A 15N-poor isotopic composition for the solar system as shown by Genesis solar wind samples

The Genesis mission sampled solar wind ions to document the elemental and isotopic compositions of the Sun and, by inference, of the protosolar nebula. Nitrogen was a key target element because the extent and origin of its isotopic variations in solar system materials remain unknown. Isotopic analysis of a Genesis Solar Wind Concentrator target material shows that implanted solar wind nitrogen has a (15)N/(14)N ratio of 2.18 ± 0.02 × 10(-3) (that is, ≈40% poorer in (15)N relative to terrestrial atmosphere). The (15)N/(14)N ratio of the protosolar nebula was 2.27 ± 0.03 × 10(-3), which is the lowest (15)N/(14)N ratio known for solar system objects. This result demonstrates the extreme nitrogen isotopic heterogeneity of the nascent solar system and accounts for the (15)N-depleted components observed in solar system reservoirs.     

C/N调控和生态基对草鱼生长性能、水质及微生物活动的影响

为研究C/N调控和生态基对草鱼生长性能、水质及微生物活动的影响,利用PCR-DGGE技术对不同C/N条件下草鱼养殖池水体及生态基细菌群落结构的动态变化进行研究,并监测养殖水质指标和草鱼生长状况。在生态基系统中,对照组投喂基础饲料,试验组在基础饲料上添加葡萄糖,控制C/N分别为15∶1(CN15)、20∶1(CN20)和25∶1(CN25)。结果显示:CN20处理组中,草鱼增重率及特定生长率均显著高于其他组(P0.05),饵料系数显著低于其他组(P0.05)。CN25处理组中,溶氧、硝酸态氮、亚硝酸态氮水平均显著低于其他组(P0.05);CN20和CN25处理组中,COD及BOD含量显著高于其他组(P0.05)。同时,生态基中的细菌总量随着C/N的提高逐渐增加,最高值为5.57×107 cells/g。PCR-DGGE结果显示:随着C/N提高,对照组、CN15、CN20和CN25处理组的水体细菌群落组成与水源水体的相似性分别为37%、32%、26%和22%,该4个处理组的生态基细菌群落组成与养殖水体的相似性分别为59%、58%、55%和52%。红细菌(Rhodobacter blasticus)、绿弯菌(Chloroflexi)是各处理组生态基中的共有细菌,并且它们为对照组和CN15组养殖水体的特有菌;拟杆菌(Bacteroidetes)是CN20组养殖水体及生态基中特有优势细菌。结果表明,在生态基系统中,不同C/N影响水体细菌群落向生态基的定居迁移;C/N为20∶1与生态基结合使用可显著促进草鱼生长、提高养殖产量。     

In situ discovery of graphite with interstellar isotopic signatures in a chondrule-free clast in an L3 chondrite

Optical and scanning electron microscopy of a chondrule-free clast in the unequilibrated L3 chondrite Khohar revealed a spherical object consisting of an aggregate of small ( approximately 2- micrometer diameter), Ni-poor (0.5 to 2.89 weight percent) metal particles and fine-grained graphite (<1-micrometer diameter). The graphite has large D and 15N excesses (deltaD approximately 1500 per mil and delta15N approximately 1300 per mil) with two isotopically distinct signatures: N rich with a high D/H ratio and N poor with a high 15N/14N ratio. These excesses are the largest D and 15N excesses observed in situ in a well-characterized phase in a meteorite. The isotopic characteristics are suggestive of an interstellar origin, probably by ion-molecule reactions at low temperature in the interstellar molecular cloud from which the solar system formed. The structure and nonchondritic composition of the metal particles suggest they did not form under equilibrium conditions in the solar nebula.     

Isotopic fractionation of stratospheric nitrous oxide

We propose an isotopic fractionation mechanism, based on photolytic destruction, to explain the 15N/14N and 18O/16O fractionation of stratospheric nitrous oxide (N2O) and reconcile laboratory experiments with atmospheric observations. The theory predicts that (i) the isotopomers 15N14N16O and 14N15N16O have very different isotopic fractionations in the stratosphere, and (ii) laboratory photolysis experiments conducted at 205 nanometers should better simulate the observed isotopic fractionation of stratospheric N2O. Modeling results indicate that there is no compelling reason to invoke a significant chemical source of N2O in the middle atmosphere and that individual N2O isotopomers might be useful tracers of stratospheric air parcel motion.     

