影响苹果苗木质量的几个重要因素之探讨

本文就影响苹果苗木质量的几个重要因素进行详尽的探讨,分析了适宜的育苗密度促分枝技术及其应用价值。     

环丙酸酰胺对一年生苹果苗木生长与分枝特性的影响

【目的】探究环丙酸酰胺(cyclanilide,Cyc)对1年生苹果苗木生长与分枝特性的影响。【方法】以长富2号/M26/八棱海棠、秦脆/M26/八棱海棠、秦脆/M26、秦脆/T337共4种1年生砧穂组合苹果苗木为材料,用0.2 g·L-1的Cyc对去顶3 d后的长富2号/M26/八棱海棠进行喷施,对去顶4 d后的秦脆/M26/八棱海棠、秦脆/M26、秦脆/T337进行喷施。在秦脆/M26/八棱海棠中进行Cyc的不同组合处理。待苗木停长后,对所有处理植株进行苗木高度、苗木粗度等5个生理指标的统计分析。【结果】Cyc具有非常好的促分枝作用,并能显著增大长富2号/M26/八棱海棠的分枝角度,对苗木高度和苗木粗度具有一定的抑制作用,对分枝长度没有显著影响。【结论】Cyc在苗圃促分枝中具有良好的发展潜力,研究结果为环丙酸酰胺调控苹果分枝技术方案的开发奠定了基础。     

短截和普洛马林处理对不同砧木类型苹果苗木分枝特性的影响

以2年生苹果"烟富3号"乔化苗、中间砧苗、自根砧和1年生普通中间砧苗为研究对象,测定短截处理和普洛马林处理间分枝数目、分枝长度、分枝角度、分枝高度的差异,探讨短截和普洛马林处理对不同砧木类型的苹果苗木分枝与生长特性的影响,为生产多分枝大苗及缩短果树整形周期提供参考。结果表明:70cm短截的2年生乔化苗与常规方法繁育的中间砧苗经1 000mg·kg~(-1)普洛马林促分枝处理,有效分枝数目、长度、角度适中,分枝高度合理,达到了理想的促分枝效果,为其提早整形奠定基础。     

国内外自根砧苹果大苗质量调查与分析

通过对欧洲产的和国内自产的矮化自根砧带分枝苹果大苗质量的调查分析,了解国内外自根砧苹果苗木质量情况,以便为我国自根砧苹果大苗培育提供借鉴。在陕西省千阳县选取从欧洲进口和国内苗木公司自繁的苹果苗木,测定苗木的侧根数、砧木地上长度、苗木高度、中心干粗度、分枝数量和顶花芽数量,然后进行比较分析。结果表明,国内自根砧苹果苗木在侧根数量、砧木地上长度、苗木高度和中心干粗度已经接近进口苗木的质量,主要问题是分枝数量和顶花芽数量偏少,苗木一致性较差,表现为标准差和变异系数较大。     

‘寒富’苹果苗木促发分枝技术研究

以一年生‘寒富’/GM256/山定子为试验材料,测定主干短截处理(短截70 cm)后喷施不同浓度(500、1 000、1 500、2 000 mg/L)普洛马林处理的分枝数目、分枝长度、分枝角度、植株高度和苗木茎粗.结果表明,4种浓度的普洛马林处理都能够显著促进苹果苗木产生分枝,其中浓度为500 mg/L处理的苗木分枝平均15.8个,其他处理均为10.0个以上;浓度为1 000 mg/L处理的苗木长枝数量和长枝角度显著高于其他处理;各处理间苗木高度不存在显著差异;浓度为1 500 mg/L处理的苗木主干直径显著高于其他处理.总之,在主干短截处理(短截70 cm)后喷施普洛马林,苹果幼苗有效分枝数量增多,分枝角度增大,主干增粗,为其提早整形奠定了基础.     

