内蒙古乌拉特梭梭林国家级自然保护区植被组成及空间分布特征

内蒙古乌拉特梭梭林国家级自然保护区处于由荒漠向草原化荒漠的过渡地带,研究保护区植被组成及其空间分布对维护荒漠草原生态系统平衡具有重要意义。通过对保护区内61个样点的植被组成进行调查和分析,结果表明：(1)保护区内有植物15科、47属、52种,其中核心区、缓冲区和实验区分别有38种、30种和37种,3个区共有物种为22种。藜科植物最多(12种),其次分别为菊科(9种)、禾本科(7种)和蒺藜科(6种);(2)保护区植被平均盖度为15.67%,梭梭的平均密度为420株·hm^-2;(3)保护区的植被空间分布表现出其盖度西高东低的特征,梭梭主要分布在保护区的东南部和西北部,高于1 m的梭梭主要分布在核心区的东北角和西北角、缓冲区的中部以及实验区的东部。本研究为保护区长期监测和管理提供科学依据。     

2013～2021天津市静海区植被覆盖度时空变化分析

植被是地球生态系统能量循环中不可缺少的一部分,植被覆盖度是揭示某一区域生态环境演变特征的重要指标,与维持生态系统稳定等息息相关。基于天津市静海区2013、2017、2021年三景Landsat8 OLI影像,采用归一化植被指数NDVI与像元二分模型等方法对该区域植被覆盖度进行研究,并结合一元线性回归趋势分析法和转移矩阵分析法对该地区植被覆盖度的时空变化开展了分析研究。结果表明：(1)空间分布呈东北部低、西北、南部高的特点,其中南部的植被覆盖度最高;(2)植被覆盖度呈现先下降后升高的趋势;(3)研究区整体覆盖水平上升,但仍有少部分主要是向更低等级覆盖度转移,需要多加关注、协调发展。     

基于ENVI和GIS技术的龙川江流域植被覆盖度动态监测

在ENVI和GIS技术支持下,利用1989年、1999年、2007年的TM和2013年的ETM’遥感影像数据,运用归一化植被指数（NDVI）方法对龙川江流域植被覆盖度进行估算,并划分为5个不同盖度等级。根据盖度等级的空间分布特征,比较分析了龙川江流域植被覆盖度的变化情况。结果表明：龙川江流域植被覆盖度在1989～2007年呈逐渐增加趋势,2007～2013年又出现退化趋势。对龙川江流域植被覆盖变化的原因进行了分析。     

内蒙古地区植被覆盖动态及驱动因素分析

为研究内蒙古自治区植被覆盖度的时空演变规律,基于2005—2018年MODIS NDVI数据,以植被覆盖度FVC为研究植被覆盖度变化的主要指标,利用时间信息熵、时间序列信息熵、植被覆盖动态变化分析等方法,分析内蒙古自治区植被覆盖度的变化强度和趋势;通过GIS空间分析方法,分析矿区、河流、降水、地形等因素对植被覆盖度的影响。结果表明:1)从时间上看,2005—2018年,内蒙古自治区植被覆盖度变化强度较平稳,变化趋势呈现缓慢增加趋势,主要原因是人们日益重视保护环境,保护植被,也得益于退耕还林政策的实施以及矿区的整治。2)从空间上看,在2005—2018年间,内蒙古地区的植被覆盖度东高西低,有明显的经度地带性。3)降水、矿区、河流都是植被覆盖度变化的影响因素,降水充沛的地区,植被覆盖度往往较高;矿区植被覆盖度低于非矿区;河流的发育为植被的生长提供良好的水分条件,距河流较近的区域植被覆盖度高;不同的地形对植被覆盖度有显著的影响,低缓坡度和海拔较低的地区相较于坡度较陡、海拔较高的地区,更适宜植被的生长。     

