汾河水库上游的淤地坝建设及效益

<正> 汾河水库上游总面积5268km~2,水土流失面积3688km~2,占流域总面积的70％,其中黄土丘陵沟壑区面积1918km~2,占流域总面积的36.4％,年均土壤侵蚀量2075.3万t,占水库上游年均土壤侵蚀总量的87.7％,是汾河水库泥沙的主要来源区。因此,在黄土丘陵沟壑区兴建淤地坝,拦截并利用泥沙,是解危于水库、兴利于当地的主要途径。治理汾河的前五年,以工程起步,把淤地坝作为重点建设项目,现已建淤地坝62座,控制小流域面积322km~2,总库容3969万m~3,其中淤积库2592万m~3,可淤坝地480hm~2。我们的具体做法如下。     

三川河流域重点治理经济效益分析

<正> 三川河流域地处我国黄土高原东部,属黄河一级支流。流域面积4161km~2,覆盖吕梁地区的方山、离石、中阳和柳林四个县。流域内黄土丘陵沟壑区占39％,土石山区占61％。全流域共有水土流失面积2767.2km~2,占总面积的66.5％。治理前,流域年平均土壤侵蚀模数为7024t/km~2,其中黄土丘陵沟壑区的年土壤侵蚀模数高达1.56万t/km~2。严重的水土流失每年带走大量适宜植物生长的表土,导致土壤贫瘠,土地生产能力下降,环境恶化,生态严重失调。重点治理前的1982年,流域内人均产粮259kg,人均收入仅69元。1983年三川河流域确定为全国八个水土保持     

晋西沿黄地区水土流失危害及防治对策研究

晋西沿黄地区是黄河中游水土流失最严重的地区之一。20世纪90年代末水土流失面积为20777.0km~2,占研究区土地总面积的79.30％,较70年代末水土流失面积17 912.54 km~2增加了2 864.46km~2,平均每年以143.23 km~2的速度在扩展。水土流失造成该区可利用土地面积减少、土地生产力下降、农田水利设施被破坏、生态失调等危害。为此,本文依据研究区水土流失的现状及危害,提出了以山西省可持续发展为目标的水土流失综合防治对策。     

花岗岩风化层地区梯田的布设与施工

<正> 新泰市地处鲁中南泰沂山区,三面环山,地势东高西低,中部为柴汶河平原,属暖温带大陆性季风气候,平均气温17.6℃,多年平均降雨量744.7mm。全市总土地面积为1990.7km~2,其中水土流失面积1472.7km~2,占总面积的74％,年侵蚀模数5670t/km~2。本市山丘区主要是砂石丘陵和青石低山,面积为214.92万亩,占土地总面积的72％,其中坡式梯田、坡耕地49.88万亩。这些耕地多分布在3～15度的坡面上,由于其成土母质多为花岗片麻岩     

川掌沟流域的坝系建设与作用

<正> 川掌沟位于皇甫川流域的上游,属黄土丘陵沟壑区第一副区。这里自然条件恶劣,干旱严重,年均降雨量仅350～400mm,且70％以上多以暴雨形式集中在7～9月降落。该流域总面积147km~2,流域内地形破碎,沟壑密度达3.91km/km~2,沟壑面积,35.37km~2,占总面积的24.1％;沟道两岸坡度较陡,基岩、砒砂岩、红泥岩裸露,风化、冻融侵蚀严重,是皇甫川中粗砂的主要产区之一;梁峁斜坡多以黄土或沙化黄土覆盖,风蚀、水蚀剧烈,年平均侵蚀模数为1.9万t/km~2。     

密云水库上游水土保持重点防治取得初步成效

<正> 密云水库是首都的重要水源工程,控制海河流域潮、白河水系15351km~2的面积,包括河北省的赤城、丰宁、滦平、兴隆、沽源和北京市的密云、延庆、怀柔等12个县的大部或部分地区。密云水库以上多为土石山区和丘陵区,水土流失较为严重。据卫星遥感解译成果,现有水土流失面积8397km~2,占总面积的54.7％,其中中度和强度流失面积4622km~2,     

