Prospects of monosodium glutamate use for enhancement of spinosad toxicity against codling moth neonates

It was demonstrated that neonates of the codling moth,Cydia pomonella (L.), feed on ‘Red Delicious’ apple leaves and successfully molt to the second instar. Next, using a non-choice bioassay, we targeted codling moth neonates feeding on apple leaves, with standard concentrations of a culinary taste enhancer, monosodium glutamate (MSG), and Success®, which contains 22.8% spinosad as its active ingredient. The addition of 25 ppm MSG increased feeding by 20–30%. Stimulatory properties of MSG were preserved in the presence of 12.5 ppm Success, and mortality from a 12.5 ppm Success + 25 ppm MSG combination increased by factors of 3.1–1.6 compared with Success alone. In a field experiment without rain, MSG maintained its stimulatory properties for 24 h, increasing feeding by 37%. Consistently, without rain, MSG increased the toxicity of Success in the field by a factor of × 3.5. However, the stimulatory properties of MSG dropped to 19% with 4.3 mm of rain, and to zero with 9.6 mm of rain. Increased Success toxicity by MSG was reduced to × 1.6 with 4.3 mm of rain, and dropped to zero after 9.6 mm of rain. It is concluded that MSG seems to be a promising feeding stimulant, enhancing the toxic properties of Success which itself is a good candidate for codling moth control. However, field persistence of MSG needs to be improved, either by formulating the Success + MSG combination into some field-stable matrix, or by employing a sparingly water-soluble substance mimicking MSG’s action as a feeding stimulant in codling moth neonates.     

Control of the codling moth (cydia pomonella) in apple and pear orchards in Israel by mating disruption

Control of the codling moth,Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), by pheromone-mediated mating disruption, was studied in Israel using two types of dispensers: Shin-Etsu twist-tie (normal and long-life) and TNO matrix formulation (square wafers). Factors affecting mating disruption: initial pest population density, timing of the pheromone application, early season insecticide treatments and monitoring of the pest, were evaluated. Efficacy of mating disruption was assessed by comparing catch of males in pheromone traps located in pheromone-treated and chemically sprayed control plots. Fruit infestation during the season and at picking time was the major criterion to assess mating disruption. The preferred time for pheromone application was before the first flight of the moth. When pheromones were applied at a later stage, one or two early insecticide sprays had to be used to reduce the initial level of the codling moth population. In all tests, trap catch in pheromone-treated plots was drastically reduced as compared with respective control plots. In pheromone-treated plots where total seasonal trap catch (after pheromone application) was less than 12 males/trap, fruit infestation was less than 1.5%; zero trap catch resulted in 0.1-0.3% infestation. At high population levels, mating disruption was ineffective, with the rate of infestation at picking-time being similar in pheromone-treated and control plots. All the field tests indicated that mating disruption with either Shin-Etsu ropes or TNO squares can control codling moth infestations in apple and pear orchards, at relatively low densities of the pest, as efficiently as commercial insecticide sprays.     

中国及欧洲各国的苹果蠹蛾种群遗传多样性分析

为研究不同国家和地区苹果蠹蛾Cydia pomonella种群的遗传多样性,对采自我国新疆维吾尔自治区和黑龙江省,以及德国、法国和西班牙等欧洲国家的11个种群共60个苹果蠹蛾个体进行基因组重测序,有效测序样本数为56个,共获得8 455 843个群体单碱基突变（single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP）位点。利用SNP数据进行了苹果蠹蛾群体遗传进化树的构建、主成分分析以及遗传结构分析。结果显示,入侵我国黑龙江省的苹果蠹蛾与德国BD种群更为接近,我国新疆维吾尔自治区与黑龙江省苹果蠹蛾种群有一定的分化,前者种群遗传多样性更低。表明我国东北地区和西北地区的苹果蠹蛾种群具有不同的遗传多样性特征,入侵我国的苹果蠹蛾种群可能来源于欧洲。     

Insecticide resistance status of the codling moth Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) from Greece

The codling moth Cydia pomonella L. is controlled mostly with chemical insecticides in Greece and control failures have been reported. However, there are no insecticide resistance studies in the country as yet. We examined the insecticide resistance status of 33 and 38 populations of fifth-instar non-diapausing and diapausing larvae, respectively by applying bioassays, biochemical and DNA diagnostics. Diagnostic concentrations of azinphos-methyl, phosalone, deltamethrin, thiacloprid, fenoxycarb, tebufenozide, methoxyfenozide and diflubenzuron were used in bioassays. Almost all populations showed reduced susceptibility to at least one insecticide and approximately half of them to all insecticides examined compared to a laboratory susceptible strain used as reference. However, only one out of six populations tested showed reduced susceptibility in ovicidal tests with fenoxycarb. Cross-resistances were observed among most insecticides, except from the pairs fenoxycarb–phosalone and thiacloprid–phosalone, in non-diapausing larvae. The more obvious biochemical marker associated with the reduced susceptibility observed in both larval instars was elevated cytochrome P₄₅₀ polysubstrate monooxygenases activity, followed by elevated glutathione-S-transferase activity and reduced carboxylesterases activity. Neither sodium channel nor AChE known resistance mutations were found in any of the approximately 1000 individuals of each larval instar screened with diagnostic PCR. Actions for Integrated Resistance Management and application of alternative control methods are discussed.     

