陕西省自然保护区发展特征评价与分析

通过收集陕西省自然保护区现状基础资料,分析了陕西省自然保护区发展特征。截至2015年12月,陕西省已建立各类自然保护区61个,总面积11 718.48km2,占全省国土总面积的5.69%。陕西省自然保护区管理基础指数(NRI)为75.67,处于中上水平。数量上野生动物类型最多,荒漠生态系统类型和古生物遗迹类型最少,面积上野生动物类型最大,古生物遗迹类型最小。陕西省自然保护区建设和发展存在保护区基础资料缺乏、管理体制不清、经费短缺和保护区布局不合理等问题。分析结果有助于陕西省自然保护区未来建设管理的科学决策,并为全国其他地域提供参考。     

基于METT技术的吉林省自然保护区管理有效性评价研究

在对吉林省林业系统所属自然保护区管理现状问卷调查基础上,采用K-s检验、Mann-Whitney U检验和Kruskal-Wallis H检验,按照保护区级别与管理体制,对保护区进行分类,分析不同类别保护区标准得分以及30个评估项得分的差异性,结果表明:法律地位、保护区条例、保护区设计、资源管理、商业旅游经营5个评分项得分差异不显著,其余25项均呈显著水平;国家级保护区METT标准分平均得分为63.36分,而非国家级仅有39.12分。保护区级别与管理有效性具有显著相关性,相关系数为0.603;不同管理体制保护区在管理计划、日常工作计划、政府部门和商业伙伴、经济效益4个评分项中得分差异达到显著水平,其他评分项差异不显著。保护区管理中的主要问题是经费、管理能力和社区参与问题,针对问题提出相应保护管理建议。METT标准分平均得分为63.36分,而非国家级保护区仅有39.12分。     

贵州省自然保护区建设及管理对策研究

指出了保护生物多样性是当今世界一个重要的生态环境主旋律,自然保护区作为保护生物多样性的基石,对生物多样性的保护具有十分重要的意义。自然保护区的建设与管理对于保护特定区域生态系统、丰富和发展生物多样性、平衡区域内经济发展意义重大。根据调查问卷分析、资料收集以及近几年保护区建设管理数据的统计,研究了贵州省自然保护区建设管理的现状,得出了贵州省自然保护区建设与发展滞后的主要原因是保护区管理机构不完善、资金保障不足、保护区重叠、人地矛盾、生态环境恶化等,权属不清,缺乏执法权。针对贵州省自然保护区管理存在的问题提出了未来保护区需要更加重视科学管理、整合优化保护地、推动社区共管、给予管理局适当的行政执法权等针对性的建议,以期实现保护区管理可持续发展。     

模糊综合评价法在九万山自然保护区综合评价中的应用

以广西九万山国家级自然保护区为研究对象,建立自然保护区综合评价层次结构模型,采用模糊综合评价法对其进行综合评价。结果表明,准则层中生态质量评价的得分最高,社会经济评价的得分次之,管理体系的得分最低,说明九万山自然保护区的生态质量状况良好,保护价值很高,但保护管理力度还需进一步加强;指标层中多样性、文化科研价值两个评价指标的得分较高,而管理条件和管理措施两个评价指标的得分相对较低,说明该自然保护区的物种资源非常丰富、生态系统类型多样,具有很高的文化科研价值,但该保护区也存在基础设施薄弱、法规建设滞后、自养能力不强、科研人才缺乏等亟待解决的问题;最后,得出目标层的综合评价得分为93.3,评价等级为1级,表明该保护区生态质量状况良好,保护价值很高,管理体系基本完整,社会经济价值很高,能满足该自然保护区可持续发展的需要。     

贵州省自然保护区建设现状、问题与对策

截至2001年底，贵州省已建立86个自然保护区，面积58．58万hm^2，占国土面积的3．33％；分析了贵州省自然保护区建设现状，认为保护和管理资金匮乏、技术能力不到位、自我发展发能力差是导致贵州自然保护区建设和发展滞后的主要原因，提出贵州省自然保护区建设和发展的建议。     

人与自然和谐共生——全州自然保护区概况

贵州黔东南州建有自然保护区23个，总面积225，126公顷，占国土面积的7．44％。按保护区级别分：有国家级自然保护区1个（即雷公山国家级自然保护区），保护区面积47，300公顷；州级自然保护区9个，     

湖南省自然保护区管理有效性评价

根据自然保护区的管理目标，选取保护区机构能力(A)、长期管理工作(B)、资金筹措(C)及当地社区参与(D)4个方面的标准及管理有效性评价的12项评分指标，对全省62处自然保护区的管理有效性进行逐项评分，根据得分高低，将管理效果分为“极好”、“好”、“一般”及“差”等4个等级。评价结果表明湖南省一半以上的自然保护区管理处于中等水平。     

标准LY/T 1813-2009与AHP法在茂兰国家级自然保护区生态质量评价中的应用比较

以茂兰国家级自然保护区为研究对象,采用《自然保护区自然生态质量评价技术规程》(LY/T 1813-2009)与层次分析法(Analytic Hierarchy Process,简称AHP)分别对该保护区生态质量进行评价,比较分析了两种方法的过程与结果,以评价其应用效果。结果显示:经标准LY/T 1813-2009的评价得分为86.5分,占满分的86.5%,即0.865;经AHP法的评价得分为0.870 3,两者均处于最高评价等级范围内,表明此次评价中,两种方法的最终结果具有较高的一致性,即该保护区生态质量好,但不同指标得分高低顺序不尽相同。此后,分析了两种方法的特点、优点与不足,认为在实际应用中应酌情选择评价方法,并提出了参考选择的建议依据。     

自然保护区私人经营管理概况与探讨

随着我国自然保护区不断发展,保护区建设和维持的资金并没有相应的增加。为了有效地解决我国自然保护区资金不足和生态环境恶化问题,文章提出了依据不同级别的自然保护区,分别实行自然保护区土地私人经营管理和土地企业化管理的建议,并阐明了自然保护区私人经营管理和土地企业化管理要素设计问题,提出了改革设想,揭示了私人经营管理在我国自然保护区建设与管理的可实施性。     

辽宁6个森林类国家级自然保护区生态旅游资源的评价

在对辽宁6个森林类国家级自然保护区生态旅游资源调查的基础上,通过层次分析法将其生态旅游资源的评价分为保护区特征、自然景观价值、科研教育价值和社会经济价值4个方向和14个评价因子,进一步确定各因子的权重,从而建立其评价模型.在评价模型的基础上,对位于辽宁省范围之内的6个森林类国家级自然保护区生态旅游资源进行综合评价.结果显示,综合价值最高的是白石砬子国家级自然保护区,其评价得分为82.14分,其他依次分别为老秃顶子国家级自然保护区(80.44分)、医巫闾山国家级自然保护区(78.13分)、仙人洞国家级自然保护区(75.52分)、努鲁儿虎山国家级自然保护区(73.6分)、海棠山国家级自然保护区(72.83分).     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.