铝中毒对雏鸡大脑和小脑金属元素含量的影响

采用连续腹腔注射固定体积不同浓度梯度三氯化铝法建立不同程度的雏鸡铝中毒动物模型,利用火焰原子吸收法检测雏鸡大脑、小脑组织中金属元素铝、钙、铁、铜、锌和锰的含量.结果表明,染铝组雏鸡脑组织中铝含量高于对照组,铜、锌、锰、钙、铁含量低于对照组,组间差异显著(P<0.05,P<0.01),且存在剂量一效应关系.提示铝中毒致雏鸡大脑和小脑金属元素代谢紊乱.     

铝中毒对雏鸡肝功能相关酶活性及抗氧化功能的影响

采用连续腹腔注射相同体积不同浓度梯度的三氯化铝,建立不同程度的鸡亚慢性铝中毒模型,检测铝中毒雏鸡肝脏功能指标(ALT、AST活性)和抗氧化、脂质过氧化指标(GSH-Px、SOD活性和MDA含量)。结果表明,铝中毒雏鸡血清ALT、AST活性明显高于健康对照组雏鸡,肝脏组织中GSH-Px、SOD活性明显低于对照组雏鸡,而MDA含量明显高于对照组雏鸡。表明,铝中毒对雏鸡肝脏结构和功能有明显的影响。     

多赛特羊与蒙古羊微量元素、超氧化物岐化酶和氧自由基的比较

通过测定无角多赛特肉羊和蒙古羊血清、被毛中微量元素铜、锌、锰,血清中超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)和氧自由基(O-.)含量,发现2个品种羊春、秋季节血清、被毛中铜、锌、锰含量差异显著(P0.05);春、秋季节血清中T-SOD、CuZn-SOD、Mn-SOD、O-.含量差异显着(P0.05)。2个品种绵羊血清中Cu、Zn含量与CuZn-SOD含量呈正相关,T-SOD与O-.之间存在一定的相关性。该研究对引进肉用羊的饲养、育种及疾病防治等方面具有重要意义。     

变异黄芪中毒大鼠组织中微量元素含量变化

为明确疯草类有毒植物变异黄芪中毒对动物组织中微量元素含量的影响,选用60只雌性SD大鼠随机分为对照组、试验Ⅰ组(含10%变异黄芪日粮组)和试验Ⅱ组(含30%变异黄芪日粮组),待试验组出现典型疯草中毒症状后采集各组器官,应用原子分光光度计测定其铜、铁、锰、锌含量。结果显示,与对照组相比,试验组大鼠心、肝、脾、肾、大脑和子宫中铜、铁含量显著降低(P<0.05),而肺中铜、铁含量显著升高(P<0.05),且均呈剂量依赖性;与对照组相比,试验Ⅰ组大鼠肺、肾、大脑和子宫中锰以及脾、大脑和子宫中锌含量显著降低(P<0.05),试验Ⅱ组大鼠各器官锰和锌含量均显著降低(P<0.05)。结果表明,变异黄芪中毒能引起大鼠组织中铜、铁、锰和锌含量不同程度的变化,推测微量元素变化可能参与其引起动物中毒的病理学过程。     

铝中毒对蛋鸡抗氧化能力和体液免疫功能的影响

采用连续腹腔注射固定体积不同浓度梯度三氯化铝法,建立不同程度的鸡亚慢性铝中毒模型,检测蛋鸡血清、脾脏和法氏囊中SOD活性、GSH-Px活性、MDA含量,血清免疫球蛋白IgG、IgA、IgM浓度及新城疫抗体效价.结果表明,与对照组雏鸡比较,血清、脾脏和法氏囊中MDA含量不同程度地升高,而其余各指标均不同程度地降低,且存在着剂量-效应关系.由此说明,铝中毒有明显抑制蛋鸡抗氧化能力和体液免疫功能的作用.     

