Improving grass silage production with controlled traffic farming (CTF): agronomics,system design and economics

Grassland silage management is generally semi-organised with no conscious attempt to re-use wheel ways as with arable fields. The total number of machine passes can be 15 or more with normal traffic (NT) systems resulting in potentially large areas of a field suffering from direct damage to the crop and soil. Literature suggests there can be grass dry matter yield reductions of 5 to 74% under NT through compaction and sward damage, with a mean of 13% in the UK. Commercially available grass forage equipment with widths of 3 to 12 m set up for controlled traffic farming (CTF) could reduce trafficked areas (which is typically 90% to 80% for NT) to 40% to 13% for CTF. This study compared grass dry matter yield between CTF and NT for a three-cut silage system based on a 9 m working width in a permanent silage field in the southwest of Scotland, UK in 2015. Results showed a 13.5% (0.80 t ha^?1) increase in yield for CTF for the 2nd and 3rd cuts combined. The CTF trafficked area covered was 57% less than the NT system (30.4% compared to 87.4%) over the three silage cuts. An economic analysis based on a 13% increase in dry matter yield (for 2- and 3-cut systems) and a reduction in trafficked area from 80% (for NT) to between 45% and 15% (for CTF), increased the yield by between 0.53 t ha^?1 and 1.36 t ha^?1 for 2- and 3-cut systems, respectively with an equivalent grass value of between £38 ha^?1 and £98 ha^?1. Introducing CTF for a multi-cut grass silage system is cost-effective by increasing yields due to a reduction in compaction and sward damage.

     

保护性耕作技术推广过程中农民的认知现状及存在的问题

保护性耕作具有保水、保土等良好的生态效益,已成为可持续农业的重要支撑技术。为了解华北平原保护性耕作在生产和推广过程中农户对保护性耕作的认知情况,在河南省保护性耕作推广示范地区进行农户一对一的问卷调查,以期为保护性耕作技术的完善及技术推广提供依据及指导。分析结果显示,在保护性耕作推广地区,农户普遍接受了保护性耕作模式,玉米的免耕技术和秸秆还田技术得到了大面积的应用,83%的农户对保护性耕作持肯定态度,认为可以培肥地力,保持水土。农户接受保护性耕作主要通过技术推广部门的田间指导,占总数的74%,也多希望通过这种方式进行新技术推广。大部分农户认为秸秆过多、病虫害增加和产量不稳等是限制保护性耕作推广和应用的重要因素,可以通过农机农艺结合、加强政府扶持、选育优良品种和改进配套技术等措施促进保护性耕作技术的发展和推广。     

水田耕地机组技术经济性能评价方法与应用

文章结合水田耕整地农业技术要求,设计了水田耕整地机组技术经济性能的评价指标体系,并探讨了指标的计算方法和机组技术经济性能的综合评价方法。应用前述方法对北方水田耕地机组的技术经济性能进行评价分析,不但完善了机组技术经济性能的评价理论和方法,而且结合实际的评价结论为相应地区选择合适的水田耕地机械提供有益参考。     

土壤深松技术研究进展

论述了深松机具的种类以及深松部件减阻节能的技术措施，分析了土壤-深松部件接触系统的相互关系，提出了基于典型土壤动物的脱附减阻和深松碎土机理的仿生深松部件的设计思路。     

规模化玉米机械化茬耕整地技术选择与机组性能试验

文章提出适宜规模化种植条件下3种玉米后茬耕整地工艺方案;选择5种典型玉米后茬耕整地机组,采用定距多点同步跟踪试验方法,测试各机组耕整地季节发生时间项目及其数值;建立耕整地机组时间利用率随地块条件变化数学模型,分析规模化生产典型耕整地机组时间利用率随地块条件变化规律。提供玉米茬机械化耕整地工艺方案,明确当地块长度不变时,耕整地机组时间利用率随地块面积增加而增加,当地块面积不变时,耕整地机组时间利用率随地块长度增加而增加,不同机组增加幅度不同。研究旨在完善农业机械运用理论,填补规模生产条件下耕整地机组无定量选型依据空白。     

冬小麦免耕复种油葵技术研究

传统耕作对土壤耕作层多次耕翻耙耱是造成我国土地沙漠化的主要根源。为此,引进国外先进的玉米(油葵)免耕播种机,采用定点定时取样、田间调查、室内分析与统计相结合的方法,将免耕播种技术、灭茬免耕播种技术试验示范与传统耕作技术进行对比试验,结果表明:保护性耕作技术可节省机耕费225~375元/hm2,增效765~1 455元/hm2;油葵生长期间,保护性耕作技术不同土层土壤水分提高15%~25%,土壤容重提高25%~48%;油葵收获后,保护性耕作技术的土壤速效养分(氮磷钾)累积比传统耕作高。     

