铁和碳酸氢钠双重胁迫对柑橘砧木叶片色素和矿质营养的影响

在铁(Fe)和碳酸氢钠(NaHCO3)双重胁迫下，枳、红橘和资阳香橙叶片中叶绿素a、b和类胡萝卜素含量下降程度均大于单因子胁迫。叶绿素a／b随着胁迫的加重而呈升高趋势。在单一高含量NaHCO3和Fe--NaHCO3胁迫下，叶片中Na^ 含量大幅升高，K^ 、Fe含量明显降低，而且Fe有效性下降。资阳香橙对Fe和NaHCO3胁迫的耐受能力好于红橘，枳最差。     

不同砧木金秋砂糖桔生长结果比较

为筛选适于杂柑新品种"中柑所5号"(商品名"金秋砂糖桔")的砧木,2016-2018年连续3年对四川仁寿区试点飞龙枳、枳、资阳香橙和红桔砧金秋砂糖桔(2015年3月定植2年生嫁接大苗)的生长结果进行比较,2018年对广西隆安、平南、灵川和云南元阳4个生态区试点枳和资阳香橙砧金秋砂糖桔(2016年3月定植2年生嫁接大苗)的生长结果进行比较。结果表明,四川仁寿区试点,树冠由大到小依次为红桔、资阳香橙、枳和飞龙枳砧,单株产量3年平均值分别为37.18、27.02、18.72和12.97 kg,单位树冠体积产量(生产效率)3年平均值分别为4.97、6.22、9.25和19.26 kg/m^3;单果质量由大到小依次为为资阳香橙、红桔、飞龙枳、枳砧;果实可溶性固形物以枳和飞龙枳砧较高,资阳香橙砧次之,红桔砧最低。广西和云南4个区试点资阳香橙和枳砧的差异趋势,与四川仁寿这两种砧木的差异趋势基本相同。推荐生产上酸性和中性土壤用枳砧,碱性土壤用资阳香橙砧,高密度栽培用飞龙枳砧。     

基于胚抢救技术的枳雀×枳杂交群体创建及鉴定

【目的】新资源获得是开展育种的前提和基础,通过两种砧木杂交,创造出聚合两种砧木优良性状的新型砧木资源材料。【方法】以枳雀为母本、枳为父本进行杂交实验,结合胚抢救技术获得子一代植株,利用形态学观察及SSR分子标记技术对子一代进行鉴定。【结果】三年胚抢救实验共接种3 146粒种子,获得胚抢救幼苗1250株,成苗率为39.73%。其中通过形态学鉴定出41株杂种苗,共筛选出8对SSR引物来对父本母本进行区分,其中的CS014RCS014F、CS065R-CS065F引物组合可以准确地鉴定出杂种后代,通过SSR分子标记鉴定出20株有性杂种植株。所获得的61株杂种资源为将来深入开展柑橘砧木育种研究工作奠定了材料基础。【结论】以多胚性柑橘为母本的杂交组合获得的成熟种子,难以通过直接播种的方式获得杂种苗。将胚拯救与分子鉴定相结合,通过SSR分析,找到可靠的SSR引物对鉴定杂交后代,为柑橘砧木育种的进一步研究奠定了物质基础。     

不同砧木红江橙容器栽培生长和果实品质分析

从生长、生理和果实品质等多角度评价资阳香橙（Citrus junons Sieb. ex Tanaka）、卡里佐枳橙（C. sinensis×Poncirus trifoliata）、枳[P. trifoliata(L.)Raf.]和飞龙枳（P. trifoliata var. monstrosa）对红江橙的影响，为筛选网室容器栽培柑橘优良砧木提供依据。试验结果表明，资阳香橙砧的嫁接成活率、根系发育、单叶质量和单果质量均显著高于其他砧木的，嫁接口愈合完全，但果实品质略差；卡里佐枳橙砧的树势最强，枝皮率极低，初果期果实品质优，表现为果面光滑、沟纹少，果肉可溶性固形物、总糖显著高于其他砧木的，固酸比、总黄酮及氨基酸含量均显著高于资阳香橙砧的；飞龙枳和枳砧的嫁接成活率低，树势弱，嫁接口愈合不完全，根系发育缓慢。故容器栽培卡里佐枳橙砧与红江橙组合综合表现最佳。相关性分析表明，嫁接成活率、树势与嫁接口的生长素/脱落酸（IAA/ABA）、赤霉素/脱落酸（GA3/ABA）、生长素/细胞分裂素（IAA/ZR）呈正相关；穗砧茎粗比与嫁接口处ZR、ABA及ZR/ABA呈显著负相关；树势与接穗枝皮率、叶片A...     

