紫花苜蓿与蓝花苜蓿抗旱性比较研究

试验采用两次反复干旱法在三叶期对77份紫花苜蓿及蓝花苜蓿材料进行干旱胁迫,以正常浇水为对照,于第二次胁迫后调查植株存活率、株高、地上生物量、地下生物量、根长及根冠比等6项形态指标。对各指标抗旱系数进行方差、相关性、主成分及聚类分析,以揭示紫花苜蓿及蓝花苜蓿材料对干旱胁迫的响应及抗旱性差异。结果表明,在紫花苜蓿与蓝花苜蓿材料中,地下生物量均为抗旱系数差异最大的指标,最大值与最小值之间的差异分别为4.07倍(紫花苜蓿)和2.11倍(蓝花苜蓿)。株高的抗旱系数在不同亚种及种质间差异均达到极显著水平,且与存活率、地上生物量及根冠比间均存在显著相关性,表明株高在鉴定苜蓿抗旱性的6个有效指标中效果最明显。主成分分析可将6个形态指标分别归类为地上部性状和地下部性状,且可根据前两个主成分因子将紫花苜蓿和蓝花苜蓿清晰地划分为两个抗旱性不同的独立类群。聚类结果将77份材料划分为抗旱特征不同的5个亚组,可根据不同研究目的进行选择利用。综上,依据6个形态指标对紫花苜蓿及蓝花苜蓿进行抗旱性评价的结果为四倍体紫花苜蓿的抗旱性要强于二倍体蓝花苜蓿,试验结果对多倍体逆境胁迫研究和紫花苜蓿抗旱育种研究具有重要意义。     

紫花苜蓿耐盐碱性鉴定及育种研究进展

文章综述了近些年来紫花苜蓿耐盐碱性的鉴定方法和耐盐碱苜蓿育种研究进程,并展开讨论。在开展紫花苜蓿耐盐碱鉴定时应因地制宜,根据当地栽培条件及引种目标进行;在育种过程中建议在传统育种方法中加强分子育种技术的应用,加快紫花苜蓿育种步伐。     

卫星搭载不同紫花苜蓿品种的生物学特性反应(简报)

太空育种具有变异多、幅度大、高产、优质、早熟及抗病力强等特点,是集航天技术、生物技术、农业育种技术于一体的农业育种新途径。以不同时期株高为指标,对3个紫花苜蓿Medicago sativa品种卫星搭载效应进行研究。结果发现,对于中苜一号,幼苗期卫星搭载株高显著低于地面对照,分枝期和初花期则相反,搭载后株高显著增加;对于龙牧803,卫星搭载后幼苗期和分枝期的株高显著增加,初花期则表现为无显著差异;对于敖汉苜蓿,卫星搭载植株在3个时期的株高都显著高于对照;研究结果表明,卫星搭载的生物学效应因品种和时期而异,这可能是由不同紫花苜蓿品种间诱变敏感性的差异引起的。     

紫花苜蓿在畜牧业生产中的应用

紫花苜蓿产草量高,适口性好,营养价值列牧草之首,所以又称为“牧草之王”。紫花苜蓿不仅含有丰富的蛋白质、矿物质和维生素等重要的营养成分,并且含有动物所必需的氨基酸、微量元素和未知生长因子。在相同的土地上,紫花苜蓿比禾本科牧草所收获的可消化蛋白质高2.5倍左右,矿物质高6倍左右,可消化养分高2倍左右。与其它粮食作物相比,单位面积营养物质的产量也较高。紫花苜蓿可以作为优良饲草促进畜牧业的发展。1紫花苜蓿的青饲利用青饲是饲喂畜禽最为普通的一种方法,但应注意苜蓿的最佳收割时间,不同生长阶段紫花苜蓿的营养价值也不同。在生长…     

黄土高原不同种植年限苜蓿地土壤酶活性的季节性变化研究

研究黄土高原长期种植紫花苜蓿地的土壤酶活性季节性变化,同时测定紫花苜蓿种植1、2、4、11和16年土壤中的脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶的活性。结果表明:土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶的活性受到紫花苜蓿的种植年限、季节和土层深度的影响。不同种植年限紫花苜蓿地土壤酶活性与季节呈显著相关,土壤脲酶和碱性磷酸酶的活性表现为6月较高,蔗糖酶活性3月较高,而过氧化氢酶活性差异不显著。紫花苜蓿地土壤酶活性具表层富集性,在0～5cm土层中脲酶、蔗糖酶和磷酸酶活性高于5～10cm土层的1～3倍,而过氧化氢酶酶活性在土层之间差异不显著。种植4年紫花苜蓿地土壤酶活性较高,种植11、16年的土壤酶活性显著下降。可见,种植紫花苜蓿达10年以上土壤酶活性下降明显,需加强人工牧草地管理。     

紫花苜蓿育种有关问题浅探

文章通过对紫花苜蓿育种目标的确立,育种材料的收集、鉴定和育种方法选择等问题的探讨,明晰了紫花苜蓿育种程序,结合生产现实需要,提出了适合中原地区紫花苜蓿育种的目标与方法。     

国内主要品种苜蓿营养价值分析与育种现状及发展历程

目前我国各地区畜牧业和苜蓿产业正处于发展的积极阶段,紫花苜蓿作为主要的栽培牧草更是受到了广泛的研究。本文对国内紫花苜蓿产业化、苜蓿种植分布、营养价值分析以及苜蓿品种育种等进行全面综述,旨在为我国不同地区在大面积推广应用紫花苜蓿时如何筛选优良品种提供参考,也为国外引进紫花苜蓿品种的国内应用提供理论依据。     

诱发扁雀麦、红三叶草、紫花苜蓿体细胞突变的技术

本研究以丙酮(破坏受体细胞壁和细胞膜,使供体物质得以进入)和多种供体植物研磨液分别对扁穗雀麦、红三叶草、紫花苜蓿进行处理。在M_1代受体发生了显著的性状变异。如红三叶的青草产量提高了58.96％,紫花苜蓿的种子产量提高了37倍。说明它是一种方法简单效果明显的育种手段。     

紫花苜蓿产量育种遗传基础研究进展

就紫花苜蓿产量育种遗传基础研究进展进行了论述,并总结了紫花苜蓿在产量构成、遗传特性、杂种优势、分子标记辅助育种和QTLs定位五个方面的研究现状.     

外源细胞分裂素对紫花苜蓿生长及品质的影响

用不同浓度植物细胞分裂素对营养生长期的紫花苜蓿Medicago sativa进行喷洒处理,研究了植物细胞分裂素对紫花苜蓿的生长及品质的影响.试验结果表明:喷洒植物细胞分裂素能明显提高紫花苜蓿叶绿素、粗蛋白和粗纤维的含量.300倍浓度对提高紫花苜蓿叶绿素含量和营养成分比较适宜;400倍浓度喷施3次比喷洒2次的产量提高3.5%,400倍浓度喷洒2次经济效益最高.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein