大白菜硫代葡萄糖甙合成基因SSR标记的开发

硫代葡萄糖甙(glucosinolates,GS)是一种含氮、硫的重要植物次生代谢产物,是十字花科蔬菜风味的主要来源。本研究根据拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)和大白菜(Brassica rapa ssp.pekinensis)基因组序列信息,比对GS生物合成相关基因的序列信息,发现大白菜中与GS含量相关的候选基因102个,分布于10条染色体上。拟南芥GS合成基因在大白菜中的同源基因个数分别为:零拷贝基因8个、单拷贝基因13个、2拷贝基因17个、2个以上多拷贝基因14个。通过FASTPCR6.0软件分析目标基因上下游序列各5kb,共开发出237个简单重复序列(SSR)位点,16个基因没有发现SSR位点,72个基因存在1~4个SSR位点,5个基因存在5个SSR位点,4个基因存在6个SSR位点,4个基因存在7个SSR位点,1个基因存在8个SSR位点。所开发的SSR位点中,共发现4种重复类型:单核苷酸重复最多,共122个,占SSR总数的51.4%;其次是二核苷酸重复类型,共48个,占SSR总数的20.3%;三核苷酸重复类型最少,共7个,占SSR总数的3.0%,另外60个SSR无明显的重复类型。具有SSR位点的86个基因中,77个基因可以设计SSR特异引物,其中49对特异引物在供试的75份大白菜高代自交系中得到有效扩增。其中16对引物具有多态性,占全部引物的20.8%;18对引物无多态性,占全部引物的23.4%;15对引物杂带多,占全部引物的19.5%;另外28对引物无扩增产物,占全部引物的36.4%。最终11对获得了清晰多态性扩增产物,共检测出26个等位基因。本研究为分子标记辅助选择培育高有益GS成分的大白菜新品种提供了基础资料,进而加快大白菜营养品质育种的进程。     

铁皮石斛EST-SSR分子标记的开发

为了开发铁皮石斛EST-SSR分子标记,利用SSRIT软件对铁皮石斛近缘物种-金钗石斛的15 383条EST序列进行SSR位点查找,利用Primer 5和Oligo 7软件进行引物设计和评价,之后经PCR扩增和琼脂糖凝胶电泳对引物进行初步筛选,并通过聚丙烯酰氨凝胶电泳对所筛选的引物进行有效性检测。结果表明,SSRIT软件共查找到370条SSR位点序列,共有379个SSR位点,候选SSR位点出现的频率为2.46%。二核苷酸、三核苷酸和六核苷酸重复是最主要的重复类型,分别占41.42%、26.91%和27.44%,其中二核苷酸重复中AG/CT(20.84%)和GA/TC(18.73%)最丰富;三核苷酸重复中TCT/AGA(4.22%)和GA/TC(3.96%)最丰富;而六核苷酸重复基元较多。EST-SSR平均长度为24 bp,平均每8.5条EST序列包含1个SSR位点。设计的106对EST-SSR引物中有50对能扩增出理想的PCR产物,引物有效扩增率为47.17%,其中有43对能够扩增出多态性条带,占可扩增引物的86%。本研究开发的43对引物为铁皮石斛遗传多样性分析、种质鉴定、遗传图谱构建和功能基因研究等提供了重要的参考价值。     

基于石蒜属转录组序列的SSR分子标记开发应用

为开发石蒜属简单重复序列(SSR)分子标记,并研究SSR引物在石蒜属内的通用性,本研究对石蒜属石蒜、忽地笑、中国石蒜、长筒石蒜、换锦花、香石蒜6个种质转录组测序,检测SSR位点并设计引物,通过PCR扩增和毛细管电泳判断引物的有效性和多态性,绘制石蒜属17个种质资源的指纹图谱并对杂交后代的真实性进行早期检测。结果表明,共获得404 481条Unigenes,利用数据库进行同源比对和功能注释,并对Unigene进行SSR位点挖掘和分析,共检测到59 612个SSR位点。其中,单核苷酸重复>二核苷酸重复>三核苷酸重复,分别占SSR总数的62.88%、20.06%和14.66%,四核苷酸及以上重复单元相对较少。选取并合成8对荧光引物进行PCR扩增,通过毛细管电泳检测发现,8对荧光引物共检测到60个多态位点,多态位点数平均为7.50,多态性信息含量(PIC)值变化范围为0.148 0~0.940 8,平均值为0.593 0。利用引物扩增带型组合法构建了石蒜属17个种资源的指纹图谱,其中引物QZ209可区分所有供试材料,并可用于杂交后代鉴定。本研究开发的SSR标记具有丰富的多态性,在石蒜属植物的资源多样性分析、杂交种鉴定及遗传图谱的构建应用中具有重要意义。     