Atmospheric methane and nitrous oxide of the Late Pleistocene from Antarctic ice cores

The European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica Dome C ice core enables us to extend existing records of atmospheric methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) back to 650,000 years before the present. A combined record of CH4 measured along the Dome C and the Vostok ice cores demonstrates, within the resolution of our measurements, that preindustrial concentrations over Antarctica have not exceeded 773 +/- 15 ppbv (parts per billion by volume) during the past 650,000 years. Before 420,000 years ago, when interglacials were cooler, maximum CH4 concentrations were only about 600 ppbv, similar to lower Holocene values. In contrast, the N2O record shows maximum concentrations of 278 +/- 7 ppbv, slightly higher than early Holocene values.     

Effects of a decade of organic fertilizer substitution on vegetable yield and soil phosphorus pools,phosphatase activities,and the microbial community in a greenhouse vegetable production system

Partial substitution of chemical fertilizers by organic amendments is adopted widely for promoting the availability of soil phosphorus(P) in agricultural production. However, few studies have comprehensively evaluated the effects of longterm organic substitution on soil P availability and microbial activity in greenhouse vegetable fields. A 10-year(2009–2019) field experiment was carried out to investigate the impacts of organic fertilizer substitution on soil P pools, phosphatase activities and...     

Field measurement of slow metamorphic reaction rates at temperatures of 500 degrees to 600 degrees C

High-temperature metamorphic reaction rates were measured using strontium isotopic ratios of garnet and whole rock from a field site near Simplon Pass, Switzerland. For metamorphic conditions of cooling from 612 degrees +/- 17 degrees C to 505 degrees +/- 15 degrees C at pressures up to 9.1 kilobars, the inferred bulk fluid-rock exchange rate is 1.3(-0.4)(+1.1) x 10(-7) grams of solid reacted per gram of solid per year, several orders of magnitude lower than laboratory-based estimates. The inferred reaction rate suggests that mineral chemistry may lag the evolving conditions in Earth's crust during mountain building.     

供应铵态和硝态氮对苹果幼树生长及15N利用特性的影响

【目的】揭示大田栽培条件下,苹果矮化中间砧幼树生长及对不同形态15N的利用、分配特性。【方法】以1年生宫藤富士/SH6/平邑甜茶幼树为试材,采用15N同位素示踪法,研究硝态氮和铵态氮对苹果幼树生长及15N利用和分配的影响。【结果】施肥46 d后,15NO3-15N利用率为3.43%,显著高于15NH4-15N利用率（1.19%）。施用NO3--N后树体生物量、根冠比显著高于NH4+-N,根系中15NO3-15N分配率为27.91%,显著高于15NH4-15N分配率（25.13%）。施肥118 d后,NO3--N肥效降低,表现为树体生物量显著低于NH4+-N处理,15NO3-15N利用率为4.08%,与15NH4-15N利用率相比差异不显著;根系15NO3-15N分配率为31.19%,显著高于根系15NH4-15N分配率（25.10%）。【结论】大田栽培条件下,硝态氮肥效快于铵态氮,利于树体生长和根冠比的迅速提高,但随着生长期的延长铵态氮与硝态氮肥效无显著差异。     

氮沉降和干旱对阔叶红松林凋落物分解的影响

氮沉降和降水减少耦合作用对我国北温带森林凋落物分解的影响还知之甚少,通过常规的凋落物分解袋法进行了对照(CK)、施氮(N, 50 kg/(hm·a))、降雨减少(RP,-30%)和降雨减少加施氮(RP+N)4个处理对长白山阔叶红松林主要树种叶凋落物分解和碳、氮元素动态影响的研究。结果表明:凋落物分解95%需要6.025～15.167年,椴树的分解速率最快,其次是蒙古栎,红松最慢,三者混合后分解率介于期间。分解系数结果显示:施氮能在一定程度上促进紫椴叶凋落物的分解, 施氮对红松凋落物和混合凋落物分解则表现出抑制作用, 降雨减少对分解表现为明显的抑制作用,干旱情况下施氮后4种凋落物的分解系数介乎氮沉降和降雨减少两者之间,说明氮沉降和降雨减少存在交互作用。总体看来,氮沉降对凋落物分解和氮元素含量有一定的影响,并且与分解阶段和凋落物种类有关,降水减少对凋落物分解和碳氮元素比值具有显著的抑制作用。      