缺镁、铁、硼胁迫对4 个柑橘砧木生长及养分吸收的影响

 通过水培方式分别研究了缺镁、铁、硼处理对枳、香橙、红橘、崇义野橘4种柑橘砧木植株和根系生长及养分吸收的影响。结果表明：缺镁处理下,红橘在株高、叶片数、叶绿素含量、总根长、总根表面积及镁吸收速率等变化中表现出较强的抗缺镁特性,崇义野橘次之,枳、香橙较差;缺铁处理下,香橙在株高、叶片数、植株干样质量、总根体积、总根表面积和铁吸收速率等变化中表现出较强的抗缺铁特性,红橘次之,枳、崇义野橘较差;缺硼处理下,红橘在总根数、总根表面积、总根体积及硼吸收速率的变化中表现出较强的抗缺硼能力,而崇义野橘的地上部较耐缺硼,香橙、枳则表现出不耐缺硼。     

资阳香橙×枳8个杂交后代的耐碱性评价

[目的]研究资阳香橙(Citrusjunos Sieb.ex Tanaka)×枳(Poncirus trifoliate Raf.)杂交的8个F1代株系(ZZ1、ZZ6、ZZ7、ZZ31、ZZ42、ZZ60、ZZ65、ZZ948)在pH 8.22的碱性土壤上耐碱性差异,为选育新的耐碱砧木积累数据和材料.[方法]测量了8...     

6个杂柑品种与4种砧木嫁接亲和性初步评价北大核心

为探寻W·默科特(W·Murcott)、金块(Gold Nugget)、莎斯特金(Thasta Gold)、塔荷金(Tahoe Gold)、探戈(Tango)及尤斯迈特金(Yosemite Gold)6个杂柑品种在重庆栽培的适宜砧木,在重庆市江津区先锋镇,对6个杂柑品种在枳、卡里佐枳橙、红桔及资阳香橙实生苗上嫁接所得的24个砧穗组合的3年生树的生长指标、生理生化指标及叶片光合参数进行测定,采用主成分分析法和隶属函数法构建综合评价方案,对不同砧穗组合的亲和性差异进行综合评价。结果表明:供试4种砧木与W·默科特的亲和性高低表现为红桔>资阳香橙>卡里佐枳橙>枳,与金块的亲和性高低表现为卡里佐枳橙>资阳香橙>枳>红桔,与莎斯特金的亲和性高低表现为卡里佐枳橙>枳>资阳香橙>红桔,与塔荷金的亲和性高低表现为枳>卡里佐枳橙>资阳香橙>红桔,与探戈和尤斯迈特金的亲和性高低均表现为资阳香橙>枳>卡里佐枳橙>红桔。     