不同措施促进苹果幼苗分枝的效果

以‘岳艳’苹果品种的平邑甜茶高接苗为试材,研究了普洛马林单独喷施、剪除幼叶法等处理促进苹果幼苗分枝的效果。结果表明:单独施用普洛马林溶液能够显著地促进幼苗分枝,较为适宜的质量浓度是2 000mg/L;剪除幼叶法无论是单独进行,还是与普洛马林溶液喷施共同使用,都能促进分枝的产生,并且二者组合使用的效果要好于单独使用;所有处理在促进幼苗产生分枝的同时对苗木高度和粗度均无显著影响;考虑减少操作环节、降低生产成本等因素,建议生产中采用剪除幼叶法的方式培育带分枝的‘岳艳’苹果的平邑甜茶高接苗。     

苹果苗木类型和栽植时间对幼树生长特性的影响

【目的】为了研究不同栽植时间下不同苗木类型的生长特性,【方法】以3 a生‘长富2号’/‘M26’/八棱海棠为试材,测定3个栽植时间(2010年3月10日、4月10日和5月10日)下分枝苗、去分枝苗和单干苗生长特性相关指标。【结果】5月份栽植植株的生长势弱于3、4月栽植的植株;单干苗生长势弱于分枝苗和去分枝苗。栽植后第2年,3、4月栽植植株的株高、主干粗度显著大于5月栽植的植株。去分枝苗和单干苗株高显著大于分枝苗。3种苗木类型主干粗度依次为分枝苗>去分枝苗>单干苗,且相互差异显著。分枝苗和去分枝苗冠径显著大于单干苗。栽植后第3年,分枝苗的花芽数显著高于去分枝苗和单干苗。【结论】苹果苗木在冷藏条件下,4月栽植是可行的,本试验中3月份栽植较为适宜。分枝苗有利于促进幼树提早开花结果。     

不同砧穗组合对苹果苗木生长的影响

对辽宁省果树科学研究所选育的苹果品种'岳冠'岳阳红'望山红'与4种矮化砧木嫁接后的苗木生长情况进行调查。测定2年生矮化自根砧苗木的侧根数、苗木粗度、分枝情况、苗木高度、成活率等指标,并参考苹果苗木国家标准进行苗木等级划分。综合对比各矮化自根砧苗木,岳冠/GM256、岳阳红/GM256、岳阳红/M9T337、望山红/GM256 4个砧穗组合的苗木高度、苗木粗度、分枝情况、成活率及成苗情况优于同期的其他砧穗组合。     

苹果苗木促发分枝技术的研究

以当年春季单芽腹接在SH40矮化中间砧红富士苹果苗为试材,于3个时期分别进行摘心、摘心+摘叶、涂抹苹果整形1号、喷施苹果整形2号处理。结果表明:3个时期的4种措施均能显著提高苹果苗的总分枝数及大于5 cm分枝数及分枝平均长度;多数处理的干径、主根粗及侧根数有所提高,涂抹苹果整形1号和喷施苹果整形2号2种措施的效果明显好于摘心和摘心+摘叶;涂抹苹果整形1号和喷施苹果整形2号对苗木生长影响的总体效果差异不明显。     

对荷兰苹果苗木摘心去叶技术的感悟

通过国际援助项目．我们邀请到荷兰园艺专家开展技术交流．在讲授苹果苗木夏管中讲到．待苗高达80厘米左右时，摘除苗木梢头叶片，促进树苗适当分枝。当时感到很郁闷。按照我国的育苗要求．一般一级苹果苗木高度应达到1米以上．     

Induction of lateral branches in tree fruit nursery stock with propyl 3-t-butylphenoxy acetate (MB 25, 105) and Promalin (GA4+7 + 6-benzyladenine)

Sprays with 250–2000 mg l^?1 propyl 3-t-butylphenoxy acetate (MB 25,105) and 250 and 500 mg l^?1 GA₄₊₇ + 6-benzyladenine (Promalin) were applied to scion growth of first nursery trees of ‘Bartlett’ pear (Pyrus communis L.), ‘Bing’ cherry (Prunus avium L.) and ‘Oregon Spur II Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) to stimulate lateral branching in the nursery. Most treatments significantly increased branching compared to untreated controls. Combination sprays of the two chemicals were usually better than either used alone. Chemical treatment usually produced greater branching and wider branch angles than mechanical heading. Both chemical and mechanical treatments reduced tree height and caliper, but the decrease was not always statistically significant.     