The role of indigenous tillage systems in sustainable food production

Farmers in developed countries have established various tillage practices for crop production. These include plowing, disking, subsoiling, harrowing, field cultivating, rotary hoeing, and row-crop cultivating. But these conventional tillage practices necessitate the use of heavy equipment that often causes soil compaction, impairs soil physical conditions, and creates conditions leading to soil erosion. Many Western countries, studying their conventional tillage systems through the new perspective of sustainable approaches to agriculture, are developing new tillage practices, called conservation tillage, which limit tillage to essential operations and prevent damage to soil. The majority of the small-scale farmers in developing countries use indigenous tillage systems. These are low-cost, locally adapted technologies that reflect considerable knowledge of sustainable agriculture. Ironically, the new conservation tillage systems currently being developed in the West have many characteristics of indigenous tillage systems. This paper compares conventional, conservation, and indigenous tillage practices, using examples from the United States and India, and concludes that, for sustainable food production, indigenous tillage practices in developing countries should continue to be used.     

1ZML-210深松型联合整地机的研制

为了解决传统联合整地机不能完成超深松的问题,在研究分析传统联合整地机的基础上,研制出可与大马力拖拉机配套的新型耕整地机具1ZML-210深松型联合整地机。该机具在灭茬刀轴和旋耕刀轴中间增加一组超深松装置。从而可以打破犁底层,提高土壤透气、透水性能,提高土壤抵抗自然灾害能力。该机具一次作业能够完成垄上灭茬、深松、旋耕、起...     

吉林省中部黑土区玉米秸秆还田主要技术模式应用效益分析

2018-2020年吉林省实施第二批黑土地保护利用试点项目,在包括公主岭市、梨树县等在内的中部黑土区推广包括条玉米秸秆覆盖条带旋耕种植、玉米秸秆全量深翻还田技术、玉米秸秆堆沤培肥等技术模式,技术实施后项目区内土层平均厚度28.67cm,土壤有机质含量平均提高3.25% ,秸秆还田量71% ,每亩平均增产51.50万公斤,3年累计增收4.12亿元。以保护性耕作为主的秸秆还田技术模式,对提高土壤有机质含量,提升黑土地质量,改善生态环境,提高农民收入起到了重要作用。     

Socioeconomic impact of widespread adoption of precision farming and controlled traffic systems in Denmark

In this study we assess the economic profitability of implementing various precision farming (PF) technologies and controlled traffic farming (CTF) on 4 main crops in Denmark. The study provides insight into technological requirements, and identifies related costs and benefits to farmers and the Danish society as a whole. At the farm level, the findings from the study indicate that an implementation of CTF systems may have a significant impact on fuel savings due to a reduced overlap with auto guidance systems and easier movement with tractors and tools in the field. The PF site-specific weed management approach may facilitate large savings in the use of herbicides. At the national level, the results clearly show that the benefits to the Danish economy of adopting this new technology is positive with increased income to farmers and a reduction in fuel consumption and pesticides/herbicides use. The obtained results reflect the long term economic effect of implementing new production methods in Denmark where soil fertility increases over time due to reduced traffic increasing yields. Over all, the Danish GDP is estimated to increase by 34?million?? due to the implementation of PF and CTF on larger farms in Denmark. The results also clearly show that adoption of PF and CTF farming systems will benefit the environment. The agricultural sectors input of environmental harmful inputs are reduced in all scenarios presented in this paper. The adoption of PF and CTF systems should thus be of interest to politicians since it clearly facilitates aims of environmental policies currently under implementation by the Danish government.     

小麦玉米两熟制农田轮耕制的研究

在小麦、玉米一年两熟制农田上,进行耕法定位及配合试验,试验表明,耙茬少耕的有效年限为1～2年。秋季麦前耕作可实行耙茬少耕1～2年、翻耕或深松1年的轮耕制。轮耕制较连年翻耕具有高效、争时、节能、降本、护土、增产的效果。夏玉米可免耕种植。     