竹类植物EST-SSRs分布特征及应用

本研究利用毛竹已有的EST序列,开发竹类植物EST-SSR标记,旨在对竹子的分子分类进行研究。通过对3087条毛竹(Phyllostachys pubescens)EST序列进行筛选,获得了408条含有SSR的毛竹EST,在所有的EST-SSR中,三核苷酸重复类型(49.75%)最多,其次是二核苷酸重复类型(43.14%)、五核苷酸重复类型(4.41%)、四核苷酸重复类型(1.72%)和六核苷酸重复类型(0.98%)。不同基序类型中,GAG/CTC基序和AG基序分别是三核苷酸重复类型和二核苷酸重复类型中含量最高的重复基序,分别占18.72%和71.02%。当SSR长度等于18bp时,所检测到的SSR数量最多,达140条。随着SSR长度的增加,所检测到的SSR数量呈下降的趋势。根据搜索出的EST序列,共设计出25对引物,对12个竹类植物进行了扩增效率、多态性及通用性检测。其中18对引物能够扩增出稳定且清晰的条带,16对引物扩增具有多态性,扩增片段长度主要集中在100～500bp,引物有效率达64%。依据扩增结果进行遗传相似性分析,12种竹类植物可分为两大类群:丛生竹类群(clump bamboos)和散生竹类群...     

基于简化基因组测序技术的甘薯HRM分子标记开发及其应用

目前甘薯中针对SNP位点的分子标记开发及应用的报道较少。为开发甘薯特异SNP分子标记,本研究利用简化基因组测序技术对甘薯种质材料进行测序,筛选稳定的SNP位点,将其开发为基于HRM技术的分子标记,并在甘薯种质材料中进行验证。通过对23个甘薯种质材料简化基因组测序数据的分析,共发现835 756个SNP多态性位点,筛选其中的3 650个含有SNP多态性位点的高质量测序片段,成功设计了134对引物;初步验证发现,22对(16.42%)引物没有扩增产物,15对(11.19%)引物扩增产物2个以上,36对(26.87%)引物的扩增产物没有差异。61对(45.52%)引物在8个样本中的扩增特异性好,而且样本之间有差异。最后筛选34对扩增多态性丰富的引物对52份甘薯种质材料进行扫描,发现材料间多态性介于27.27%~90.91%之间,平均多态性达到59.35%。聚类分析表明,参试52份甘薯种质材料之间的差异较小,多数材料与骨干亲本南瑞苕、徐薯18之间关系较近,国外引进甘薯材料和地方品种差异较大。建议在今后甘薯育种中尽量选用地方品种和国外甘薯品种,从而更好地拓宽甘薯遗传背景。本研究初步建立了基于简化基因组技术和HRM技术开发甘薯SNP分子标记的新思路,为今后甘薯SNP分子标记开发提供了参考。同时本研究开发的甘薯分子标记,丰富了甘薯分子标记类型,为甘薯研究者开展快速的分子标记研究提供了支持。     

菊花EST-SSR标记开发及其对万寿菊的可转移性研究

为开发菊花EST-SSR标记并用于万春菊资源分析,研究了菊花的EST-SSR特征、标记开发及其在万寿菊上的可转移性。结果表明,菊花EST-SSR出现频率为5.35%,平均每10.64 kb存在1个SSR位点。在这些SSR位点中,共有83种重复基元,2-6核苷酸重复类型分别为10、40、14、5和14种。以14个菊花品种DNA为模板,22对菊花EST-SSR引物中14对可以扩增到清晰且稳定的PCR产物,共检出49个位点,平均每对引物可扩增出3.5条多态性片段,平均多态性信息含量(PIC)为0.751。在14对有效引物中,8对可以在待检万寿菊样品中扩增到清晰稳定的条带,可转移率为57.14%。综上所述,菊花以三核苷酸重复类型占主导,六核苷酸重复类型高于其它植物种类,菊花EST-SSR引物多态性信息含量处于较高水平。本研究可为万寿菊分子标记辅助育种奠定科学基础。     

