葡萄病毒研究进展

目前在葡萄中已经发现了65种病毒,多种病毒常常复合侵染,严重地影响了葡萄的产量和品质。该文综述了葡萄病毒的分子生物学研究进展,包括主要病毒的基因组测序工作、病毒种群结构与遗传变异分析、病毒重要功能基因研究、病毒检测方法和脱毒技术进展,以便更好地促进葡萄产业发展。     

不同地区葡萄霜霉病菌生物学特性及致病力研究

以“红地球”葡萄为试材,研究了重庆和陕西地区葡萄霜霉病菌的生物学特性,比较分析了其致病力差异.结果表明:重庆和陕西地区葡萄霜霉病的孢子囊形态差异较小,但陕西地区的孢子囊梗更长,分支更多.硝酸铵、蛋白胨和氯化铵作为氮源,以及葡萄糖、麦芽糖和蔗糖作为碳源均对孢子囊的萌发具有一定的抑制作用.该病菌在pH 4.5～8.5的培养条件均能萌发,但重庆地区孢子囊萌发的最适pH值高于陕西.2个地区霜霉病孢子囊最佳的萌发温度为20℃,且在水膜中的萌发率最高.叶盘法离体培养下,2个地区葡萄霜霉病菌的病级指数集中在0和1,且以1为主.     

‘温宿红’葡萄生物学特性及果实性状多样性研究

研究目的：‘温宿红’是新疆温宿县地方优异葡萄品种,当地长期栽培中形成了丰富的葡萄种质资源多样性,文章通过对‘温宿红’葡萄果实与形态性状多样性的研究,以期为筛选出适合当地条件的‘温宿红’葡萄系列新品种（系）提供材料基础。     

葡萄次生代谢UDP-糖基转移酶研究进展

UDP-糖基转移酶催化糖基转移反应,将糖基从活化的供体分子转移到受体分子上,从而调节受体分子在细胞内和机体内的性质,如生物活性、溶解性、可转运性。糖苷化是葡萄次生代谢很普遍的修饰反应,在次生代谢产物合成、贮存方面发挥重要功能。综述了与葡萄次生代谢产物生物合成相关的UDP-糖基转移酶的生化及分子生物学研究进展,并对今后这一领域需要进一步研究的问题作了讨论。     

葡萄抗寒性研究概况

低温胁迫给葡萄生产带来诸多不便.对葡萄抗寒性及其形态解剖、质膜透性、生理生化、抗寒鉴定等方面进行了综述.实践中,在综合使用上述若干种方法的同时,辅以田间调查鉴定,可更好地获得葡萄的抗寒性.     

刺葡萄新类型——水晶刺葡萄的生物学性状研究

刺葡萄Vitis davidii Foex为真正葡萄亚属东亚种群的一个种,广泛分布于陕西、甘肃、华中、华南及西南等地,湖南省西部和南部山区分布较多,但长期处于野生状态。近年来在对湖南怀化野生刺葡萄种质资源调查中选出水晶刺葡萄．并已在怀化地区进行区域种植。     

江苏省蔬菜灰葡萄孢生物学性状及致病力研究初报

灰葡萄孢(Botrytis cinerea Pers.)所致的灰霉病是多种蔬菜上普遍发生的病害,在许多地区已造成严重损失。据Tortora等研究,灰葡萄孢不同菌株在生物学性状和致病力方面有一定变化。该病菌在自然界分布广泛,菌源复杂,寄主植物繁多。本文对江苏省各地不同蔬菜上灰葡萄孢一般生物学特性和致病力差异进行了初步研究。     

葡萄无核化技术研究

近年来,无核葡萄越来越受消费者喜欢.但是,无核葡萄品种比较少,不到现有葡萄品种的10％,不能满足消费者的需要.现在生产上多采用无核处理技术获取无核葡萄.该文介绍了葡萄无核化处理机理、无核化处理常用的调节剂、无核化处理技术要点及配套栽培管理技术,对生产有一定的指导意义.     

