicable. Indirectly selecting for mechanisms of tolerance may eventually prove possible but has not yet been exploited. Available sources of resistance are described in relation to genetic studies and complementary studies of nematode pathotype and host range. There are three distinct resistances in barley which may have been responsible for selecting present pathotypes. Two, Rha1 and Rha2, are useful in breeding and linkage and allelism at these loci are described. In oats, as in wheat, only one locus has been used by breeders. There are probably additional loci in some of the other resistance sources but polyploidy of the host and different virulence gene frequencies in unselected nematode populations make it more difficult to identify genetic relationships in oats and wheat.     

Suggestions for Determination and Terminology of Pathotypes and Genes for Resistance in Cyst-forming Nematodes, especially Heterodera avenae1

A short review of differentiation into pathotypes is given. Use of the word ≪ pathotype ≫ is recommended when a very clear difference is established between virulence of nematode populations. Our present knowledge makes it possible to differentiate between 10 pathotypes of Heterodera avenae. It is suggested that the pathotypes are given numbers, and corresponding terms should be used for genes for resistance in plants, e.g. a gene Hal on the barley chromosome gives resistance to nematode pathotypes 11,21,31,41 etc. Some proposals for improvement of pathotype identification are given.     

Population Dynamics and Control of Heterodera avenae -A Review with some Original Results1

Control of Heterodera avenae should largely aim to keep densities below tolerance limits at sowing-time (in spring oats < 1 egg/g soil, in susceptible barley < 3 eggs/g soil; spring wheat is only slightly less sensitive than oats, autumn-sown cereals are more tolerant than spring-sown ones). To obtain this, knowledge of population dynamics is important. Essential items in population dynamics are the host properties of different plants (characterized by two factors which do not always covary: maximum rate of multiplication and equilibrium density of the nematode), population decline of the nematode under fallow and non-hosts and the external factors influencing these characteristics. For cereals the following host efficiency order is found: winter oats (best), spring oats, spring wheat, spring barley, winter wheat, rye. Winter barley may be close to spring barley, and maize is a bad host. Grasses are generally less good hosts than cereals and usually cause high and moderate densities of H. avenae to decline. However, especially in first-year leys, rather high equilibrium densities may sometimes be maintained. Host properties of plants vary between sites and years and also relations between hosts may change. Populations decline under fallow, non-hosts and resistant cereals, usually in the order of 70–85 96 annually. H. avenae populations are favoured by lighter soils and heavier soils with a proper structure and also by good plant nutrient conditions. Soil moisture in interaction with temperature influences population dynamics in a complex way, in which natural enemies of the nematodes may also be involved, not least certain fungi. In many fields these may keep nematode populations at harmless levels. Traditional control measures like proper crop rotations can only be used to a limited extent. The most promising approach for controlling H. avenae is an appropriate use of resistant cultivars, of which barley cultivars are also tolerant, while oat cultivars are usually very sensitive. Biological control has hitherto not been used actively. Chemical control is profitable in Australia but not under European conditions. Farmers should check the need for control through soil sample investigations or by other means.     

内蒙古中西部地区小麦禾谷孢囊线虫的发生分布

2005—2008年调查了内蒙古中西部地区7个盟市的20个春小麦种植区,共采集分离并鉴定了255份根际土壤和根系。调查结果表明,禾谷孢囊线虫（Heterodera avenae Woll.）在呼和浩特市、乌兰察布市、包头市、巴彦淖尔市、鄂尔多斯市、锡林郭勒盟等地区都有分布。其中,在乌兰察布市的察哈尔中旗、呼和浩特市的内蒙古农科院和内蒙古农业大学农场禾谷孢囊线虫虫口密度最大,每250 g土壤的孢囊平均含量分别达到了38.4、29.4个和16.4个。     

禾谷孢囊线虫(Heterodera avenae)的分子鉴定及抗性基因研究进展

禾谷孢囊线虫是温带禾谷类作物上的世界性重要病原线虫。本文回顾关于禾谷孢囊线虫的分子鉴定和亲缘分析等方面的研究,以及对国内外小麦品种抗性基因的筛选和应用等结果。根据上述方面的结果拟定更为合理的防治策略。     

Impact of Research on Grain Storage Practices in Canada1

Cold winters, a well-developed bulk handling system, regular inspections of elevator premises, stored grain and cargo ships, and the application of pest control measures when necessary, minimize storage problems in Canadian grain. Research has played an important role in identifying the organisms and circumstances which cause infestations of stored grain and in developing and evaluating environmental, physical and chemical methods for preventing and controlling infestations. This information enables commercial grain organizations and government regulatory agencies to provide high quality grain for domestic consumption and export markets.     

河北省小麦主产区禾谷孢囊线虫群体致病型研究

为了明确河北省小麦主产区禾谷孢囊线虫的致病类型,采用27个国际鉴别寄主品种和2个感病小麦品种‘石新733’和‘温麦4’对河北省邯郸、保定、任丘和唐山的4个禾谷孢囊线虫群体致病型进行了鉴定。依据Andersen等鉴别标准,4个群体的致病型不同于国际上已命名的16个禾谷孢囊线虫致病型。唐山群体为一个致病型,它的致病型和山西太谷、安徽固镇群体的致病型相似;邯郸群体、保定群体和任丘群体的致病型属于同一致病型,这3个群体的致病型和定州群体的致病型很接近。对照小麦品种‘石新733’和‘温麦4’对4个禾谷孢囊线虫群体均表现感病。