泰安市水土流失及其防治对策

泰安市水土流失面积3964km~2,占全市土地总面积7692km~2的51.53％,年侵蚀模数达3319t/km~2。水土流失严重制约该市农业、旅游业等的发展。其防治对策是:认真宣传贯彻水保法,强化人们的水土保持意识;实行科学规划,优化措施配置,建立综合防护体系;加强预防监督,防止新的水土流失;制定优惠政策,多渠道筹集资金,不断增加水保投入;强化商品经济意识,把小流域治理推向市场,不断提高流域经济、生态、社会效益。     

花岗岩风化层地区坡改梯效益浅析

<正> 新泰市地处鲁中南泰沂山区,三面环山,地势东高西低,中部为柴汶河平原,属暖温带大陆性季风气候区,年均气温17.6℃,多年平均降水量744mm。全市土地面积1990.7km~2,其中水土流失面积1472.7km~2,占土地总面积的74％;年均土壤侵蚀模数5670t/km~2。砂石丘陵和青石低山是该区主要地貌类型,其面积占土地总面积的72％。新泰市原有坡耕地3.325万hm~2,丘陵农田隙地3.3万hm~2。这些地多分布在3°～5°的坡面上,由于其成土母质主要是花岗片麻     

南安县梅溪小流域综合治理效益显著

<正> 梅溪是南安县洪梅镇境内的一条小流域,属晋江二级支流。该流域土地总面积49.6km~2,其中山地2980hm~2,可耕地819hm~2,人均耕地0.02hm~2。过去,由于森林的严重破坏,水土流失十分严重。据1984年水土流失普查,全镇水土流失面积达2758hm~2,占土地总面积的55.7％,其中强度流失面积735.5hm~2,占26.7％;中度流失面积390hm~2,占14.1％;轻度流失面积1633hm~2。1984年以前,该流域有崩岗9处,侵蚀沟72条;山地植被多为稀疏马尾松林,郁闭度仅为0.2～0.5。严重的水土流失导致生态环境恶化,土壤肥力下降,旱涝灾害严重,水利设施淤积报废。     

狠抓梯田建设 振兴庄浪经济

<正> 庄浪县位于六盘山西麓,属黄土丘陵沟壑区第三副区,是甘肃省中部地区干旱县,也是黄河中游水土流失重点县之一。全县总人口36.7万人,其中农业人口35.6万人。全县总面积1533km~2,其中水土流失面积1473km~2,占总面积的90％;总耕地面积6.27万hm~2,人均0.177hm~2,其中粮田面积5万hm~2,人均0.14hm~2,是一个自然条件恶劣,水土流失严重、资源短缺、人多地少的贫困县。 从70年代起,庄浪县委、县政府在调查研     

Physical Properties of the Soils of Sibay City of the Republic of Bashkortostan

Eurasian Soil Science - The results of the study of the properties of urban soils of the city of Sibay located in the mining region of the Republic of Bashkortostan are presented. A specific...     

食用仙人掌萎蔫气象条件分析

塑料大棚内种植的食用仙人掌在土壤墒情较好时也有萎蔫现象发生，通过试验观测和对仙人掌生理习性的分析，发现阴雨过后天气突然放晴温度急剧上升易使仙人掌发生萎蔫现象，并提出了田间管理的应对措施。     

Heterogeneity of Organic Matter of Aggregates of Protocalcic Chernozems

Eurasian Soil Science - Layers were step-by-step removed from macroaggregates (2–1 mm in diameter) of Protocalcic Chernozems via successive abrasion in a revolving rotator during 5, 10, 15,...     