尿素配施有机物料时土壤不同氮素形态的动态及利用

用盆栽试验研究了尿素配施有机物料时土壤不同氮素形态的动态和利用特征。结果表明：尿素与C／N比高的小麦秸秆配施时，降低了作物吸氮量；与C／N比低的鸡粪配施时，增加了作物的吸氮量。但尿素单施，尿素与小麦秸秆配施，与鸡粪配施的生物量并没有显著的差异。尿素的水解和硝化在14d以前完成。与单施尿素相比，尿素配施秸秆降低了土壤中NH4－N和NO3－N的含量，而配施鸡粪增加了它们的含量，这与作物吸氮量的变化是一致的。土壤中微生物氮也参与了对作物的供氮过程。作物对“老固定态铵”的利用能力很弱，施肥会显著的增加土壤固定态铵的含量，这些“新固定铵”在作物生长期能被吸收利用。几种处理氮肥利用率的顺序为：尿素＞尿素与鸡粪配施＞尿素与秸秆配施。     

利用15N示踪技术探讨烟株对氮素肥料的吸收与分配

 通过不同施肥方法的¹⁵N示踪技术研究得到:烟株各部位总氮含量以叶片＞茎＞根＞顶杈,烟叶叶片总氮积累量为上部叶＞中部叶＞下部叶的规律。不同施肥方法的氮肥利用率、总氮含量以肥料1/3基施2/3追施处理较高,2/3基施1/3追施处理居中,全部条施处理较低。氮肥利用率以栽后100 d左右较高。通过¹⁵N的原子百分超的测定结果得到烟株全氮中来源于吸收肥料氮的比例在不同部位的分布是随着叶位的升高而降低,来源于土壤氮的比例随着叶位的升高而增加。不同施肥方法的肥料氮比例以肥料1/3基施2/3追施处理较高,2/3基施1/3追施处理居中,全部条施处理较低。     

杂交中籼协优559高产制种技术

根据父母本特点,协优559的高产制种技术是:(1)合理安排播差期,确保花期相遇;(2)培育多蘖壮秧,建立高质量制种群体;(3)科学施肥,合理管水,搭好丰产苗架;(4)喷好"九二",适时赶粉,提高母本异交结实率;(5)加强病虫害防治,适时收获,做好去杂保纯工作.     

耕层施磷对土壤剖面深层累积NO3——N运移及后效的影响

 【目的】在华北平原,研究前茬小麦耕层施磷对土壤深层累积NO3--N运移及后效的影响。【方法】采用15N微区注射技术,耕层设3个不同的施磷水平,布置田间微区试验,将15N标记于110 cm土层处。【结果】在该试验条件下,小麦收获后标记15N在土壤中的残留量为P60处理＜P120处理＜P0处理,且发生垂直运移,向上层土壤运移了50 cm,向下移动了70 cm,累积峰出现在120～140 cm土层,较标记位置下移了30 cm。玉米收获后, 15N主要分布在100～180 cm土层,累积峰在小麦季基础上又向下移动了20 cm。玉米能利用前茬残留于土壤深层的15N,P0、P60、P120处理15N的利用率分别为1.2%、2.5%、2.2%。前茬施磷对后作玉米下层根系发育仍有促进作用,增加了80～150 cm土层根长密度和根干重比例,提高了施磷处理对残留15N的利用率。【结论】前茬耕层施磷仍影响土壤深层累积NO3--N后效,促进后作玉米中下层根系发育,提高深层氮素利用率,进而减少其在土壤剖面中的残留。     