光周期和温度对苹果蠹蛾滞育诱导的影响

为探讨光周期和温度对苹果蠹蛾Cydia pomonella滞育诱导的影响,通过人工诱导的方法对其滞育的光周期、温度诱导条件及滞育的敏感光照虫期进行了研究。结果表明:20℃时,光照时间短于12 h,苹果蠹蛾的滞育率可达到100%;25℃时,光周期为L 8∶D 16时滞育率最高,为98.3%;30℃时,光照时间少于10 h,苹果蠹蛾的滞育率可达85%以上。在20、25和30℃条件下,幼虫滞育的临界日长分别为14.21、13.68和13.73 h。苹果蠹蛾对光照反应有2个最敏感时期,即幼虫初孵化阶段和预蛹期阶段,卵期对光照反应不敏感。表明苹果蠹蛾是一种典型的短日照滞育型种类,光周期、温度及其交互作用均对其滞育诱导具有重要影响,其中光周期占主导作用,温度随着光周期起作用,低温对滞育诱导有很好的促进作用。     

苹果蠹蛾半人工饲料与饲养温度的优化

为实现苹果蠹蛾Cydia pomonella(L.)的人工大规模饲养,对国外学者已经报道的半人工饲料配方进行改良,比较了取食5种饲料对苹果蠹蛾生长发育和繁殖的影响,并组建苹果蠹蛾在20、24、28、32℃条件下取食最优配方时的实验种群生命表。结果表明,来自我国西北疫区的苹果蠹蛾,在以豆粕、蔗糖、面粉、小麦胚芽为主要成分并添加酵母粉配制成的配方B饲喂后,与传统饲料配方相比显著影响苹果蠹蛾的发育历期和种群参数,提高存活率至50.24%、缩短幼虫发育历期至20.18 d、增加蛹重至26.54 mg,并提高单雌产卵量至85.30粒。生命表结果显示,24℃时种群趋势指数最高为16.42、单雌产卵量最大为62.44粒,28℃内禀增长率最高为0.08、雌性比例最大为0.55。表明我国西北疫区的苹果蠹蛾在24~28℃条件下,取食优化的半人工饲料利于其种群数量增加。     

苹果蠹蛾对高效氯氟氰菊酯的抗性现状、机制及治理策略

苹果蠹蛾Cydia pomonella属鳞翅目卷蛾科,是全球仁果类水果种植地区最重要的果树害虫之一,也是我国重大农业入侵物种,对全球水果生产造成严重威胁。当前主要采用高效氯氟氯氰菊酯等杀虫剂对苹果蠹蛾进行防治,杀虫剂的频繁使用导致其对高效氯氟氰菊酯产生了抗性。针对苹果蠹蛾对高效氯氟氰菊酯的抗性问题,该文综述了全球苹果蠹蛾种群对高效氯氟氰菊酯的抗性现状,指出由编码细胞色素P450（cytochrome P450,P450）、羧酸酯酶（carboxylesterase,CarE）和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶（glutathione S-transferase,GST）的解毒酶基因过表达导致代谢能力增强是其最普遍的抗性机制,提出合理的抗性治理策略,并对苹果蠹蛾的绿色防控进行展望。     

糖醋酒液对桃园和苹果园中桃蛀螟的诱捕效果分析

为研究桃园和苹果园中桃蛀螟Conogethes punctiferalis成虫的发生动态,探讨糖醋酒液对桃蛀螟的诱捕效果,于2015—2016年利用糖醋酒液和性信息素对泰安市郊区桃园和苹果园中桃蛀螟成虫的全年发生动态进行监测,并比较糖醋酒液诱捕器在不同悬挂高度0、1.0、1.5、2.0和2.5 m下对桃蛀螟雌、雄成虫的诱捕效果。结果显示,2015—2016年,泰安市郊区桃园和苹果园中桃蛀螟成虫田间始发期为4月下旬至5月中旬,发生末期均为10月上旬。糖醋酒液和性信息素诱捕器监测结果均显示,桃蛀螟成虫群体数量发生高峰期为9月上旬—10月上旬,且在此期间二者的诱捕量无显著差异。糖醋酒液能够同时诱捕桃蛀螟雌、雄成虫,且以雄成虫为主,在桃园和苹果园中,2016年的雄成虫诱捕量分别占总诱捕量的87.62%和88.29%。糖醋酒液诱捕器在地上0～2.5 m悬挂高度均能诱捕到桃蛀螟成虫,其中诱捕器悬挂于地上2.5 m高度时诱捕量最多,显著高于其它悬挂高度处理。表明糖醋酒液可以通过有效诱捕桃蛀螟成虫来准确监测其群体发生动态。     