基于cpSSR和nSSR标记的地方柑橘资源‘枳雀’亲本分析

【目的】分析地方柑橘资源‘枳雀’的亲本类型和来源,为进一步改良、开发与利用地方柑橘资源提供理论依据。【方法】以包含‘枳雀’在内的分属于柑橘属、枳属、金柑属的21份柑橘种质为材料,运用cpSSR和nSSR标记计算各SSR位点等位基因数(Na)、观察杂合度(Ho)、期望杂合度(He)、Shannon信息指数(I)、多态性信息含量(PIC),构建基于DICE相似系数的UPGMA(非加权配对算术平均法)聚类树,进而分析‘枳雀’的亲本来源。【结果】10对cpSSR引物扩增出37个多态性条带,平均每个位点3.70个,平均Shannon信息指数(I)为0.98;14对nSSR引物扩增出62个多态性条带,平均每个位点4.43个,平均多态性信息含量(PIC)为0.57,平均期望杂合度(He)为0.63。【结论】根据cpSSR和n SSR分析,结合形态学证据,认为‘枳雀’的母系亲本为柚类或者具有柚类母本血缘的杂交柑橘品种,父本是一个具有枳的血缘的杂交柑橘品种。cpSSR与nSSR结合使用可比较准确地鉴定柑橘杂种。     

无融合生殖苹果砧木F_1代实生苗的流式细胞术倍性分析及SSR鉴定

早期快速、准确地鉴定出无融合生殖苹果砧木F1代实生苗的有性杂种,可以减少土地使用面积,提高育种效率。SSR是鉴定果树杂种实生苗快速有效的分子标记技术之一。研究对青砧二号(A1)和宁8(N8)组合F1代杂种实生苗的22个单株进行了倍性分析及SSR鉴定,并对亲本和F1各单株的植物学特征进行了调查,倍性分析表明,有3株表现为四倍体;SSR分析表明,13株表现为母本带型,为母本的无融合生殖后代;9株表现为杂合带型或父本带型,为母本与父本的有性杂种。SSR鉴定结果和杂交实生苗的田间表现高度吻合。SSR标记技术可以准确地对无融合生殖亲本的有性杂种后代进行早期鉴别。     

二倍体月季F_1群体的SSR鉴定与遗传分析

以中国古老月季品种‘月月粉’(Rosa chinensis‘Old Blush’,用OB表示)为母本,‘无刺光叶蔷薇’(Rosa wichuriana‘Basye’s Thornless’,用W表示)为父本,构建F_1代共296个单株。从146对SSR标记中筛选出亲本间多态性好且条带清晰的23对SSR标记,对随机选择的94株F_1进行杂种鉴定和遗传分析。结果表明:筛选到3个纯合显性标记分别为Fv512、Fv609和305,可单独一次性鉴定全部杂种真实性;随机筛选的94株子代均为真杂种;20个SSR标记用于基因型分析,有9个标记出现了偏分离,并在统计上达到显著或极显著水平,偏分离率45%,说明该F_1群体基于SSR位点的基因型偏分离率较高,在进行高密度遗传图谱构建时应重视偏分离标记对作图的影响;UPGMA聚类分析显示,94株F_1的遗传变异大,且遗传多样性丰富,可划分为2个大类7个亚类。     

EDDHA—Fe矫治柑桔缺铁黄化试验

采用ＥＤＤＨＡ－Ｆｅ在高钙,高ｐＨ值土壤柑桔园进行连续两年试验表明,土壤施用ＥＤＤＨＡ－Ｆｅ可以矫治钙质紫色土枳砧柑桔树的缺铁黄化症,成倍地提高叶绿素含量,一般连续两年较大剂量处理后,黄化症状可基本消失,明显增加单株果实产量,对甜橙果实品质有良好影响的趋势。在ＥＤＤＨＡ－Ｆｅ的两种剂型中,叶绿灵的效果优于绿喜旺,较大剂量施用的效果优于低剂量,认为土壤施用ＥＤＤＨＡ－Ｆｅ是目前矫治缺铁黄化症效果最理     

Testing the ability of vivianite to prevent iron deficiency in pot-grown grapevine