不同耕作方式对土壤理化性状及玉米产量的影响

通过2010,2011年的大田试验,对常规耕作、免耕、深翻、深松4种处理的土壤含水量、容重和氮、磷、钾、有机质含量以及玉米产量进行分析。结果表明,各处理在玉米拔节期、大喇叭口期、灌浆期和成熟期的土壤含水量由高到低的顺序均为:深翻>深松>常规耕作>免耕;深翻和深松处理0～30 cm,土壤容重较常规耕作分别降低10.27%和2.10%,免耕较常规耕作增加4.1%;深翻和深松处理较常规耕作的土壤速效钾、有效磷、有机质含量增加;深翻和深松处理的玉米产量分别较常规耕作提高20.38%和3.74%,免耕处理较常规耕作减产15.11%。选择合理的耕作方式,能够有效改善土壤结构,提高土壤含水量、有机质含量和作物产量。     

旱地玉米保护性机械化耕作技术和机具体系

在６年的保护性耕作研究中,先后试验研究了碎秆免耕,碎秆深松,倒杆免耕,立秆免耕,碎秆免耕＋耙,碎秆深松＋耙等保护性耕作方案,研制出组合式限深切草轮,行间压草轮,以及单体防堵分草板等免耕播种机的关键作业部件,农机与农艺相结合的试验结果表明,保护性耕作具有明显的减少水土流失,增产增收的效果,已形成一和中新的机械化旱作技术和机具体系。     

东北冷凉风沙区不同保护性耕作措施对玉米耕层土壤肥力水平的影响

以东北冷凉风沙区普遍采用的玉米垄作保护性耕作方式为研究对象,通过定点试验(2004～2007年),研究不同保护性耕作措施对玉米耕层土壤肥力水平的影响.研究结果表明:不同保护性耕作措施下的土壤微生物数最均大于传统耕作(CK),其中留茬覆盖(B2)>留茬(B1)>火茬(B3).灭茬方式(B3)的土壤脲酶活性最高,留茬覆盖(B2)处理前期土壤脲酶活性较低,但后期增长迅速.留茬覆盖(B2)措施对土壤碱性磷酸酶活性的影响最显著.不同保护性耕作措施土壤有机质含量均高于传统耕作(CK),其中留茬覆盖(B2)比对照高1.58%,但差异不显著.同一种保护性耕作措施下土壤有机质含量都表现出随覆盖年限的延长而提高的趋势,留茬覆盖(B2)方式的有机质含量增加明显,2007年比2004年增加0.18g·kg~(-1).年际间不同保护性耕作措施下的土壤碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾的含量均高于传统耕作(CK),且随着保护性耕作方式实施年限延长,同一种保护性耕作措施下的土壤碱解氮和速效磷的含量呈现增加趋势,其中留茬覆盖(B2)的增幅最大,2007年比2004年分别增加35.3%和32.7%.     

耕作覆盖对宁南旱区土壤团粒结构及马铃薯水分利用效率的影响

【目的】探讨耕作覆盖对旱作土壤团粒结构、马铃薯产量和水分利用效率的影响。【方法】于2013—2016年进行连续3个作物生长季定位试验,通过设置3种耕作方式（深松、免耕、翻耕）和3种覆盖措施（秸秆覆盖、地膜覆盖和不覆盖）,研究耕作结合覆盖对土壤团聚体数量、土壤蓄水量及马铃薯产量和水分利用效率的影响。【结果】耕作方式、覆盖措施及二者交互作用可显著增加0—40 cm土层>0.25 mm土壤团聚体含量,深松覆盖秸秆处理0—20 cm土层>0.25 mm土壤团聚体含量在欠水年（2016）和相对欠水年（2014）分别较翻耕不覆盖显著提高14.2%、16.9%,而免耕覆盖秸秆处理在平水年（2015）较翻耕不覆盖显著提高8.5%;20—40 cm土层>0.25 mm土壤团聚体含量在欠水年以深松覆盖秸秆、相对欠水年深松覆盖地膜和平水年免耕覆盖秸秆处理最高,分别较翻耕不覆盖显著提高18.2%、21.5%、18.7%。耕作方式、覆盖措施及二者交互作用对0—200 cm土层蓄水量影响显著,深松覆盖秸秆处理休闲期土壤蓄水量分别在相对欠水年、欠水年和平水年较翻耕不覆盖处理显著提高29.6%、9.3%、11.4%;其关键生育时期平均土壤蓄水量分别在欠水年和相对欠水年较翻耕不覆盖显著增加21.9%、28.9%,而免耕覆盖秸秆处理在平水年较翻耕不覆盖处理显著增加17.1%。在相对欠水年,耕作方式对马铃薯产量和水分利用效率无显著影响,而覆盖措施及耕作与覆盖交互作用对其有显著影响,以免耕覆盖秸秆处理最佳,分别较翻耕不覆盖处理显著提高51.8%和50.5%;在平水年和欠水年,耕作方式、覆盖措施及其二者交互对马铃薯产量和水分利用效率有极显著影响,产量、水分利用效率均以深松覆盖秸秆处理效果最佳,平均较翻耕不覆盖处理显著提高56.9%和44.8%。【结论】耕作结合覆盖措施可改善耕层土壤团粒结构,显著增强休闲期和生育期土壤蓄水保墒能力,从而显著提高马铃薯产量和水分利用效率,在平水年和欠水年采用深松结合秸秆覆盖、相对欠水年采用免耕结合秸秆覆盖模式可实现宁南旱作马铃薯增产。     

