两种鲤鲫杂交回交子代染色体核型分析及比较

采用PHA和秋水仙素体内注射制备两种鲤鲫杂交回交子代鱼（鲤鲫杂交♀×德国镜鲤♂;鲤鲫杂交♀×鲤♂）的染色体。结果表明：两种鲤鲫杂交回交子代染色体组由150条染色体组成,按着丝粒位置染色体组型可分为四组,每个染色体小组均由三条同源染色体组成。其中鲤鲫杂交♀×鲤♂回交的染色体数目为3n=150,染色体臂数NF=234,其核型公式为：3n=60m＋24sin＋36st＋30t;鲤鲫杂交♀×德国镜鲤♂回交染色体数目为3n=150,染色体臂数NF=258,其核型公式为：3n=63m＋45sin＋12st＋30t。     

两种鲤鲫杂交回交子代染色体核型分析及比较

采用PHA和秋水仙素体内注射制备两种鲤鲫杂交回交子代鱼（鲤鲫杂交♀×德国镜鲤♂;鲤鲫杂交♀×鲤♂）的染色体。结果表明：两种鲤鲫杂交回交子代染色体组由150条染色体组成,按着丝粒位置染色体组型可分为四组,每个染色体小组均由三条同源染色体组成。其中鲤鲫杂交♀×鲤♂回交的染色体数目为3n=150,染色体臂数NF=234,其核...     

裙带菜3n、4n孢子体的人工育苗和海区栽培

使用室内保存培养的裙带菜2n♀♂配子体自交及与正常n♀♂配子体杂交,培育出裙带菜2n♀×n♂、n♀×2n♂两个组合3n幼孢子体和2n♀×2n♂组合的4n幼孢子体。经过40 d海区暂养后测定,3n幼孢子体两个组合平均长度分别为1.2 cm和1.1 cm,大于对照组合2n幼孢子体的0.9 cm和4n幼孢子体组合的0.7 cm。使用从短滨螺中提取的粗酶和R10纤维素酶的混合酶液将2n、3n幼孢子体酶解为原生质团,经Giemsa染色后观察到的染色体数分别为2n＝60,3n＝90。分苗后的海区栽培期间,在藻体的长度和重量方面,2n♀×n♂、n♀×2n♂两个3n孢子体组合间差异不显著(P>0.05),与对照组合2n孢子体之间的差异极显著(P<0.01)。在裙带菜进入繁殖期的5月上中旬,3n孢子体仍保持较快的生长速度,在5月20日测定两个组合的藻体长度和重量分别达到4.2 m、2.3 kg和4.0 m、2.2 kg,而对照组合2n孢子体仅达到2.3 m和1.3 kg。4n孢子体生长明显地慢于对照的2n孢子体(P<0.01),藻体生长最大值的时间为3月中旬,最大藻体长度和重量仅为1.6 m和1.1 kg。 试验结果表明,3n孢子体不发育,在繁殖期内无孢子叶形成,表现出不育的特性;4n孢子体形成孢子叶,但孢子叶很薄,孢子囊形成的数量少,发育水平也很低,经阴干刺激仅有极少量的孢子放出,显示出低育的特性。图2表1参15     

CB抑制合浦珠母贝受精卵第一极体释放的染色体分离

对CB抑制合浦珠母贝受精卵 (3n♀× 2n ,2n× 2n)第一极体释放的染色体分离行为进行了细胞学观察。结果表明 ,CB抑制第一极体改变了正常的染色体分离行为 ,在第二次减数分裂过程中出现了多极分离 ,主要有二极分离 (2 8.6 7% )、三极分离 (40 .5 6 % )及四极分离 (2 3.78% )三种模式 ,不能确定的占 6 .99%。均等的二极分离可能导致四倍体的产生 ,而部分四极分离也能产生四倍体 ,三极分离主要产生非整倍体。未处理组的染色体仍按正常的二极形式进行分离 ,释放两个极体 ,但两极的染色体数目通常存在极大差异 ,导致大量的非整倍体产生。二倍体组 (抑制第一极体 )也存在同样的多极分离模式 ,二级分离占 2 5 .0 0 % ,三极分离占2 1.5 1% ,四极分离占 34.30 % ,不能确定的占 19.19%。另外 ,对各种染色体分离模式形成的机制进行了讨论     