滇中高原楚雄州近17年植被覆盖时空演化特征分析

楚雄彝族自治州位于云贵高原西部、滇中高原的主体部位,地处红河与金沙江水系一级分水岭地带的生态敏感脆弱区,植被对于地区生态系统和生态环境保护具有重要意义。本文基于MODSI NDVI数据,结合最大值合成、趋势线分析和变异系数分析2001—2017年楚雄州NDVI的时空演化特征。研究结果表明:(1)时间特征上,近17年来楚雄州NDVI介于0.78～0.80波动,呈现上升趋势,增速为0.019/10 a,局部年份受干旱气候影响大。季节均值由高到低依次为秋季夏季冬季春季,遵循州内降雨量时间分布特征,年内月份间变化曲线呈单峰型,3月NDVI处于最低值,8月达到峰值;(2)水平空间上,州内NDVI值总体稳定,中等波动变化区占56.61%,低值区主要分布楚雄市辖区、北部元谋县及永仁县东南部。同时州内53.59%区域植被覆盖呈现轻度改善趋势,14.01%呈轻度退化趋势,24.52%变化不显著;(3)垂直空间上,NDVI在高程上呈先减少后增加再减少趋势,NDVI在海拔1 070～1 210 m落到最小值,于海拔2 700 m处达到最大值,海拔2 550～3 200 m地区为区内植被覆盖最好部位。总之,滇中高原楚雄州植被NDVI时空变化特征明显,其结果能够为区域植被变化和生态环境保护提供借鉴。     

长江上游低山丘陵区小流域森林植被变化对径流影响分析

森林植被的变化可以调节森林水文过程。本文以广元市碗厂沟的5个小流域为研究对象,根据实测水位资料,分析了在植被恢复过程中流域径流的变化情况。结果表明:随着森林植被的不断恢复,(1)流域降水转化为径流的数量(即径流系数)降低;(2)在相同的雨量级与相似的雨强情况洪峰得到削弱,洪峰时间延长;(3)在相似的降雨历时的条件下洪水过程线历时增长。     

浅谈芷江县矿区植被保护与生态恢复

对芷江县矿区自然地理、森林资源、矿产资源、矿业生产状况的调查表明,全县森林资源丰富,矿种较多,矿产资源呈零星状分布,开采规模不大,矿区植被破坏较严重,生态恢复治理难度大,需实施矿区植被保护与生态恢复工程。由此,提出矿区植被恢复的基本途径为:(1)实施清洁生产工艺预防和减轻污染;(2)采用绿色科技减轻环境影响;(3)采用生物修复技术、地球化学工程学修复技术修复污染。实施矿区植被保护与生态恢复工程,应加强资金保障措施;建立健全服务体系和保护体系。     

北京延庆县植被恢复动态遥感监测研究

探讨了利用ETM＋数据得到归一化植被指数（NDVI）数据进行植被变化监测的方法,并以京津风沙源治理工程试验点延庆县为例,利用1999、2002、2006年ETM＋数据,分析了该区1999年至2006年间植被指数的变化情况.结果表明：7年来,农田植被呈现先快速减少,后期又增加的趋势;高盖度植被面积呈现增加趋势,增加了36353.16hm^2;中盖度植被面积呈减少的趋势,减少了38352.9hm^2;低盖度植被面积呈现增加趋势,增加了7029.45hm^2.1999年至2006年间,延庆县不同植被盖度有增有减,但总的趋势是增加的.     

呼伦贝尔沙地植被变化遥感监测

以TM影像为数据源,利用归一化植被指数(NDVI)和地面实测盖度值,基于TM影像建立呼伦贝尔沙地植被覆盖度回归模型,分析了呼伦贝尔沙地2002年、2005年以及2011年3个时期沙带面积变化以及植被覆盖度的变化趋势。结果表明,呼伦贝尔沙地边界扩张的趋势得以遏制,植被总体上呈现由低植被盖度向中等植被盖度转变的趋势。     

基于GIS和PCA的植被空间分布特征及影响因素分析

以贵阳市花溪区为研究区,基于GIS空间分析技术,分析研究区内12种植被类型受10个因子的影响规律,定量描述植被空间分布状态。通过PCA(Principal Components Analysis)分析,提取了人类活动影响因子、地理因子和水源因子3个综合指标,可以反映所有影响因子81.13%的信息。随着人工促进更新和人工造林已经成为研究区主要营造林方式,人类活动已经成为影响植被分布的第一因素。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.