青海省耕地资源开发利用分析及对策研究

分析论述了青海省耕地资源开发利用的现状、特点和问题。在此基础上,提出了对青海省耕地资源进行研究的框架体系和思路,同时基于GIS/RS技术设计了相关的技术路线。最后依据所做设计对青海省耕地资源开发利用做了初步分析,并进行了相关的对策研究分析。     

Characterization of physical and chemical properties of Varzea soils of Goias State of Brazil

Abstract

Brazil has approximately 30 million hectares of lowland areas, known locally as “Varzea,”; distributed throughout the country. Soils in these areas have the potential to support agricultural production, but very little is known about their fertility. The current experiment was undertaken to characterize the chemical and physical properties of representative “Varzea”; soils collected at 0–20, 20–40, 40–60, and 60–80 cm depth intervals from 23 sites in Goias State of Brazil. Organic matter contents averaged 42 g/kg in the surface 20 cm of soil and should make a significant contribution to overall nutrient availability. Soil pH increased slightly with depth from a mean value of 5.2 in the surface 20 cm of soil to a mean value of 5.4 in the 60–80 cm depth interval. Several soils had exchangeable Al values ≥ 1.0 cmol Al/kg, but soil Al saturation was generally less than the 60% level frequently associated with Al toxicity. However, cereal and legume production could benefit from lime addition in many of these soils. Although base saturation was fairly low in some soils, exchangeable Ca and Mg levels were, in general, adequate throughout the profile. Extractable P levels were adequate in most surface soil samples. Extractable K levels in these soils were generally low, and the application of K fertilizers should be beneficial, especially in conjunction with lime addition. The high clay content “Varzea”; soils of the Brazilian lowlands have some drainage problems but generally exhibit favorable chemical properties for crop production when compared to soils of the well‐drained Cerrados.     

Estimation of potential nitrogen-fixing activity of agrophytocenoses soils of the subtropical zone of Russia

An estimation of potential nitrogen-fixing activity of various soil types under agrophytocenoses of tea, filbert, peach, and pawpaw which grow in the area of Greater Sochi is given. High indicators of nitrogen fixation activity in the soil in the course of vegetation were characteristic of agrocenoses of pawpaw, peach, and filbert. The lowest level of nitrogen fixation was noted in the soil of a tea plantation. A negative correlation dependence of potential nitrogen-fixing activity on the acidity of the soil solution was established. A study of the seasonal dynamics of the activity of nitrogen fixation of soils of agrocenoses of the subtropical zone of Russia made it possible to distinguish a less active winter and more active spring-summer-autumn periods.     

Kinetics of Popping of Popcorn

The rate of popping of popcorn was measured in oil and in air. Kinetic data for lifetimes of individual kernels from a large population were obtained in oil at six constant temperatures (180–250°C) and also in an air‐popper at 202°C. The data are characterized by an induction period, which is, significantly, followed by a first‐order decrease in the number of unpopped kernels versus time. The activation energy for the first order process is 166.7 kJ/mol between 180 and 210°C, and 53.8 kJ/mol between 210 and 250°C. These data are consistent with a model that assumes 1) that the rate of heat transfer into a kernel follows Newton's law of cooling; 2) that in a sample of kernels there exists a distribution of critical pressures; 3) that for an individual kernel, the probability of popping is directly proportional to the difference between the internal aqueous vapor pressure and the kernel's critical pressure; and 4) that the measured rate constant at any temperature is an average overall of the kernels in the sample with critical pressures equal to or less than the internal aqueous vapor pressure. Minimum popping temperatures predicted by the model are 181 ± 2°C (oil) and 187 ± 2°C (air), in good agreement with previously reported direct measurements.     

物联网安全及解决措施

物联网是一个集信息通信、数据交换、传感器技术与软件工程于一体的综合性产业,探讨和分析了物联网的结构体系与发展中遇到的安全问题。     

荔枝种子结构的扫描电镜观察

荔枝种子从果实中剥离出来后, 即使在室内条件下, 也极易失水干缩, 潮湿环境中又易发霉而腐烂。扫描电镜观察表明: 种皮上布满纹孔, 水分散失面积很大; 种脐部为疏松的海绵组织, 且营养丰富。据此, 生产上应对种子彻底清洗, 并保存于适当湿度的环境中, 以提高其发芽率。