换锦花EST-SSR标记开发及遗传多样性分析

为开发换锦花EST-SSR标记和分析其遗传多样性,本研究利用MISA软件对换锦花转录组信息进行SSR位点检测,再利用Primer3.0设计引物,经PCR扩增和非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测引物的有效性和多态性,并绘制换锦花种质资源的聚类图。结果表明,共检测到9 918个SSR位点,发生频率为18.59%,分布距离为3.729 kb;SSR位点重复单元为1~3个碱基,其中,单碱基重复三碱基重复二碱基重复,分别占SSR总数的61.08%、23.22%和14.23%,四碱基及以上重复单元相对较少。共设计出9 302对SSR引物,随机选取并合成278对引物进行PCR扩增,能够清晰扩增出的引物有185对(66.55%),在石蒜属的七个种中具有多态性的有59对(31.89%),其中11对(18.64%)能够在浙江和江苏种群的30份换锦花种质资源表现出丰富的多态性。综上,本研究开发的EST-SSR标记具有丰富的多态性,在换锦花以及石蒜属植物的遗传多样性分析、杂交种鉴定及遗传图谱的构建应用中具有重要意义。     

紫楠转录组EST-SSR标记开发及通用性分析

紫楠(Phoebe sheareri)是商品材金丝楠木的原植物种之一,现存野生资源日益减少,为了进一步掌握其遗传多样性和遗传结构特征,大规模开发该种表达序列标签-简单重复序列(expressed sequence tag-simple sequence repeat,EST-SSR)标记迫在眉睫。本研究首次进行紫楠转录组高通量测序,挖掘SSR位点和开发EST-SSR标记,并进行引物的初步验证以及在楠属植物的通用性检测。结果显示,通过Illumina Hiseq 2500测序共获得43 781条Unigene,应用MISA软件鉴定了6 958个SSR位点,分布频率为15.89%,平均每5.31 kb出现1个SSR位点。紫楠SSR位点共包括340种重复基元,以二、三核苷酸为主,其优势重复基元分别为AG/CT(23.99%)和AAG/CCT(12.81%)。基于不同重复基元类型设计合成了94对SSR引物,以10份紫楠及同属4种楠木的基因组DNA为模板对其有效性及通用性进行初步验证,筛选出具有清晰扩增产物的引物41对,其中32对具有多态性,其平均等位基因数2.75个,观察杂合度(heterozygosity,Ho)、期望杂合度(heterozygosity,He)、多态信息含量(polymorphism information content,PIC)分别为0.369、0.563和0.541,且在同属材料中通用性较高。紫楠转录组测序获得的Unigene可作为SSR标记开发的有效来源,所获得的EST-SSR引物可为紫楠及楠属其他树种的遗传结构分析、种质资源利用及遗传图谱构建提供有效的分子标记。     

甘蓝SSR标记在近缘种青花菜的通用性及其应用

本研究对50条甘蓝SSR引物在其近缘种青花菜中的通用性进行了分析,结果表明,38对引物在青花菜上可有效扩增,扩增产物分子量在100～1500bp,有效扩增比率为76%,其中18%具有较好的多态性,揭示了两种作物基因组间存在一定的相似性。同时利用获得的多态性较好的9对引物对青花菜进行基因型鉴定和遗传多样性分析,20份青花菜基因型中共检测到51个基因位点,平均每个引物组合可扩增出5.67个条带,多态性为66.7%。多引物组合可鉴别出所有青花菜基因型。聚类分析结果表明同一来源的基因型间具有相近的遗传基础,且聚类与熟性具有一定的相关性。本研究为今后青花菜种质资源的收集、利用及分子标记辅助育种提供了新的SSR标记和参考。     