Synthetic vivianite (ferrous phosphate octahydrate) has been reported to reduce the iron (Fe) deficiency symptoms in different crops growing on calcareous soils. We investigated the effectiveness of vivianite in grapevine by means of a 3-year (2002–2004) pot experiment with a Fe chlorosis-susceptible rootstock (‘110 Richter’) grown on a calcareous soil poor in available Fe. There was one treatment in which a suspension of vivianite was injected into the soil at the beginning of the experiment, one treatment with Fe chelate (FeEDDHA) applied yearly, one treatment with one initial application of both vivianite and FeEDDHA, and one control (no Fe fertilizer added) treatment. The concentration of chlorophyll per unit leaf area was estimated with a portable chlorophyll meter (readings in SPAD units). The vines fertilized with vivianite had longer shoots and higher number of leaves, and exhibited higher SPAD values than the control vines. The differences in SPAD value and pruning wood weight between the vines fertilized with Fe and the control were significant through the 3 years. There were no significant differences in SPAD value and pruning wood weight between the vines fertilized with Fe chelate and vivianite. Our results suggest in summary that vivianite is an interesting alternative to other Fe fertilizers used to prevent Fe chlorosis in grapevine judging by its effectiveness and long-term fertilizing effect. Moreover, it is not easily leached from the soil, easy to prepare, and environmentally safe.     

Zinc Ameliorates Fruit Yield and Quality of Mangoes Cultivated in Calcareous Soils

Zinc (Zn) deficiency is frequently observed in mangoes grown in calcareous soils. Inherent inability of mango to extract sufficient Zn from the soil exacerbates this situation. Therefore, mitigating effects of Zn application was investigated on flowering, fruit setting, yield and quality of mango cv. Samar Bahisht Chaunsa growing in calcareous soils. The experiment consisted of five treatments: control—no Zn, soil application of 50 and 100 g ZnSO₄ per tree and foliar application of 0.5? and 1.0?% ZnSO₄ solution. Zn was applied twice in the 2^nd week of November, 2011 and 3^rd week of March, 2012, respectively. The experiment was repeated on the same dates during the next growing season. Zn application significantly increased number of flower panicle, fruits matured panicle, leaf Zn concentrations, fruit size, peel thickness, fruit weights at harvest and after ripening and fruit yield tree, whereas it reduced malformed panicles and early fruit drop. However, flower sex ratio and fruit set remained statistically unaffected. Similarly, fruit quality in terms of total soluble solids, flesh color, aroma, flavor and overall acceptability significantly improved as compared to control. Foliar application mitigated Zn deficiency more effectively than the soil application in calcareous soils.     

滴灌施肥对‘特罗维它’甜橙生长结果的影响

 以卡里佐枳橙砧‘特罗维它’甜橙为材料,以每年撒施10次肥料为对照,研究了年施肥总量一定,不同滴灌施肥频率（每年4次、10次和16次）对树体生长、产量和品质的影响。2002—2007年的结果显示,仅个别年份的处理与对照的树干粗度、树高和冠径存在显著差异以外,到试验结束时,不同滴灌施肥频率对树干粗度、树高和冠径大小无显著影响,滴灌施肥与对照间的树体生长无显著差异。滴灌施肥可显著提高果实产量,处理的累计产量比对照高29.4% ~ 36.5%;增加滴灌施肥频率无显著增产作用;滴灌施肥对果实品质无显著影响。建议碱性紫色土柑橘园滴灌施肥频率为每年4次。     

炭基肥连续两年施用对土壤质量的影响

以玉米为试材,基于等养分供给,设置化肥(T1)、炭基肥(T2)、炭基肥化肥配施(T3)、缓释肥(T4)、有机肥化肥配施(T5)5个处理,以不施肥为对照(CK)。通过2年田间定位试验,研究不同施肥措施对土壤团聚体形成、土壤化学性状及酶活性的影响,以期为土壤结构性状改良和农业面源污染防控提供参考依据。结果表明:相比化肥,炭基肥化肥配施可显著增加土壤0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层水稳性大团聚体含量(WSA>0.25 mm)75.7%和64.4%;显著提高0~20 cm土层土壤有机质、速效磷和速效钾含量;显著提高0~20 cm土层土壤真菌、细菌和放线菌数量;显著提高土壤磷酸酶活性18.6%、过氧化氢酶活性5.3%、脲酶活性59.4%,土壤酶活性显著增强,具有和有机肥化肥配施相同的效果。综上所述,炭基肥化肥配合施用具有显著改善灰钙土物理、生物学性状,提高土壤质量的作用。     