过量锰对鸡大脑中锰、铜、铁、锌和钙的影响

本试验探讨锰(Mn)对鸡大脑中锰、铜、铁、锌和钙的影响.在饲料中添加600、900、1800 mg/kg MnCl2建立慢性锰中毒模型,分别在试验30、60、90 d剖杀鸡只取大脑组织,采用火焰原子吸收法进行锰、铜(cu)、铁(Fe)、锌(Zn)及钙(Ca)含量检测.结果发现:与对照组相比,各染锰组鸡大脑中锰、铜、铁含量升高,锌含量降低,呈一定时间一剂量效应:钙呈波动性变化.其中锰与铜呈显著正相关,锰与锌呈显著负相关.总之,摄入过量锰可使鸡大脑中锰、铜、铁、锌和钙5种金属元素含量发生变化,并呈现一定的相关性.过量锰引起脑内金属元素失衡,从而对鸡的中枢神经系统产生危害.     

氨基酸锌及氨基酸锌、铜、锰复合对育成期蛋鸡生长性能及组织抗氧化机能的影响

试验选择 5 76只 3周龄海兰褐壳蛋鸡 ,研究日粮添加氨基酸锌以及氨基酸锌、铜、锰复合添加对育成期蛋鸡生产性能及抗氧化机能的影响。试验结果表明 ,与不加锌的对照组相比 ,添加氨基酸锌及复合添加氨基酸锌、铜、锰提高 3～ 8周龄的采食量。与ZnSO4相比 ,氨基酸锌显著 (P <0 .0 5 )提高 8周龄时肝脏T SOD和CuZnSOD的活性和总抗氧化力 (TAOC) ,降低 18周龄时肝脏丙二醛 (MDA)的含量 ;显著 (P <0 .0 5 )提高脾脏 8周龄TAOC和 18周龄时的CuZn SOD、T SOD的活性 ,显著降低 (P <0 .0 5 ) 8周龄和 18周龄时脾脏MDA的产量。日粮添加微量元素Zn ,Cu ,Mn氨基酸络合物组合与相同水平的无机盐相比显著提高蛋鸡 18周龄肝脏TAOC ,8周龄脾脏TAOC以及 18周龄脾脏GSH Px的活性 ;显著降低 18周龄肝脏MDA含量和 8周龄脾脏MDA的含量 (P <0 .0 5 )。而相同来源不同水平的微量元素组合除 18周龄肝脏TAOC值因元素供给量增大而提高外 ,其它指标均没有显著差异     

富硒铜锌牧草对奶牛抗氧化功能的影响

利用富含硒、铜、锌、锰牧草喂饲处于亚临床微量元素不足的奶牛,研究奶牛血中硒、铜、锌、锰元素含量及抗氧化指标的变化。结果表明：奶牛血中铜、锌、硒元素含量有显著的增加,血清GSH-Px、SOD、CP、T-AOC等抗氧化指标有较明显的提高。     

铜缺乏对乳牛血液抗氧化功能的影响

为阐明铜缺乏对乳牛血液抗氧化功能的影响,本实验选择缺铜地区全血铜低于NRC下限(0.8 mg/kg)但无明显摇摆症状的犊牛25头作为亚临床铜缺乏组;并对其中15头进行补铜试验(饲料中添加硫酸铜100 mg/kg干重),以15头临床健康乳牛作为对照组,分别于40 d及80 d采集血样并检测血清中CuZn-SOD(铜锌超氧化物歧化酶)、GSH-PX(谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶)的活性及LPO(血清脂质过氧化物)的含量;同时也检测了各组奶牛血液中微量元素的含量并探讨了它们与抗氧化功能的关系.结果表明,发病奶牛血清中的CuZn-SOD、GSH-PX的活性显著低于对照组及亚临床组(P＜0.05),发病奶牛血清中的LPO含量显著高于对照组及亚临床组(P＜0.05).补铜能够显著增加乳牛血清中的CuZn-SOD、GSH-PX的活性并降低LPO的含量.血清铜与CuZn-SOD活性存在着显著正相关,但血清铜含量与血清LPO含量呈显著负相关;硒与GSH-PX活性及LPO含量分别呈显著正相关及显著负相关关系;奶牛血清铁与GSH-PX及CuZn-SOD活性也存在显著的负相关.结论:铜缺乏能够降低乳牛血液的抗氧化功能,补铜能降低奶牛体内LPO的含量及提高抗氧化功能.     