花椒转录组SSR信息分析及其分子标记开发

匮乏的基因组信息是导致花椒(Zanthoxylum bungeanum)分子标记缺乏的根本原因。本研究通过高通量测序技术结合MISA软件分析花椒果皮转录组中SSR的分布类型及特点,以来源于中国6个省份的33份花椒种质对随机合成的80对引物进行多态性筛选,继而开发表达序列标签SSR(expressed sequence tags-SSR,EST-SSR)标记并分析不同花椒种质的遗传多样性。结果显示,在转录组测序获得的163 340条Unigenes中,共筛选到27 905个SSR位点,分布于23 422条Unigenes中,SSR发生频率和平均分布距离分别为14.34%和2.94 kb。其中,1 110个SSR位于编码区序列(coding sequence,CDS);4 358和3 856个SSR分别位于5'端非编码区(5-untranslated regions,5'-UTR)和3'端非编码区(3'-untranslated regions,3'-UTR)。单、二和三核苷酸为优势重复类型,分别占SSR总数的66.48%、17.37%和14.89%,且A/T、AG/TC和AAG/TTC分别是单、二和三核苷酸的优势重复基元。此外,本研究成功设计12 478对SSR特异位点引物。在随机选取的80对引物中,共有15对表现出多态性。多态性信息含量(polymorphism information content,PIC)、观测等位基因数(observed number of alleles,Na)、有效等位基因(effective number of alleles,Ne)、观测杂合度(observed heterozygosity,Ho)、期望杂合度(expected heterozygosity,He)、Shannon's指数(Shannon's information index,I)和Nei's基因多样性指数(Nei's gene diversity index,H)的平均值分别为0.50、3.27、2.43、0.69、0.58、0.97和0.57。利用UPGMA聚类,可将33份供试花椒种质分为4类,与供试种质地理位置划分基本保持一致。本研究为花椒种质资源鉴定、分子标记辅助选择育种及遗传多样性分析等提供标记资源。     

Identification of oxidation products of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate and (-)-epigallocatechin with H(2)O(2)

(-)-Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC) are two important antioxidants in tea. They also display some antitumor activities, and these activities are believed to be mainly due to their antioxidative effects. However, the specific mechanisms of antioxidant action of tea catechins remain unclear. In this study are isolated and identified two novel reaction products of EGCG and one product of EGC when they were reacted separately with H(2)O(2). These products are formed by the oxidation and decarboxylation of the A ring in the catechin molecule. This study provides unequivocal proof that the A ring of EGCG and EGC may also be an antioxidant site. This study also indicates an additional reaction pathway for the oxidation chemistry of tea catechins.     

Chemoenzymatic synthesis of homochiral (R)- and (S)-karahanaenol from (R)-limonene

Terpinolene oxide, a monoterpene belonging to the p-menthane group, is easily derived from naturally abundant (R)-limonene. It was isomerized with montmorillonite clay catalyst to karahanaenone (2,2, 5-trimethylcyclohept-4-en-1-one) by ring enlargement. The enantiomers of the corresponding alcohol, karahanaenol (2,2, 5-trimethylcyclohept-4-en-1- ol), known for their individual organoleptic properties, were resolved through Pseudomonas cepacia lipase mediated enantiospecific alcoholysis of its acetate derivative.     

Excretion of (14)C-fumonisin B(1), (14)C-hydrolyzed fumonisin B(1), and (14)C-fumonisin B(1)-fructose in rats.

14C-Fumonisin B(1) (FB(1)) was produced by Fusarium proliferatum M-5991 in modified Myro liquid medium and purified to >95% purity with a specific activity of 1.7 mCi/mmol. Nine male and nine female F344/N rats were each dosed by gavage with 0.69 micromol of (14)C-FB(1), (14)C-hydrolyzed FB(1), or (14)C-FB(1)-fructose/kg body weight. Urinary excretion of (14)C-FB(1) and (14)C-FB(1)-fructose was 0.5% and 4.4% of the total dose, respectively, and was similar between male and female rats. Urinary excretion of (14)C-hydrolyzed HFB(1) was significantly greater (P > 0.05) in female rats as compared with male rats (17.3% vs 12.8% of the total dose, respectively). There were no significant (P > 0.05) differences in biliary excretion of the three fumonisin compounds with a mean of 1. 4% of the dose excreted at 4 h after dosing. Lesser amounts continued to be excreted up to 9.25 h after dosing. Although biliary excretion of the (14)C-FB(1), (14)C-hydrolyzed FB(1), and (14)C-FB(1)-fructose was similar, increased urinary excretion of the (14)C-hydrolyzed FB(1) as compared to (14)C-FB(1) and (14)C-FB(1)-fructose indicated a greater absorption of the hydrolyzed form.     