澳大利亚：鲜食葡萄进入新出口市场

澳大利亚鲜食葡萄协会首席执行官杰夫·斯科特表示，中国新兴中产阶层偏爱澳大利亚鲜食葡萄，且随着日本和韩国葡萄市场对澳大利亚开放，国际市场对澳大利亚鲜食葡萄的需求极强烈。     

黑龙江和吉林省葡萄果实病害调查

2020年9月,在黑龙江和吉林省共8个市调查了葡萄果实病害发生情况,调查发现黑龙江、吉林省8个市葡萄果实病害有酸腐病、白腐病、灰霉病和白粉病。葡萄酸腐病在黑龙江和吉林省危害最为严重,平均发病率分别为33.2%和22.2%;葡萄白腐病在吉林省危害较重,黑龙江省只在哈尔滨市香坊区有发生,且发病率较低;葡萄灰霉病在黑龙江省大庆市和吉林省集安市危害相对较重;葡萄白粉病只在黑龙江省五常市无核白鸡心葡萄上有发生。通过调查了解了黑龙江和吉林省葡萄果实病害的发生情况,可为葡萄果实病害的防治提供科学依据。     

果实糖含量及成分调控的分子生物学研究进展

采用分子生物学手段调控果实糖含量及成分、改良果实品质是近年来研究的热点之一。综合有关文献,对猕猴桃、草莓、杨梅、柑橘等果实中的蔗糖、果糖、葡萄糖及淀粉积累机制进行简要评述,重点阐述了通过淀粉代谢关键酶基因PGM、AGPase调控果实淀粉积累,通过蔗糖代谢关键酶基因Ivr、SS调控果实蔗糖积累,通过己糖代谢关键酶基因HXK、FRK调控果实己糖积累的国内外研究进展,结合本课题组长期研究经验的积累,提出多基因协同表达或果实专一表达可能是实现调控果实糖含量及构成的有效途径。     

The occurrence of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) in the pericarp of different grapevine genotypes and in grape leaves and developing seeds

The occurrence of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK) was determined in the ripe pericarps of several grape genotypes. Moreover, the abundance pattern of PEPCK during the development of grape berries was studied in a range of cultivars. In addition, the presence of PEPCK in grape leaves and the location/abundance of PEPCK in developing grape seeds were investigated. PEPCK was present in the pericarp of all the cultivars of Vitis vinifera studied and in that of the hybrid 420A (Vitis berlandieri × Vitis riparia). By contrast, PPDK was either not present or present at very low abundance. The results strongly indicated that the PEPCK and not the PPDK pathway is the predominant one utilised in gluconeogenesis in the berry pericarp of grape genotypes. Further, the results showed that the abundance of PEPCK increased greatly at the start of ripening in all the cultivars, showing a similar pattern in all of them. PEPCK was not present (or at very low abundance) in grape leaves throughout their development. In developing grape seeds, the results indicated a similar abundance of PEPCK in both the seed coat and the tissues enclosed by it.     

“奇宝”对4个无核葡萄品种花果疏除效应的研究

该试验以4个无核葡萄品种为试材,研究了新型植物生长调节剂＂奇宝＂对花果的疏除效应。试验从各处理对坐果率、单粒重、可溶性固形物含量的综合影响效果看,‘克瑞森’无核品种＂奇宝＂处理最适宜的时间是盛花期,最适宜的浓度是1mg/L;‘汤姆逊’无核品种＂奇宝＂处理最适宜的时间是初花期和盛花期,初花期适宜的浓度是15mg/L,盛花期适宜的浓度是10mg/L;‘火焰’无核品种＂奇宝＂处理适宜的时间是盛花期,适宜的浓度是5mg/L;‘黑无核’品种＂奇宝＂处理最适宜的时间是初花期和盛花期,初花期适宜的浓度是1mg/L,盛花期的适宜浓度是1mg/L。     

套袋对巨峰葡萄果实糖分变化及转化酶活性的影响

以巨峰葡萄为试材,研究套袋对葡萄果实中糖代谢及转化酶活性的影响.结果表明:套袋果实在发育过程中蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖含量和转化酶活性变化趋势与对照基本一致.果实成熟后套袋果的可溶性总糖含量明显高于对照.在果实发育前期,套袋明显改变果实中蔗糖的相对含量及酸性转化酶活性.套袋可能主要是通过影响果实发育早期转化酶活性来影响果实糖分积累.     