日粮不同锌水平对法国鹌鹑生长发育及组织中微量元素含量的影响

用2周龄健康法国鹌鹑324只,按体重随机分为9组,每组设3个重复,试验采用玉米-豆饼型基础日粮(含锌26.7ppm),在此基础上,添加9个梯度水平(ppm)的锌(0,25,50,75,100,500,1000,1500,2000),进行为期3周的饲养试验.试验期末,进行血液生化指标测定和组织器官微量元素含量分析.试验结果表明,法国鹌鹑日粮中以添加50ppm和75ppm锌为宜,对增重、采食量和饲料效率均有一定作用.1000ppm锌为最大耐受量,1500ppm锌为其中毒量;在一定锌水平范围内,血清总蛋白和球蛋白含量、碱性磷酸酶(SAP)活性均随日粮锌水平的提高而显著提高(P<0.05),当锌添加量为500ppm时,其达最大值,随后呈降低趋势.血清白蛋白含量不受日粮锌水平的影响.锌与其它微量元素之间的关系依不同组织器官而异,缺乏规律性.日粮补饲锌能显著降低肝脏中铁、铜、锰和肾脏中铁的含量,提高骨骼.血清中锰及肾脏中铜的含量.     

Anaesthesia and analgesia of the donkey and the mule

The number of donkeys and mules throughout the world is stable, and awareness of their use and concern for welfare, pain recognition and treatment are receiving increasing veterinary interest. Therefore, accurate information about anaesthesia and analgesia in donkeys and mules is important to ever more equine practitioners. Since donkeys are physiologically and pharmacologically different from horses, knowledge on species specific aspects of anaesthesia and analgesia are very important. Mules combine elements from both donkey and horse backgrounds, leading to great diversity in size, temperament and body type. Physiologically, they seem to resemble horses more than donkeys. This review highlights the current knowledge on various anaesthetic and analgesic approaches in donkeys and mules. There is still much information that is not available about donkeys; in many circumstances, the clinician must use available equine information to treat the patient, while monitoring carefully to observe for differences in response to therapy compared to the horse.     

Ultrasonographic examination of the caecum and the proximal and spiral ansa of the colon of cattle

The large intestine of 10 cows was examined from the right abdominal wall with a 3.5 MHz linear transducer. The cows were then slaughtered, and the organs were re-examined in a water bath. The caecum was visualised from the middle region of the abdominal wall. It ran caudo-cranially, varied in diameter from 5.2 to 18.0 cm and was situated immediately adjacent to the abdominal wall. The lateral wall of the caecum appeared as a thick, echogenic, crescent-shaped line. It could be visualised as far cranially as the 12th intercostal space. Although its junction could not be identified, the proximal ansa of the colon was recognised on the basis of its anatomical position and its diameter, which was smaller than that of the caecum. The spiral ansa of the colon and the descending colon were situated dorsal to the caecum and could be identified by moving the transducer horizontally along the abdominal wall to the last rib. The spiral ansa of the colon was situated ventral to the descending colon, and its walls appeared as thick echogenic lines. In a contracted state, the spiral colon had the appearance of a garland.     

Effects of age and diet on the development of the pancreas and the synthesis and secretion of pancreatic enzymes in the young pig

