青海省三江源区天然草地改良与合理利用建议

阐述了青海省三江源区草地畜牧业与草地利用的现状和存在的问题.在分析其他地区草地利用经验的基础上,提出了该地区退化草地改良与合理利用的建议,供有关人员参考.     

克什克腾旗草地资源保护与利用

草地是非常重要的自然生态系统,草地资源的可持续利用已经成为今天人类社会可持续发展关注的热点。本文针对克什克腾旗草地资源现状及利用情况,分析了草地资源利用与保护中存在的问题并提出了解决方案,进而对克什克腾旗草原不同地区进行定位并确定了可持续发展方向。     

青海湖地区草地资源生产潜力及可持续利用分析

由于自然环境的不断恶化和人为不合理利用,导致青海湖地区草地生态系统功能紊乱,草地第一性生产力严重下降,如何实现草地资源可持续利用,成为当前青海湖地区畜牧业可持续发展亟待解决的问题。通过对青海湖地区草地资源气候生产潜力、宜牧土地生产潜力和潜力总量的估算,探讨影响草地资源生产潜力的驱动机制,寻求有效合理利用、保护和改良草地资源对策,最终实现草地资源的可持续利用。     

奉节县草地资源与生态监测结果分析

根据《农业部草原资源与生态监测操作手册》的要求，奉节县组织技术人员于2005、2006、2007、2008年6～7月对不同生态条件的20个样地的监测，监测的内容包括草地生态状况、草地植被状况、草地生产力状况、草地利用情况等。通过四年的草地资源与生态监测，基本了解了奉节县低、中、高山地区的草原资源与生态情况和草地利用现状，为合理利用草地资源与保护库区生态环境提供了科学依据。     

喀斯特石漠化地区草地承载力研究进展与展望

当前我国喀斯特石漠化地区人地矛盾突出,草畜矛盾尖锐,草地承载力严重下降,如何恢复受损的喀斯特草地生态系统、提高草地畜牧业的经济效益、突破石漠化恶性循环,是当下石漠化治理过程中亟需解决的艰巨任务。科学合理地提高草地承载力能够最大化利用草地资源和缓解草畜矛盾,实现草地畜牧业可持续发展,最终达到生态建设与经济效益同步发展的目标。因此,本文主要对草地承载力在喀斯特石漠化地区的研究现状进行了论述,提出国内外关于草地承载力研究拟解决的关键科学问题,并针对现阶段存在的不足进行了展望,以期为喀斯特地区草地畜牧业发展与石漠化治理提供理论支持与借鉴。     

青海湖地区草地绿期预报模式初步研究

草地生态景观是青海湖地区旅游资源的重要组成部分,草地绿期的开始与结束依赖于天然牧草的生长发育状况,而其与气象条件的变化紧密关联。为此,利用多年的牧草观测资料和气象资料,界定了青海湖地区草地绿期开始和结束时间,并建立了绿期开始和结束的预报模式,经比较分析,拟合结果较好,建立的模式能定性的预测出青海湖地区天然草地绿期开始和结束的时间。该结果可为青海湖地区旅游和草原管理部门合理规划利用草地生态旅游资源、安排客源、保护和改善生态以及实现草原经济的可持续发展提供参考依据。     

鄱阳湖和洞庭湖地区草地资源及季节性畜牧业模式研究

对鄱阳湖和洞庭湖地区草地资源的数量、质量、利用特点和开发潜力等进行了分析,对以开发草地资源、发展草地畜牧业作为该地区退田还湖后替代产业的可能性进行了探讨,并在此基础上推荐了几种利用湖洲草地进行季节性草地畜牧业生产的模式方案,进而提出了发展替代性草地畜牧业的政策性建议.     

阿拉善天然草地资源及其发展畜牧业的主要途径

在简述阿拉善地区自然条件的基础上,着重阐述了该地区天然草地植被分布规律与特点、草地类型和生产力特点,以及草地利用中存在的主要问题,并提出合理开发利用草地资源、发展草地畜牧业的主要途径.     

贵州地区草地资源可持续发展战略初探

论述了贵州地区草地资源可持续发展现状、贵州草地资源的分布及类型、贵州草地资源利用存在的主要问题,指出贵州地区草地资源可持续发展战略路径:高度重视草地资源的保护与利用,建设高效的人工草地和改良草地;加强草地科学技术研究与开发,宣传草原保护相关法规,提高草地建设保护"人人有责"的科学意识;加快农闲田、冬闲田种草,建立新型草田轮作制度;建议相关部门给予政策支持与补偿,提供平等的发展环境,给予更多的发展机会,促进发展能力的提高。以期为贵州省草地资源开发利用提供理论和决策依据,促进贵州省草地资源开发走向可持续发展的道路。     

奉节县草地资源与生态监测结果分析

根据<农业部草原资源与生态监测操作手册>的要求,奉节县组织技术人员于2005年至2008年连续4年6～7月对不同生态条件的20个样地进行监测.监测的内容包括草地生态、植被、生产力状况、草地利用情况等.通过4年的草地资源与生态监测,基本摸清了奉节县低、中、高山地区的草原资源与生态情况和草地利用现状,为合理利用草地资源与保护库区生态环境提供了科学依据.     