Effect of rapid and gradual increase of osmotic stress on survival of entomopathogenic nematodes

The effect of rapid and gradual exposure of entomopathogenic nematodes to osmotic stresses on the induction of a dormant state was determined with the nematodeSteinernema feltiae IS-6 infective juveniles (IJs). Rapid exposure of nematodes to glycerol at concentrations of 24% and 28% (w/w) caused the nematodes to enter a dormant state which was characterized by shrinking and impeded motility of all nematodes within 8 h. However, pre-exposure to gradually increasing glycerol concentrations of 5%, 10% and 18% at 4-h intervals resulted in dormancy after 4 h exposure to 24% glycerol. The total time of exposure to glycerol solution was 16 h in gradual osmotic stress. For nematodes exposed to 24% glycerol solution either rapidly or gradually, recovery occurred after 40 min in distilled water. Infectivity of osmotically stressedS. feltiae IJs was evaluated by two criteria, insect mortality and invasion rate. The assays indicated that infectivity of nematodes desiccated by rapid and gradual osmotic stresses was similar to that of fresh nematodes. Rapid exposure ofS. carpocapsae ‘All’,S. riobravis ‘Texas’,S. glaseri ‘NI’ andHeterorhabditis bacteriophora HP88 IJs to the 24% glycerol solution resulted in dormancy within 8 h. These treatments caused mortality of 48.4% and 11.7% amongS. glaseri Nl andH. bacteriophora HP88 IJs, respectively. Similar effects were observed when these nematode species were exposed to increasing osmotic stress of 5%, 10% and 18% at 6-h intervals. Under these same conditions, mortality ofH. bacteriophora HP88 andS. glaseri Nl IJs was 27.5% and 61.8%, respectively. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Sept. 29, 2004.     

Effect of nitrogen form and application method on incidence and severity ofPhytophthora crown and root rot of apple trees

The effect of ammonium nitrate broadcast as a soil or through irrigation, urea applied as a foliar spray, and monoammonium phosphate applied as a planting hole treatment on the incidence ofPhytophthora crown and root rot of apple trees was determined under orchard conditions in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia, Canada. Results from the eight year study showed that ammonium nitrate applied as a single dose in spring at 240 g tree^–1 year^–1, as a split dose at 120 g tree^–1 each in spring and early autumn, and in irrigation water (fertigation) at 7.5 g tree^–1 wk^–1 for 10 wk year^–1 significantly increasedPhytophthora crown and root rot of Macspur on MM106 rootstock. There was no significant difference inP. cactorum infection between the unfertilized control and treatments with urea applied as a foliar spray at 1.0 kg 100 l^–1 of water in spring and early autumn, and monoammonium phosphate applied as a planting hole treatment at 1 g l^–1 of soil at planting time.     

添加助剂对植保无人飞机低容量喷雾在矮化密植苹果园中雾滴沉积分布及苹果黄蚜防治效果的影响

为明确助剂在农药减施增效中的作用,于室内利用自动界面张力仪、接触角仪、激光粒度仪、药液润湿性测试卡测定药液中添加助剂对溶液性质的影响,并结合田间试验探究药液中添加助剂对矮砧纺锤形栽培模式苹果园果树冠层喷雾雾滴沉积分布及苹果黄蚜Aphis spiraecola防治效果的影响。结果表明,植保无人飞机低容量喷雾常规用量毒死蜱乳油时,添加体积分数为0.5%的助剂后,溶液性质相比蒸馏水发生了显著变化,溶液的表面张力由71.2 mN/m下降到31.7 mN/m,下降了55.5%;喷雾20 s后在苹果叶片上的接触角减小到13.8°,比蒸馏水在苹果叶片上的接触角减少了74.3%;雾滴体积中径由蒸馏水的122.4μm显著增加到142.2μm;药液的铺展系数是蒸馏水的4.0倍。添加助剂后可以有效减少雾滴漂移,增加雾滴在苹果叶片上的铺展。田间使用植保无人飞机喷施40%毒死蜱乳油的沉积量均值为0.79μg/cm~2,7 d后对苹果黄蚜的防治效果为72.9%;农药减施20%后的沉积量均值为0.70μg/cm~2,7 d后对苹果黄蚜的防治效果为71.5%;而在这2个处理中添加0.5%助剂后农药沉积量均值分别增加至1.89μg/cm~2和1.14μg/cm~2,7 d后对苹果黄蚜的防治效果分别为83.8%和77.0%。表明添加助剂可显著增加农药在果树上的沉积量及对苹果黄蚜的防治效果;即使在农药减量20%应用中添加助剂后,药液在果树冠层的沉积量以及对苹果黄蚜的防治效果依然高于农药常规用量处理。     