6-BA对葡萄果实生长及碳、氮同化物运输的影响

 研究了6-BA 对葡萄果实生长及碳、氮同化物运输、分配的影响。结果表明, 果穗浸蘸100 或200 mg/L 6-BA , 均可明显提高坐果率, 对果粒大小、可溶性固形物含量影响较小。6-BA 处理¹⁴CO₂饲喂叶,抑制了饲喂叶¹⁴CO₂同化物的输出, 但6-BA 处理饲喂叶上方正在生长的“库叶”, 则增加了饲喂叶同化物的输出。62BA 在盛花和盛花后10 d 浸蘸花序2 次, 增加了饲喂叶¹⁴CO₂ 、¹⁴C - 谷氨酸(¹⁴C₂Glu) 向穗轴及果实的输入。     

Discrimination of the grapevine cultivars ‘Picolit’ and ‘Kéknyelű’ with molecular markers

The name of the grapevine cultivar ‘Kéknyel?’ has become inseparable from the name of the Badacsony vine region, whose fame is well known beyond our frontier as well. In the Vitis International Variety Catalogue (http://www.genres.de/idb/vitis/) ‘Kéknyel?’ is reported, as the synonym of the Italian grapevine cultivar ‘Picolit’. Vertical poliacrylamide-gel electrophoresis was used for the investigation isoenzymes of catechol-oxidase (CO) and acid phosphatase (AcP). Microsatellite analyses were carried out at 6 loci (VVS2, VVS16, VrZag79, VVMD7, VMC4A1, VMC4G6). The results of the isoenzymatic and microsatellite analyses confirmed, that this two cultivars are different.     

南方欧亚种葡萄引种评价和栽培技术研究

评价了35个欧亚种葡萄品种,认为适合南方栽培的欧亚种葡萄基因型有9个,以其中2个表现优良的主栽品种为试材,研究了南方欧亚种葡萄优质稳产栽培的几个主要技术影响因子。结果表明,矢富罗莎、红地球分别选择SO4、巨峰作砧木,生长结果最优,平均粒重较自根苗分别增加21.6%、10.7%,可溶性固形物含量分别提高14.8%、2.8%;2个品种采用单十字飞鸟型架式较双十字V型架产量分别提高20.7%、15.0%;2个品种采用5-4-3-2-1摘心法较常规方法结果枝率分别提高51.9%、28.6%;使用细胞酶制剂叶面肥粒重增加1.2￣1.6g,可溶性固形物含量提高1%,对降低果实酸度也有一定的影响,明显改善红色品种果实外观。     

甜瓜属新型作物--火参果的研究和利用现状及建议

火参果是我国近年来引进和栽培的新型瓜类水果作物,具有坐果能力强、果实外观漂亮、风味独特、经济效益高和发展前景广阔等优点。就火参果遗传多样性及分类地位、种质资源评价与栽培、抗性及其利用、营养和药用功能成分方面回顾了国内外研究进展,并对火参果栽培技术要点进行总结。此外,由于目前的火参果鲜食品质难以满足大众化的消费需求,市场空间较为有限,制约了火参果产业的进一步发展,提出了解决这个问题相关的建议,旨在为促进我国火参果产业发展提供借鉴。     

EST-SSR标记及其在果树研究中的应用

近年来大量ESTs数据的出现已成为开发SSR标记的重要来源。EST-SSR作为一种新型的分子标记,不仅具备传统基因组SSR标记的特点,而且以其开发经济和通用性高等优势已在很多植物中得到开发和应用。简要介绍了EST-SSR标记的原理和特点,重点综述了其在果树的遗传多样性分析、遗传连锁图谱的构建、比较作图和分子系统发育等研究领域的应用现状,期望为今后该项技术在果树研究上的应用提供参考。     

Biomonitoring of ozone: A tool to initiate the young people into the scientific method and environmental issues. A case study in Central Italy

The wide diffusion of tropospheric ozone is a major environmental problem, in urban area as well as in rural and remote localities. Its increasing man-related levels are connected to severe impacts on human life and welfare, in terms of adverse health effects, damage to manufacts and injury to plants. Biological monitoring is a powerful tool for filling the gap between the causes and the effects of environmental toxins, as bioindication agents assess in an easy-to-detect fashion the effects of pollution on (selected) biota. A project was launched in 2012 to involve some 190 students (ages 11–16) from three schools in Central Italy in biodetection of ozone effects with the hypersensitive plant Nicotiana tabacum Bel-W3. The project also involved teachers and families of the pupils. Results implied the reading of 12,000 biological data (ozone injury on cotyledons) and were fortified by data captured by four automatic analyzers (1300 raw data of hourly means). Biological and chemical data compared favorably and were treated with geostatistical methods; results are exposed in the form of cartographic restitutions. Under the guidance of their teachers, the pupils had several opportunities to practice with many basic and applied study areas and disciplines and were initiated into the scientific method in a simple and absorbing manner. Though primarily an educational exercise, the survey provided sound research elements and the picture of pollution that emerged has increased the knowledge of air quality in the area. Biomonitoring is confirmed to be a powerful tool to involve young people in environmental topics.