拉枝促花在‘烟富8’苹果生产中的应用

拉枝是苹果生产的主要促花措施之一。拉枝时间及枝条开张角度直接决定成花效果,但生产中盲目拉枝现象较普遍,导致拉枝后成花少或不成花。该试验对‘烟富8’苹果枝条进行不同时间及不同开张角度拉枝。结果表明,静宁苹果理想的拉枝时间为6月10—20日和8月20—30日,开张角度为90～110°。     

苹果矮化砧崂山柰子的特性和利用的研究

对苹果矮化砧崂山柰子特性的研究表明,砧木的根皮率高;压条繁殖较易生根;用作中间砧嫁接的1年生果苗及成龄树的根系发达,且分布广而深;其中间砧嫁接的苹果幼树,矿质元素的吸收水平较高。选出了嫁接亲和良好、树体半矮化,早果、丰产性好的崂山柰子优系N29、N32。砧穗组合的研究表明,崂山柰子自根砧嫁接的红星、倭锦等品种大树,表现矮化、早果、稳产;作中间砧,与印度、乔纳金和红富士组合表现较好。     

苹果矮化栽培状况及应采取的技术措施

2010年采用实地调查的方法调查了辽宁省苹果矮化栽培状况。结果表明:辽宁省苹果矮化栽培面积仅占全省苹果栽培总面积的2%左右,主要存在的问题为中间砧长短不一,栽植深浅不同;树形不标准,管理技术不规范;修剪不当;果园地下管理较差;苗木质量极差,价格高;贪产不合理负担等。据此,提出了规范育苗、标准化建园、整形修剪、土肥水管理等技术措施。     

Endogenous cytokinin distribution patterns at budburst in Granny Smith and Braeburn apple shoots in relation to bud growth

The possible relationship of branching habit to cytokinin content of apple shoots (Malus×domestica Borkh.) was investigated. One-year old apple shoots are acrotonic (distal branching), more strongly so in Granny Smith than in Braeburn. In the first trial, long, 1-year old Granny Smith and Braeburn apple shoots were sprayed on 29 August 1995 to break rest with dinitro-o-cresol (DNOC) oil (5%). The cytokinin contents of the xylem sap, the combined bark and buds, and the wood were determined in distal and proximal shoot halves over the next 6 weeks. Budburst (terminal and lateral buds) was first visible (green tip) in both cultivars on 20 September 1995. A greater increase in cytokinin content of distal xylem sap, coupled with elevated cytokinin in the distal wood, reflect the overall acrotony of both cultivars. The strong acrotony of Granny Smith is reflected in the higher cytokinin concentration in distal portion 1 week before the proximal portion of the shoot. The differential distribution of cytokinin reflects the pattern of budburst and may be correlated with growth habit. In a subsequent trial, Granny Smith shoots chilled and forced in the absence of roots showed an increase in cytokinin content of the bark and buds, and the wood as growth resumed. This was roughly comparable in magnitude to the increase observed under field conditions. The cytokinin increase in rootless shoots and differential distribution of cytokinin prior to sprouting, support the hypothesis that shoot-derived, rather than root-derived, cytokinins act to trigger spring budburst.     

Use of 6-benzylamino purine and Promalin for improved canopy development in selected apple cultivars

Foliar sprays of Promalin (gibberellins A_{4 + 7} + 6-benzylamino purine) applied to 1-year-old apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees at the 3–5-cm growth stage significantly increased lateral branching in 5 of 9 cultivars tested. Branching response ranged from 0% (‘Winter Banana’) to 131% (‘Starkrimson Delicious’) of the untreated controls. Total shoot growth was not consistently increased by 6-benzylamino purine or Promalin in tests over 3 years on spur and non-spur 1- and 2-year-old apple trees. Sprays of 50–300 mg l⁻¹ Promalin were ineffective for increased branch development. Sprays of 300–500 mg l⁻¹ increased total shoot numbers and reduced average shoot length. Sprays applied prior to new terminal growth in spring were ineffective. Treatment during periods of active shoot growth were generally effective, but periods of stress may have reduced response. Sprays were more effective for inducing lateral shoot formation than dormant heading or delayed dormant heading (pruning) (10 days after full bloom) in ‘Criterion Golden Delicious’. No difference in branching response was observed between BA and Promalin. Addition of a spray adjuvant (Buffer-X) did not affect branching response. Repeat annual single sprays of Promalin applied to dormant pruned trees were generally less effective for stimulating lateral branching than a single application in a given year. Phytotoxicity was associated with Promalin sprays at 300–500 mg l⁻¹ on ‘Delicious’.     