美国草原管理法律法规发展概况

草地资源的立法管理是各国管理草地资源防止草地退化的主要人为调控手段。美国草原立法开始早,立法体系完善,对美国公共草地合理管理做出了巨大贡献。美国草地立法经历了3个阶段:首先是草原立法和管理主要在各州层面上,对公共草地管理作用不大,使西部公共草地处于无序利用状态,草地退化严重;第二是《泰勒放牧法》颁布后,开始了公共草地管理,建立了有照放牧和放牧收费制度;第三是美国草地的多用途管理,出台了与草地资源管理相关的一系列法律,主要是《环境政策法》和《联邦土地政策管理法》,草地资源相关价值受到高度重视。在国家立法规定下,对草地资源的价值进行评估。研究美国草地立法过程和立法思想,对于合理管理中国草地资源具有重要指导意义。     

防治沙尘暴须坚持草原自然资源可持续利用

开垦草原、过度农垦和撂荒、过度利用水资源、超采地下水,导致干旱区土地沙化、沙尘源面积扩大;草原持续超载过牧,滥采滥挖草原的植物资源,无序开发草原矿产资源,人为破坏草原植被,造成草原沙化;超越水土资源承载力,追求高产出的不当农业经营方式,违反自然规律的生态建设,造就了新的沙尘源,助长了沙尘暴的暴发。通过采用资源可持续利用技术、降低草原和土地利用强度、恢复干旱草原以牧为主的经营方式等措施,可以提高植被覆盖度,减少裸露旱作农田、撂荒地等沙尘源面积,从而减少沙尘暴的暴发次数,减轻其危害程度。     

不同放牧密度对草原植被特征的影响分析

呼伦贝尔天然草原在不同放牧半径条件下的草原植被演替特征，包括植被组成、群落主要植物的优势度、植被演替度、植被高度、盖度以及生产力与放牧强度的变化关系等。结果分析表明：呼伦贝尔草原放牧密度的差异将导致植被组成中的减少种、增加种与侵入种比例呈有规律改变，特别是随放牧密度的增大，侵入种比例急剧开始升高；同时草原植被中优势种比例下降，而且植被演替度减小，植被生产力下降。应用植被生态学的定量分析方法，对不同     

Grazing Intensity on Vegetation Dynamics of a Typical Steppe in Northeast Inner Mongolia

Vegetation features radiating from residential areas in response to livestock grazing were quantified for an arid steppe rangeland in the Keshiketeng Banner, Chifeng Prefecture, in northeastern Inner Mongolia in 2004 and 2006. The aim of this study was to estimate grazing impacts on the vegetation dynamics of these historical grazed ecosystems. Grazing intensities were classified as reference area (RA), light (LG), moderate (MG), and heavy (HG) according to the vegetation utilization across the study area. Rangelands were studied along a grazing gradient, where characteristics of plant communities, heights of dominant species, aboveground vertical structures, and belowground biomass were investigated. Along this grazing gradient, vegetation changed from the original dominant plant species Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvel. to a semi-subshrub species Artemisia frigida Willd. when moving from the reference area (RA) to the region around the settlement. Canopy coverage, aboveground productivity, and the number of perennial species declined as one moved toward the residential area. Heights of five dominant species, except for Stipa grandis P. Smirn., declined with increased grazing intensity. Aboveground vertical structure in the RA treatment showed more resilience than the other treatments. There was no difference in root biomass in the top 1 m of soil (P > 0.05) between the RA treatment and the area immediately around settlement (HG treatment). Generally, we found that the intensity of grazing disturbance did not exceed the tolerance of the rangeland ecosystem within LG treatment. However, vegetative conditions in HG treatment became worse with increased grazing pressure. Rangelands in this arid steppe are under tremendous threat due to excessive forage utilization, which cannot be considered a sustainable practice.     

新疆裕民县夏季草地合理放牧强度监测报告

通过开放式的定点样方笼移动法,监测当前放牧强度下草地的产草量与不同阶段的存量,以此估算夏草地的合理放牧强度。监测结果显示：裕民县禾草＋苔草＋杂类草类型夏草地的牧草产量为鲜草5238kg／hm^2,干草2017kg／hm^2实际利用率约为84％,超载率约40％,合理放牧强度为9．96羊单位／hm^2,放牧90d。     

青藏高原人工草地暖季不同放牧方式对牦牛增重的影响

在青藏高原高寒草甸区比较研究了多年生人工草地和天然草地暖季放牧对犊牦牛生长的影响,结果得出:不同放牧方式下,1岁牛的个体增重差异明显,人工草地轮牧>人工草地连续放牧>天然草地连续放牧,2岁牛的增重不受草地和放牧方式的影响,个体增重、日增重和单位草地面积的增重都高于1岁犊牦牛。     