框鳞镜鲤♀X团头鲂♂杂种F1与亲本性腺组织学比较研究

鱼类亚科间杂交组合的受精生物学如受精率、孵化率、胚胎畸形率,胚胎从受精至孵化出膜所需时间,后代1~2龄鱼的生长情况等以及杂交F1的可育性的研究表明,鱼类亚科间杂种不育不是绝对的。虽然如草鱼♀×长春鳊♂杂种F1为三倍体,其性腺不发育;草鱼♀×团头鲂♂杂种F1有性腺存在,但发育很差,是不育的;草鱼♀×花鲢♂杂种F1,Marian等人从染色体观察是三倍体,性腺不育,但鳙♀×草鱼♂杂种F1近似母本的雌性鱼可以达到性成熟,并连续进行了3年人工繁殖;红眼鱼♀×拟鳊♂杂种F1部分雌鱼可育,而雄鱼发育很差,但从个别个体可以取得精液,并获得了后代…     

文蛤四倍体诱导技术的初步研究

以江苏文蛤为实验材料,采用50mg／L秋水仙索和400μM6-二甲基氨基嘌呤（6-DMAP）处理、抑制受精卵第一极体排放和抑制第一次卵裂的方法,进行四倍体诱导研究。根据不同处理时间,D形幼虫的孵化率分别为38．6％和34．58％。经胚胎和幼虫发育观察发现,在诱导组中异常原肠胚的比例高于对照组;受精后48h,诱导组的滞育担轮幼虫的比例显著高于对照组。在受精后48h取担轮幼虫制作染色体片,诱导组中四倍体幼虫的比例为7．56％-36．2％和9．2％-28-3％,最高诱导率达至Ⅱ了36．2％。同时每个处理组都发现了不同的非整倍体存在。本研究表明,该项技术能有效地诱发文蛤四倍体幼虫,但面临四倍体幼虫存活率低的问题,今后应设法提高四倍体胚胎和幼虫的发育水平。     

农区不同品种肉羊杂交组合模式效益分析

选择波尔山羊、南江黄羊、本地羊进行杂交组合,分析不同组合模式的产羔数、初生重、双月龄断奶重、六月龄出栏重等生产指标,筛选农区适度规模舍饲肉羊的最优杂交组合。结果表明:不同品种肉羊杂交生产性能明显提高;不同杂交组合模式效益依次为本♀×波♂×波♂>本♀×南♂×波♂>本♀×波♂。     

条纹鲈正反交杂种与其亲本生长比较

白鲈♀×条纹鲈♂、条纹鲈♀×白鲈♂及白鲈Ⅱ期平均体重分别为40g、39.7g 和41g,投喂饲料均含粗蛋白40 %,日投喂2次 ,投饵率为鱼体重的3 %,饲养12周 ,试验结束白鲈♀×条纹鲈♂鱼体重由40g长至124g,白鲈体重由41g 长至126g,个体均显著大于条纹鲈♀×白鲈♂杂种93.5g,成活率100%。Ⅲ期鱼种试验中3种鱼的平均体重分别为177.5g、185.9g和153.8g,投喂浮性饲料均含粗蛋白44.1 %,日饱食投喂2次。试验结束白鲈♀×条纹鲈♂个体重由177.5g长至611g ,条纹鲈♀×白鲈♂个体重由185.9g长至517g ,白鲈由153.8g仅长至254.4g。杂种饲料系数均低于白鲈 ,成活率98 %～100%     

诱导异源三倍体鲍的初步研究

用细胞松弛素B（CB）处理九孔鲍♂×盘鲍♀受精卵,分别抑制其第一极体和第二极体、以及第二极体释放诱导异源三倍体。水温24℃,九孔鲍♂×盘鲍♀授精后10min,用浓度0.6～1.0mg/L的CB持续处理受精卵20～25min,抑制其第一极体的排放。而九孔鲍♂×盘鲍♀在受精后27min,当40%～50%受精卵排出第一极体时,用浓度0.6～1.0mg/L的CB持续处理受精卵10～15min,分别统计对照组和药物处理组的担轮幼虫率,并用倍体分析仪检测各组稚鲍的倍性。结果表明：对照组和药物处理组担轮幼虫的倍性较复杂,起始处理时间为10min,CB药物处理浓度为0.6mg/L,持续处理时间为25min,其三倍体率可达40.67%,担轮幼虫的孵化率为26.44%。起始处理时间为27min,CB药物处理浓度0.6mg/L,处理持续时间为10min,其三倍体率可达48.11%,担轮幼虫率的孵化率为29.86%。     