苹果新品种‘彩虹1号’

‘彩虹1号’苹果是以‘礼泉短富’为母本、‘金冠’为父本杂交选育成的中熟新品种。果实近圆形,果形指数0.84,平均单果质量260 g;果面光洁无锈,底色黄色,全面着鲜红色;果肉黄白色,质地细,口感松脆,汁液多,味酸甜,有浓郁芳香味;果实硬度为10.2 kg ? cm-2,可溶性固形物14.6%;果实发育期140 d左右,在青岛地区9月中下旬成熟。树体萌芽率高,成枝力强,成花容易,短枝结果为主,连续结果能力强,丰产稳产,高抗炭疽菌叶枯病。在适宜‘富士’苹果种植的区域均可推广。     

利用TP-M13-SSR标记构建苹果栽培品种的分子身份证

以国家果树种质兴城梨、苹果圃保存的314份来自19个国家的苹果栽培品种为试材,利用TP-M13-SSR标记,基于TP-M13-SSR指纹图谱构建苹果种质分子身份证。16对SSR引物在供试种质间共检测出等位基因357个,平均每对引物检测到22.3个。根据引物扩增等位基因数和Shannon’s指数,从1对引物开始逐步增加引物数量筛选可将供试材料全部区分的引物组合,最终确定6对核心引物可以区分全部供试苹果种质。基于供试苹果种质在6个SSR位点的指纹图谱,将等位基因编码成字符串获得分子身份证,利用条码技术其进一步转化成可被机器快速扫描的条码分子身份证,使每份种质具有可辨的分子身份证,达到利用最少、最特异引物区分最多苹果种质的目的。     

世界苹果产业发展趋势分析

主要分析了国内外苹果产业科研、生产及贸易的发展形势。中国苹果产量占世界的35.4%,而发达国家占41.4%;世界年人均苹果消费量8.2kg,呈下降趋势;世界苹果贸易量保持在500万t左右,呈增加趋势,中国苹果出口的主要竞争对手是发达国家;中国2002-2003年度出口鲜苹果44万t,苹果浓缩汁41.7万t,实现了较大突破。世界苹果品种结构发生较大变化,富士苹果成为第一品种,占20.9%,其次是元帅系、金冠系、嘎拉、青苹和乔纳金。新品种育种已经成为引领苹果产业发展的动力并成长为一项产业。发达国家普遍推行IFP苹果生产综合管理体系,提高品质,注重食品安全,开发多样化产品是促进苹果消费的要点;标准化、组织化、市场化是发达国家完善苹果产业化必不可少的要素;科技创新是支撑苹果产业健康发展的动力。     

Induction of feathers by growth regulators on maiden trees of apple and pear

The relationship between some physiological and hormonal aspects of the morphogenesis of the lateral shoots (feathers) has been investigated on apple and pear maiden trees.

Bioassays of extracts from the upper part of Jonathan and Rhode Island Greening apple trees showed that the level of endogenous ‘promoters’ decreased in Jonathan (which tends to feather naturally) during the period of spring bud-break, while the level of ‘inhibitors’ appeared to be small but constant. In R. I. Greening (which does not feather easily) the levels of both promoters and inhibitors were higher and constant during the five weeks of the investigation. These data support the view that apical dominance is mainly related to the movement of auxins from the shoot apex to the regions below. Consequently the strong polarity of the shoots can be ascribed to the greater quantity of auxin-like substances and to the balance between these substances and inhibitors.

The application of the anti-auxin TIBA induced feather formation in Starking Delicious apple and Passe Crassane pear (which do not normally branch freely), but its action also involved some negative effects on the anatomical and morphological pattern of the trees.

In Golden Delicious and Starking Delicious apples and Comice and Passe Crassane pears, a large number of feathers without any phytotoxic symptoms was obtained by the use, in the nursery, of diphenylurea (DPU) at 500 and 1000 ppm and maleic hydrazide (MH) at 1300 ppm. These results suggest a possible approach for producing nursery trees that are more suitable for the two modern training systems known as ‘palmetta anticipata’ and ‘slender spindle’.