Effect of volatile and unstable exudates from underground potato plant parts on sclerotium formation by Rhizoctonia solani AG-3 before and after haulm destruction

The acceleration of black scurf development after haulm destruction was mainly due to changes in the exudation of volatiles from tubers. Volatile products from decomposing potato roots and stolons and, probably, unstable substances in the tuber exudate as well, further promoted sclerotium formation.Sclerotium production byR. solani AG-3 was investigated on agar media, periderm strips and harvested tubers, which were exposed to the volatile exudates from growing subterranean potato plant parts. The volatile exudate from growing tubers contained both inhibitory and stimulatory substances which were not identified definitely. Inhibition dominated during tuber growth, decreased when plants were yellowing and disappeared after the shoots were excised. When the inhibitory components were trapped by KOH, the non-trapped volatile tuber exudates from young growing plants were as stimulatory as those from plants after haulm killing. CO₂ might be an inhibitor as tuber respiration was negatively correlated to black scurf formation. Tests in vitro suggested that inhibition of sclerotium formation by CO₂ can be overcome by stimulatory nutrients. Sclerotium production on agar media was not stimulated by ethylene, although volatiles from harvested ripe apples were very stimulatory.The results imply that after haulm killing, the increase in black scurf development may be prevented by loosening the soil and quick separation of tubers from plant residues thus preventing accumulation of the stimuli.Samenvatting De vluchtige exsudaten van aardappelknollen, die nog aan de plant bevestigd zaten, beinvloedden de produktie van sclerotiën doorRhizoctonia solani AG-3 op agarplaten en op geoogste knollen, die geincubeerd waren in een plant-aarde systeem. Onder dezelfde proef- omstandigheden was de sclerotiënvorming op geincubeerde losse knollen veel hoger dan op de agarplaten, maar op peridermstrips juist lager. Wellicht dragen dus naast stabiele ook instabiele knolexsudaten bij tot de vorming van lakschurft.Het vluchtige knolexsudaat van jonge planten bleek zowel stimulerende als remmende componenten te bevatten. Als de remmende fractie met KOH werd weggevangen, stimuleerden de resterende uitademingsprodukten van jonge groeiende knollen de vorming van sclerotiën even sterk als de uitademingsprodukten van oude afrijpende knollen na loofvernietiging. Tijdens de knolgroei overheerste de invloed van de remmende exsudaten, maar dat nam af als de plant vergeelde en verdween na loofvernietigen. Toename van lakschurft na loofdoding berust dus vooral op het wegvallen van de remmende componenten. In de praktijk zou na loofdoding de effectiviteit van de stimulerende exudaten verminderd kunnen worden door de grond van de teeltrug los te maken waardoor ze niet kunnen ophopen aan het knoloppervlak.De remmende fractie kon worden weggevangen met KOH, wat betekent dat het gaat om koolzuur of een andere zure component. Inderdaad bleek de produktie van koolzuur door knollen geleidelijk af te nemen tijdens de veroudering en zeer snel na loofdoding. Daarnaast is bekend dat lakschurft geleidelijk toeneemt bij veroudering van de plant, en zeer snel na loofdoding. In vitro leek koolzuur de sclerotiënvorming alleen op wateragar te remmen, maar niet op een voedzamer medium. De sclerotiënvorming op agarmedia werd sterk gestimuleerd door gasvormige produkten van appels. Echter, er werd geen bevestiging gevonden voor het idee dat het stress-produkt ethyleen sclerotiënvorming stimuleert. Na het loofafknippen lekte er een veel grotere hoeveelheid water uit de knollen dan uit knollen van intacte planten. Water kan het benutten van voedzame stoffen door de schimmel bevorderen. Daardoor kan een manier van loofdoden die de stolon breekt de kans op lakschurft verkleinen.Gasvormige produkten van afstervende wortels en stolonen hadden geen invloed op de sclerotiënvorming op agarplaten. Maar wel versterkten zij de lichte stimulering die uitging van afrijpende knollen. In de praktijk zouden jonge potaardappelen dus milieuvriendelijker beschermd kunnen worden tegen zowel virusinfectie als zware lakschurft-vorming met een nieuw-te-ontwikkelen methode van groen-rooien die de stolonen breekt en de knollen op het veld laat afharden in losse grond en gescheiden van de overige planteresten.