Kinetic Speciation of Ni(II) in Model Solutions and Freshwaters: Competition of Al(III) and Fe(III)

The competing ligand exchange method was used to investigate the competitive binding of Ni(II) by Al(III) and Fe(III) in model aqueous solutions and freshwaters. Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry and adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry were used to monitor the rate of uptake of the Ni by Chelex 100 chelating resin and dimethylglyoxime as the competing ligands, respectively. The results have revealed that Ni(II)–humate complexes were more labile in presence of the mixture of Al(III) and Fe(III), compared to the lability of the Ni(II)–humate complexes when only one of the two, Al(III) or Fe(III), was present. The environmental significance of this work is that in model solutions simulating freshwater containing humic substances and the target trace metal Ni(II) and cations, Al(III) and Fe(III), the competitive binding of Ni(II), Al(III) and Fe(III) by humic substances makes Ni(II)–humate complexes labile, releasing free Ni²⁺–aqua complex, which reported to be toxic.     

Effect of pH on interaction between As(III) or As(V) and manganese(IV) oxide

The efficiency of As(III) oxidation by MnO₂, and retention of oxidation products varies with system pH. Maximum retention by hydrous Mn(IV) oxide occurs at pH < 5, declining at higher pH to about half total As at pH 10. The adsorption capacities of pyrolusite and cryptomelane at pH ～6.5 for As(V) species were 10 and 25 mmol kg^?1, respectively. HMO surface saturation (～10 mmol kg^?1) was reached with equilibrium As(V) levels of 5 to 8 × 10^?6 M but this was supplemented at higher levels by an absorption process where uptake increased linearly with concentration (e.g., 68 mmol kg^?1 with 2 × 10^?5 M As(V)). Added As(III) was avidly oxidized and most product retained at pH 3. At higher pH increasing amounts of As(III) remained unoxidized due to initial reactions apparently blocking access to internal pores. Added Na⁺ reduced the amount of As retained by the HMO, with the phosphate salt having a significant effect. Extraction studies confirmed that most As could be released by exposure to reducing agents or chelating agents (EDTA). The environmental significance of the results has been considered.     

锑/磷在膨润土和高岭土的竞争吸附

采用批处理法研究了锑/磷(Sb/P)在膨润土和高岭土上的竞争吸附等温线和动力学,并考察了pH的影响。结果表明:Sb和P吸附符合Langmuir或Freundlich方程(R~2=0.945 0~0.998 3,P0.000 1),存在极强的竞争吸附:P共存时Sb吸附容量(Q_(max))显著降低,分别从0.86和10.21 mmol/kg(先Sb后P)降低到0.64和2.61 mmol/kg(先P后Sb);Sb共存时P吸附亲合性(K)明显降低,分别从1.47和7.47 L/mmol(先P后Sb)降低到0.68和2.34 L/mmol(先Sb后P)。Sb和P的吸附总体随pH升高而降低,但相比高岭土,膨润土上的吸附受pH影响更大,意味着高岭土有更多配位吸附、膨润土有更多电性吸附。准二级动力学方程很好地拟合它们的竞争吸附(R~20.994,P0.000 1),并且在Sb/P共存下,膨润土对P吸附弱而慢(q_e=0.36 mmol/kg,,k_2=0.064 6 kg/(mmol·min))、对Sb吸附虽弱但快(q_e=0.19 mmol/kg,k_2=0.076 9 kg/(mmol·min));高岭土对P吸附强更快(q_e=0.66 mmol/kg,k_2=0.591 kg/(mmol·min))、对Sb吸附虽强但慢[q_e=0.39 mmol/kg,k_2=0.052 4 kg/(mmol·min)]。因此,Sb对P吸附的抑制在膨润土上更明显(主要是静电吸附竞争),P对Sb吸附的抑制则在高岭土上更突出(主要是配位吸附竞争)。     

Biotransformation of (R)- and (S)-terpinen-4-ol by the larvae of common cutworm (Spodoptera litura)

(R)-Terpinen-4-ol was mixed in an artificial diet at a concentration of 1 mg/g of diet, and the diet was fed to the last instar larvae of common cutworm (Spodoptera litura). Metabolites were recovered from frass and analyzed spectroscopically. (R)-Terpinen-4-ol was transformed mainly to (R)-p-menth-1-en-4,7-diol. Similarly, (S)-terpinen-4-ol was transformed mainly to (S)-p-menth-1-en-4,7-diol. The C-7 position (allylic methyl group) of (R)- and (S)-terpinen-4-ol was preferentially oxidized.