Facultative apomixis and chromosome doubling are sources of heterogeneity in citrus rootstock trials: Impact on clementine production and breeding selection

All commercial citrus rootstocks are polyembryonic and propagated by seeds. Although these seeds produce uniform plant material most of the time, zygotic or polyploid citrus seedlings may arise. The aim of this study was to understand how zygotic or tetraploid rootstock could affect a citrus rootstock selection field trial. A trifoliate orange selection field trial, which was planted in 1974 and grafted with clementine, was re-investigated with respect to the presence of rootstocks that were not true-to-type. Among the 288 trees investigated, flow cytometry identified 2.4% of rootstocks as tetraploid and SSR markers indicated that 6.6% were zygotic. Yield data showed that the presence of tetraploid rootstock dramatically decreased (by about 45%) clementine fruit production. However, zygosity did not always affect fruit production and a range of effects were observed, from a slight increase in production to a 24% decrease. Exclusion of non-true-to-type genotypes from the production analysis indicated that the best candidate for rootstock was a clone previously ranked in the middle of the 32 rootstocks under evaluation. However, the presence of zygotic rootstock did not appear to cause any significant differences in fruit quality during the first 5 years of the investigation, which suggests that non-true-to-type plants cannot be identified by fruit quality parameters. This study indicates that tetraploid and zygotic rootstocks have a strong impact on citrus fruit production in orchards, and removal of off-type seedlings is required prior to planting in any agronomic trial.     

野生马铃薯材料苗期耐冻性鉴定

采用人工冷冻鉴定、聚类分析结合田间自然霜冻鉴定的方法,对马铃薯野生种Solanum acaule的后代无性系材料的耐冻性和耐冻类型进行评价。在冷驯化前有11份材料属于霜冻敏感型,12份属于耐冻型,2份属于强耐冻型;而冷驯化后,霜冻敏感型减少到3份,耐冻型和强耐冻型材料分别增加到12份和10份。试验材料冷驯化前后的LT50和冷驯化能力与田间自然霜冻评价结果的相关性均达极显著水平,相关系数分别为0.50、0.91和-0.55。因此人工冷冻鉴定结果可以在一定程度上预测马铃薯材料在田间的霜冻耐性。     

樟树正常叶片与黄化叶片营养状况的周年变化

对位于浙江杭州钱塘江北岸滨海石灰性土壤地区黄化和正常樟树叶片营养状况年周期变化规律作了研究,结果发现黄化樟树叶片全磷比正常树高,而叶绿素计读数(SPAD值)、活性铁、全铁、全N、全K、过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶活性比正常树低,4个取样时期樟树黄化从轻到重顺序依次为2007-08、2007-06、2007-03和2006-10,全磷与活性铁之间表现为拮抗作用,其余营养元素与活性铁之间表现为增效作用。据樟树缺铁黄化叶片营养状况年周期变化规律提出施肥建议,为预防和治理樟树黄化提供新的依据。     

滴灌柑桔园肥料撒施对土壤pH值的影响

pH值为8左右的紫色土柑桔园，每株桔树安装3个流量3L／h的滴头，滴头导流管出水口每年移动一次。2002-2004年，每年分9～11次在树冠滴水线下或距出水口40cm范围内撒施复合肥和尿素等2100～3968g，干旱时滴灌。肥料撒施导致滴头出水口附近土壤酸化，土壤pH值下降主要局限于以出水口为中心、半径40cm的范围内，深度可达80cm。距滴头出水口水平距离5cm处、深15～20cm的土壤，一年内pH值降幅达到1．1。随土壤离滴头出水口距离的增加，土壤pH值下降幅度逐步递减。在距出水口水平距离40cm处、深40～85cm的土壤，每年pH值降幅只有0．1～0．28，而距滴头出水口水平距离60cm以上的土壤范围，对其pH值影响甚微，仅浅土层的土壤pH值下降0．1左右。