稻秆（~（15）N）和尿素（~（15）N）单施或混施时，水稻对标记氮的吸收与1

水稻盆栽试验表明，稻秆或尿素做基肥，单独施用时稻秆１５Ｎ的当季利用率（＜１８．６％）低于尿素，但有较高的土壤残留（＞４５．８％）；增加稻秆用量，水稻对其１５Ｎ的利用率无显著差异，增加尿素用量则会显著增加水稻对其１５Ｎ的吸收。在最高分蘖期，水稻已吸收了其能利用的尿素氮的大部分和稻秆氮的一半左右。两种肥料混合的Ｃ／Ｎ比为１５时，尿素用量增加，其１５Ｎ水稻利用率变化不大。添加尿素使稻秆１５Ｎ的利用率显著增大，而它的土壤残留率和损失率则有所减少；随混合把料用量的增加，稻秆１５Ｎ的利用率没有显著的变化，但其损失率则呈现显著下降的趋势。     

Ultrasonic shear wave velocities of MgSiO3 perovskite at 8 GPa and 800 K and lower mantle composition

Ultrasonic interferometric measurements of the shear elastic properties of MgSiO3 perovskite were conducted on three polycrystalline specimens at conditions up to pressures of 8 gigapascals and temperatures of 800 kelvin. The acoustic measurements produced the pressure (P) and temperature (T) derivatives of the shear modulus (G), namely ( partial differentialG/ partial differentialP)T = 1.8 +/- 0.4 and ( partial differentialG/ partial differentialT)P = -2.9 +/- 0.3 x 10(-2) gigapascals per kelvin. Combining these derivatives with the derivatives that were measured for the bulk modulus and thermal expansion of MgSiO3 perovskite provided data that suggest lower mantle compositions between pyrolite and C1 carbonaceous chondrite and a lower mantle potential temperature of 1500 +/- 200 kelvin.     

Radio science with voyager 2 at saturn: atmosphere and ionosphere and the masses of mimas, tethys, and iapetus

Voyager 2 radio occultation measurements of Saturn's atmosphere probed to the 1.2-bar pressure level, where the temperature was 143 +/- 6 K and the lapse rate apparently equaled the dry adiabatic value of 0.85 K per kilometer. The tropopause at both mid-latitude occultation locations (36.5 degrees N and 31 degrees S) was at a pressure level of about 70 millibars and a temperature of approximately 82 K. The stratospheric structures were very similar with the temperature rising to about 140 K at the 1-millibar pressure level. The peak electron concentrations sensed were 1.7 x 10(4) and 0.64 x 10(4) per cubic centimeter in the predawn (31 degrees S) and late afternoon (36.5 degrees N) locations. The topside plasma scale heights were about 1000 kilometers for the late afternoon profile, and 260 kilometers for the lower portions and 1100 kilometers for the upper portions of the topside predawn ionosphere. Radio measurements of the masses of Tethys and Iapetus yield (7.55 +/- 0.90) x 10(20) and (18.8 +/- 1.2) x 10(20) kilograms respectively; the Tethys-Mimas resonance theory then provides a derived mass for Afimas of (0.455 +/- 0.054) x 10(20) kilograms. These values for Tethys and Mimas represent major increases from previously accepted ground-based values, and appear to reverse a suggested trend of increasing satellite density with orbital radius in the Saturnian system. Current results suggest the opposite trend, in which the intermediate-sized satellites of Saturn may represent several classes of objects that differ with respect to the relative amounts of water, ammonia, and methane ices incorporated at different temperatures during formation. The anomalously low density of lapetus might then be explained as resulting from a large hydrocarbon content, and its unusually dark surface markings as another manifestation of this same material.     