回交鲤与回交荷包红鲤染色体核型的比较分析

在23～25℃下,给平均体质量104.2g和106.8g的回交鲤（鲤鲫杂交♀×鲤♂）和回交荷包红鲤（鲤鲫杂交♀×荷包红鲤♂）胸腔注射植物凝集素（PHA）和秋水仙素,然后观察对比了染色体核型,探讨回交后代的染色体遗传。结果表明,两种鲤鲫杂交回交子代染色体组均由150条染色体组成,按着丝粒位置染色体组型可分为四组,每个染色体小组均由三条同源染色体组成。其中,回交鲤染色体数目为3n=150,染色体臂数NF=234,其核型公式为：3n=60m＋24sm＋36st＋30t;回交荷包红鲤的染色体数目为3n=150,染色体臂数NF=252,其核型公式为：3n=66m＋36sm＋18st＋30t。     

Fish assemblage associations and thresholds with existing and projected oil and gas development

Energy development threatens fish and wildlife resources worldwide. This study used constrained ordinations to show fish assemblage structure associated with oil and gas well densities in the Colorado River Basin, Wyoming, but well densities explained only 6.4% of assemblage structure when compared to other factors. Threshold Indicator Taxonomic ANalysis showed significant negative threshold responses by some species to small levels of development (<0.15 wells km^?2), whereas positive thresholds were less distinct. Some native and imperilled species could be disproportionately affected if future oil and gas development proceeds in a manner that will impact aquatic resources. Although existing development has not substantially influenced regional fish assemblage structure, it appears to affect a subset of species. Understanding assemblage‐level responses to development can help land managers determine appropriate development levels, prioritise areas for monitoring associated with future development and identify where land protection measures may be needed to offset potential risks.     

奶牛酮病发病机理研究进展

结合国内外目前研究状况较为详细的综述了奶牛酮病的病因与发病机理,并分析了奶牛酮病发生的生化机制。旨在对临床实践中很好的认识诊断和群体监控奶牛酮病提供较为系统的理论依据,保证奶牛群的高产和稳产,从而创造良好的经济效益。     

添加植酸酶日粮不同磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪血液生化指标和骨骼性能的影响

本试验利用饲养试验方法,研究玉米-豆粕型日粮中添加植酸酶时不同磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪血清指标和骨骼性能的影响。试验选用162头20kg左右的杜长大三元杂交猪进行2×3(磷水平×钙磷比)因子饲养试验,试验分2个阶段进行,前期为生长期体重在20-60kg,后期为肥育期体重为为60-100kg。结果表明:添加植酸酶日粮磷水平对血清磷含量和碱性磷酸酶的活性影响显著(P<0.05);钙磷比对血清钙和血清磷含量的影响显著(P<0.05);添加植酸酶日粮磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪骨骼性能的影响不显著(P>0.05)。在添加植酸酶条件下,降低日粮磷水平不影响猪的正常生长发育。     

Achieving sustainable aquaculture: Historical and current perspectives and future needs and challenges

Important operational changes that have gradually been assimilated and new approaches that are developing as part of the movement toward sustainable intensive aquaculture production systems are presented via historical, current, and future perspectives. Improved environmental and economic sustainability based on increased efficiency of production continues to be realized. As a result, aquaculture continues to reduce its carbon footprint through reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Reduced use of freshwater and land resources per unit of production, improved feed management practices as well as increased knowledge of nutrient requirements, effective feed ingredients and additives, domestication of species, and new farming practices are now being applied or evaluated. Successful expansion into culture of marine species, both off and on shore, offers the potential of substantial increases in sustainable intensive aquaculture production combined with integrative efforts to increase efficiency will principally contribute to satisfying the increasing global demand for protein and food security needs.     

Esophagoscopy and gastroscopy in dogs and cats. Technics and indications

A report is presented of esophagoscopy and gastroscopy in cats and dogs using flexible endoscopes. Following consideration of the basic equipment, an account is given of patient preparation and anesthesia, topography, investigation technique and normal findings. Diagnostic potential, indications and risks involved are discussed.     