Combine Harvester Control Using Real Time Kinematic GPS

An accurate vehicle guidance system is required for some precision agriculture operations. It can be used for high speed direct seeding on a farm tractor. Such a system also ensures neither overlapping nor missing areas during the harvest, even when visibility is poor. But, automatic path following in the field is a difficult problem. Many vehicle guidance systems have been studied. Some use two dimensional (2D) information, while others are based upon 3D information. Most of the sensors use output information relative to their environment without absolute reference of the path. As the new reference is based on the previous pass, one of the main problems encountered with the edge following systems is an increase in the amplitude of oscillations due to guidance errors in successive passes. Thus, human operators frequently and periodically sacrifice efficiency in one pass to straighten out the edge of the worked area. Another kind of sensor, centimeter accuracy Real-Time Kinematic based Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers, can be used. The advent of accurate systems, with a standard deviation from the mean of about 10 mm, allows the design and implementation of absolute vehicle guidance systems. A few approaches to GPS-based control systems also include attitude measurement sensors such as fiber optic gyroscope. The preliminary work presented in this paper was aimed at validating the use of a GPS receiver in a vehicle guidance system, without any orientation sensor. We have designed a controller to perform a line-following task. Real-time experiments have been carried out on a combine harvester.     

土壤保持耕作——全球农业可持续发展优先领域

 从农业活动对全球变化以及对农业可持续发展的影响进而导致全球性土壤保持需求的迫切性增加出发，追踪了国外土壤保持耕作领域的研究和发展动态；对中国该领域研究发展现状和研究水平，从时间、深度、方法、生产应用等方面与国外进行了比较分析。中国是一个水土流失和耕地退化严重的农业大国，而从全球统计数字来看，中国土壤保持耕作面积目前仅占全球保持耕作面积的0.2%，仅占全国耕地面积的0.1%， 其现状与中国耕地资源和环境的继续退化以及对土壤保持耕作需求的增加极不相符。加强中国土壤保持耕作系统研究和土壤保持耕作"节能固碳"长期建设不仅对中国而且对全球变化及农业可持续发展具有重大意义。鉴于中国土壤保持耕作领域研究和发展所存在的不足和所面临的更大挑战，以及该领域研究涉及到复杂的农业系统"耕作管理-生物过程-环境变化"相互作用及其系统能流-碳流循环过程，尤其农业生态系统碳汇/源估量尚存在诸多不确定性因素等科学问题，有必要运用综合的系统性研究分析方法，借助国外长期试验和理论研究经验，以及系统模型模拟研究手段等多学科和交叉学科知识，加速提升中国土壤保持耕作领域的科研实力和水平，为实现碳汇/源科学调控管理、减缓农业对温室效应贡献、促进农业可持续发展提供科学依据。     

辽西地区垄作和平作保护性耕作方式比较研究

比较了平作和垄作下不同保护性耕作方式对土壤水分、温度和作物生长发育和产量的影响。结果表明,几种耕作方式中平作的平均产量都要高于垄作,其增产率在11.38%￣15.20%之间。在相同的垄作或平作方式下,不同的保护性耕作方式的增产幅度不同,其中秸秆还田增产幅度最大。平作方式的出苗率、叶面积指数、根干重和干物重都高于垄作,但不同的保护性耕作方式其各项指标变化有所不同。平作下保护性耕作方式的土壤含水量高于垄作;垄作方式有一定的增温效应,尤其在苗期的土壤表层。     

江苏沿江砂壤土耕作配套模式的研究

本文剖析了沿江砂壤土的成土特点、土壤耕作方面存在的主要问题.以7年不同耕法的定位试验和大面积生产实践为依据,提出了以少耕为主体,少、免交替,2-3年一耕的深、浅、免结合的轮耕配套模式.实践证明,这种耕法具有保护土壤、争取农时、省工降本、持续高效等经济效益和生态、社会效益.近3年推广面积达221.7万亩,平均比常规耕法增产5.2％-14.9％,节约农本5％-8.9％,增加纯收入20％-30％。     

农机直线行走作业DGPS导航算法研究

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