Long-term straw addition promotes moderately labile phosphorus formation,decreasing phosphorus downward migration and loss in greenhouse vegetable soil

Phosphorus (P) leaching is a major problem in greenhouse vegetable production with excessive P fertilizer application. Substitution of inorganic P fertilizer with organic fertilizer is considered a potential strategy to reduce leaching, but the effect of organic material addition on soil P transformation and leaching loss remains unclear. The X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy technique can determine P speciation at the molecular level. Here, we integrated XANES and chemical methods to explore P speciation and transformation in a 10-year field experiment with four treatments: 100% chemical fertilizer (4CN), 50% chemical N and 50% manure N (2CN+2MN), 50% chemical N and 50% straw N (2CN+2SN), and 50% chemical N and 25% manure N plus 25% straw N (2CN+2MSN). Compared with the 4CN treatment, the organic substitution treatments increased the content of labile P by 13.7–54.2% in the 0–40 cm soil layers, with newberyite and brushite being the main constituents of the labile P. Organic substitution treatments decreased the stable P content; hydroxyapatite was the main species and showed an increasing trend with increasing soil depth. Straw addition (2CN+2SN and 2CN+2MSN) resulted in a higher moderately labile P content and a lower labile P content in the subsoil (60–100 cm). Moreover, straw addition significantly reduced the concentrations and amounts of total P, dissolved inorganic P (DIP), and particulate P in leachate. DIP was the main form transferred by leaching and co-migrated with dissolved organic carbon. Partial least squares path modeling revealed that straw addition decreased P leaching by decreasing labile P and increasing moderately labile P in the subsoil. Overall, straw addition is beneficial for developing sustainable P management strategies due to increasing labile P in the upper soil layer for the utilization of plants, and decreasing P migration and leaching.     

小麦F_2籽粒中HMW-GS的分离规律研究

小麦高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(HMW GS)对小麦面粉品质有不同的影响,因此,了解双亲HMW GS在F2籽粒中的分离规律和分布特征,对确定品质育种的选择方案以及对杂种小麦原粮品质的评估等有实践指导意义。本研究用10%SDS PAGE方案测定了小偃6号/Pan555的208粒F2籽粒的显带情况:①共出现8种HMW GS带型组合,其中杂合型与缺失型组合约占41 9%;②Glu D1d(5+10)与Glu D1N(空)的分离比为3∶1;Glu B1h(14+15)与Glu B1c(7+9)的分离比为9∶7;③Glu B1c(7+9)的不完全表达率为2 0%;Glu D1d(5+10)的不完全表达率亦为2 0%;④仅出现单一带型Glu B1h(14+15)的约占18 7%。     

不同施肥模式对盆栽辣椒产量及营养元素含量的影响

[目的]比较6种不同施肥模式对盆栽辣椒(Capsicum frutescens L.)产量和辣椒N、P和K含量的影响。[方法]施肥模式共分6种:CK,园试配方营养液;14-14-14缓释肥;14-14-14缓释肥+15-5-15Ca5Mg2水溶性肥;15-5-15Ca5Mg2水溶性肥;20-20-20水溶性肥;有机肥+20-20-20水溶性肥。[结果]利用有机肥+20-20-20水溶性肥、20-20-20水溶性肥、14-14-14缓释肥+15-5-15Ca5Mg2水溶性肥施肥模式,都能得到比较高的产量。辣椒果实内N、P和K含量随着施肥水平的升高而逐步升高,同时N、P和K元素间也存在互作效应和拮抗作用。[结论]相比较而言,14-14-14缓释肥+15-5-15Ca5Mg2水溶性肥施肥模式,采用14-14-14缓释肥,干净、卫生,肥效长,配合水溶性肥料,更加适合现代家庭。     

Antiferromagnetic Ordering and Paramagnetic Behavior of Ferromagnetic Cu6 and Cu18 Clusters in BaCuO2+x

Magnetization and neutron diffraction measurements on polycrystalline BaCuO2+x revealed a combination of magnetic behaviors. The Cu(6) ring clusters and Cu(18) sphere clusters in this compound had ferromagnetic ground states with large spins 3 and 9, respectively. The Cu(6) rings ordered antiferromagnetically below the Néel temperature T(N) = 15 +/- 0.5 kelvin, whereas the Cu(18) spheres remained paramagnetic down to 2 kelvin. The ordered moment below T(N) was 0.89(5) Bohr magnetons per Cu in the Cu(6) rings, demonstrating that quantum fluctuation effects are small in these atomic clusters. The Cu(18) clusters are predicted to exhibit ferromagnetic intercluster order below about 1 kelvin.