利用遥感技术监测锡林郭勒天然草原利用强度方法初探

利用多时相的遥感数据，对2005年锡林郭勒天然草原生长期放牧利用强度进行了信息提取、监测和制图。结果表明：在牧草生长季节，天然草原各旬度的利用强度与植被指数旬度变动系数成反比，并与降雨和植被长势时空分布格局相一致；放牧初期旬度变动系数下降4％左右，利用强度较轻，处于轻度过牧状态；6月中旬以后，旬度变动系数下降12％～20％之间，利用强度加重，处于中度超载过牧状态；8月下旬后植物生长停止，旬度变动系数下降27％左右，利用强度最重，处于重度超载过牧状态。遥感监测结果经过地面同步采集数据验证，监测精度达到79．6％。     

珍珠草原对不同模拟放牧强度的响应

草与畜的关系是放牧生态学研究的重点。以阿拉善荒漠草原典型植物珍珠(Salsola passerina)为研究对象,人工设置不同的处理模拟不同放牧强度对珍珠生长的影响,为荒漠草原的合理利用提供依据。研究结果表明,轻度、中度及重度放牧条件下,珍珠种群密度随处理强度的增加而增加。不同处理下植株的冠幅变化不明显,植株的高度在中度干扰下最大,轻度放牧次之,重度放牧最低。3种处理对珍珠生物量都有很大影响,轻度及中度放牧有利于珍珠的生长,而重度放牧则使生物量下降。计算补偿生长指数发现珍珠秋季的补偿生长旺盛,春季中度放牧有利于珍珠的补偿性生长,夏季补偿性生长表现不明显。因此,适度放牧有利于珍珠草原的恢复与健康发展,珍珠这种荒漠草原特有的植物在秋季具有极好的耐牧性。     

Behavioral and Ecological Implications of Bunched,Rotational Cattle Grazing in East African Savanna Ecosystem

Rangelands and the wildlife and livestock they support are critical to human livelihoods, but rangeland ecosystems increasingly suffer from overgrazing and degradation. Planned grazing, a strategy that commonly involves time-controlled rotations of high-density (bunched) groups of cattle across a pasture, is marketed as a method to enhance rangeland health and lessen livestock impacts. However, the behavioral mechanisms underlying any potential rangeland improvements resulting from rotational, high-density planned grazing have rarely been examined. To investigate these mechanisms, we compared planned grazing with conventional continuous grazing management in a savanna ecosystem in Kenya. We surveyed cattle grazing behavior, measured changes in vegetation characteristics through surveys conducted before and after cattle grazing, and measured native ungulate abundance following grazing using camera traps. Stocking rates were held constant across treatments, resulting in a commensurate decline in total foliar hits per pin (a proxy for vegetative biomass) across treatments. Planned grazing management altered cattle behavior and reduced grazing selectivity by restricting movements, causing cattle to walk more slowly while grazing and to take more bites per step. Vegetation survey results supported this finding: cattle in the planned grazing treatment ate significantly more Pennisetum grasses (typically avoided because of their unpalatability), creating the opportunity for regrowth of more palatable species after seasonal rains. We also documented significantly higher zebra presence in planned grazing plots after cattle grazing, likely due to increased relative abundance of more palatable grass species. This investigation of grazing behavior, and specifically decreased grazing selectivity as a mechanism underpinning the benefits of planned grazing, shows that when conducted at appropriate stocking densities, planned grazing has the potential to help mitigate rangeland degradation and improve rangeland sustainability for both livestock and wildlife in pastoral African savanna ecosystems.     

Monitoring of Livestock Grazing Effects on Bureau of Land Management Land

Public land management agencies, such as the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), are charged with managing rangelands throughout the western United States for multiple uses, such as livestock grazing and conservation of sensitive species and their habitats. Monitoring of condition and trends of these rangelands, particularly with respect to effects of livestock grazing, provides critical information for effective management of these multiuse landscapes. We therefore investigated the availability of livestock grazing-related quantitative monitoring data and qualitative region-specific Land Health Standards (LHS) data across BLM grazing allotments in the western United States. We then queried university and federal rangeland science experts about how best to prioritize rangeland monitoring activities. We found that the most commonly available monitoring data were permittee-reported livestock numbers and season-of-use data (71% of allotments) followed by repeat photo points (58%), estimates of forage utilization (52%), and, finally, quantitative vegetation measurements (37%). Of the 57% of allotments in which LHS had been evaluated as of 2007, the BLM indicated 15% had failed to meet LHS due to livestock grazing. A full complement of all types of monitoring data, however, existed for only 27% of those 15%. Our data inspections, as well as conversations with rangeland experts, indicated a need for greater emphasis on collection of grazing-related monitoring data, particularly ground cover. Prioritization of where monitoring activities should be focused, along with creation of regional monitoring teams, may help improve monitoring. Overall, increased emphasis on monitoring of BLM rangelands will require commitment at multiple institutional levels.