Gar biology and culture: status and prospects

Many lepisosteid populations in North America have declined and many are now threatened as a consequence of habitat loss and alteration and commercial and sport overfishing. Over the last two decades, morphological, histological and molecular studies allowed distinguishing between different phases of development and the nutritional condition of larvae. Ontogeny of the digestive enzymes of gar larvae indicated the possibility to feed them artificial feeds since early developmental stages. An in vitro digestibility system to test different feed ingredients has been used. Important characteristics of artificial diets were identified through different feeding experiments. Endocrinological studies showed the feasibility of altering larval development and the digestive capacity of larvae. Cloning of gar growth hormone opened new avenues to enhance growth in the gars. Plasmatic vitellogenin was isolated and purified, to develop a competitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, which allowed the straightforward separation of males from females to establish appropriate proportions for reproduction and also was used to evaluate hormonal protocols to induce gonad recrudescence and spawning. This review analyzes the biology, ecology and physiology of different gar species as a basis for their domestication, mass production of larvae for repopulation experiments and for the culture of commercial‐size gar.     

加快城乡统筹，推进我国农垦体制创新与经济发展的研究与思考

“十一五”以来,我国农垦加快体制机制改革、结构调整和经济增长方式的转变的步伐,参与市场竞争,努力提升企业和产品竞争力,经济社会事业发展较快,对国家的贡献提升,职工收入、生活质量明显提高和改善,示范引领作用不断增强。本文针对农垦体制机制创新进展滞缓,战略定位与发展方向不明,经济增长方式转变和结构调整缺乏资本、人才、技术的支撑,没有处理好改革、发展、稳定、民生的关系,投资匮乏,发展后劲不足,人才短缺和劳动力素质低下的现状,提出在未来农垦体制机制创新中要特别关注改革方向、目标设定与评估,改革要在现行法律法规的框架内运作,改革时机的选择,处理好改革发展稳定与民生的关系,调整好内部利益分配关系,自觉融入区域经济,与地方协同发展等问题。为了促进农垦的发展,建议国家加大对农垦体制机制创新、现代农业建设、国有农场土地资源的保护、社会保障体系的完善等财政和政策的支持力度。     

川渝地区鸡皮刺螨的流行与综合防治

鸡皮刺螨是鸡的一种体外寄生的节肢动物,流行十分广泛,对养殖业发展有严重影响。为了解鸡皮刺螨的发病情况,对川渝两地的126个鸡场进行流行病学调查,感染率高达71%。同时,介绍了鸡皮刺螨的生活史、危害及防治措施,是防制鸡皮刺螨不可多得的资料。     

Composition and diversity of fish and fish catches in closures and open-access fisheries of Kenya

Abstract  Catch composition, relative abundance and diversity of fish catches in open access and three old fisheries closures were compared and contrasted with previous ecological studies. There was less variation in catch community composition among the fishing grounds than the closures, suggesting that fishing has homogenised catch composition. The trap survey found that some parrotfish [ Leptoscarus vaigiensis (Quoy &Gaimard), Calotomus carolinus (Valenciennes) and Scarus ghobban Forsskål] were relatively more common and that some important predators of macro-invertebrates [ Balistapus undulatus (Mungo Park) and Cheilinus chlorourus (Bloch)] were less common in the fishing grounds than closures. Unexpectedly, and in contrast to visual census results, cumulative number of species in catch surveys was higher in open access than closures sites. This may result from fishers covering more area and habitat or a reduction in the catch of competitively subordinate and rare species by aggressive, early-caught fish that can dominate bait. Comparisons of ecological visual census surveys and fisheries-dependent methods indicated that small differences in catch composition can reflect larger ecological differences and that baiting methods can underestimate biodiversity. Ecological impacts of fishing and large-scale changes in marine ecosystems must be considerable given the many fisheries-dependent assessments report modest changes.     

中国鲟鱼的保护、管理与产业化

1　世界现存鲟鱼的种类和资源鲟鱼是一类起源早、具有重要科学研究价值和极高经济价值的稀有物种 ,多数种类个体大 ,半数种为溯河洄游产卵鱼类。按目前较为公认的分类系统 ,现存鲟鱼类有 2科 6属 2 7个种 ,隶属于硬骨鱼纲、软骨硬鳞总目、鲟形目 (Acipenseriformes) ,其中鲟属有 17个种 ,主要经济种类在其中。它们全部分布于北半球 ,现存 9个自然分布区为 :太平洋东岸、北美大湖地区、大西洋西北部、北美密西西比河流域和墨西哥湾、大西洋东北部、里海地区、西伯利亚及北冰洋流域、黑龙江和日本海、长江和珠江。鲟鱼自然种群资源稀少 ,在过…