Effects of age and diet composition on amylase, trypsin and chymotrypsin activities in the pancreas and intestinal contents, pancreas weights and body weights were determined from birth to 56 d. A total of 120 pigs, five to seven pigs/litter from 18 litters, were slaughtered at birth, 14, 27, 29, 31, 42 and 56 d. Litters were allotted to dietary treatments (corn-soy, A; corn-soy + 20% dried whey, B; corn-soy + 5% lard, C) and offered these diets as creep feed at 14 d. All pigs were weaned at 28 d, placed in elevated nursery pens and fed their respective diets. Total activities of amylase, trypsin and chymotrypsin in the pancreas and small intestine increased (P less than .05) with age. Both trypsin and amylase activities, measured per kilogram body weight or gram pancreas weight, were low at 29 d in the intestine and increased to 56 d. Pigs on diet B had the highest level of trypsin and chymotrypsin in the intestinal contents (P less than .05). Trypsin activity in the pancreas (units/kg body weight) was lowest (P less than .05) for pigs on diet B and highest (P less than .05) for those on diet C (units/g pancreas and units/kg body weight). Amylase activity (units/kg body weight) was lower (P less than .05) in the pancreas for pigs on diet B than for those on diets A and C. Pigs on diet A had lower (P less than .01) intestinal amylase activities than those on diets B and C. Enzyme activities in the intestinal contents and pancreas were low following weaning. In the pancreas, activities decreased at 31 d.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

The behavior and the husbandry conditions of small laboratory animals--possibilities and limits of the evaluation of the appropriateness and fairness of the treatment of animals

Ethological studies are important means to evaluate the behaviour of small laboratory animals (mouse, rat, guinea-pig and rabbit) and their housing conditions. At any rate, the only sparse range of body expressions, the smallness and preference of night activity of these animals and the erratic occurrence of essential behaviour patterns make the investigations more difficult. On the other hand, the standardization of laboratory housing and the genetic definition of these animals turn out to be favourable. By this way, behaviour-environment-relationships are suitable for evaluation. Taking into consideration methodical and biological restrictions, the specific activities such as fight, relaxed resting behaviour and play as well as unbalanced behaviour patterns and stereotypes can be taken as means of evaluation. Particularly in mice and rabbits, upright position and space consuming activities will be possibly restricted by cage sizes.     

Relation between the concentration of sodium and potassium in the erythrocytes of dairy cows and the concentration of these elements in the plasma and urine and the level of blood glucose

Blood and urine samples of 180 dairy cows from 12 herds were examined. Sodium and potassium concentrations were determined in erythrocytes, whole blood, plasma, urine, and glucose concentration in blood: the interrelations were compared. Sodium and potassium concentrations in erythrocytes were 85.15 +/- 11.45 mmol/l, and 25.93 +/- 7.81 mmol/l, respectively. A statistically significant relation was found between sodium and potassium concentrations in erythrocytes (r = 0.3467+++) and the content of electrolyte in blood cells and in whole blood (Na: r = 0.5336+++; K: r = 0.3561+++). No statistically significant relation of intraerythrocyte concentration of both electrolytes was confirmed with respect to the other characteristics (sodium and potassium concentrations in plasma and urine, and glucose concentration in blood). In the conditions of routine laboratory diagnostics in clinically healthy cows, determinations of intraerythrocyte sodium and potassium do not broaden possibilities of evaluating the metabolic state of these electrolytes and cannot be used as the characteristics of energy insufficiency. The cannot replace the analyses performed in serum and urine.     

貉,蓝狐,银狐的胃及十二指肠内嗜银细胞形态分布的研究

本文应用Ｆｏｒｔａｎａ—Ｍａｓｓｏｎ嗜银颗粒染色法研究了貉、蓝狐、银狐的胃及十二指肠内嗜银细胞的形态分布。结果表明：三种动物胃幽门腺中，嗜根细胞数量最多，呈锥状，嗜银颗粒较粗，密度大、染成深黑色。在胃底及胃贲门腺区、嗜银细胞数量少。在十二指肠部嗜银细胞呈蝌蚪形，嗜银颗粒细，呈黑褐色，密度较小。嗜银细胞的分布密度在三种动物中具有一定的差别。     

Liquid flow and capacity of the caecum and colon of the horse

The rate of flow of fluid from the caecum and from the large colon was measured in four Shetland-type ponies fed a hay diet. In two ponies with cannulas in the caecum and at the origin of the right ventral colon, a continuous intracaecal infusion of a solution of chromium EDTA was used and samples were obtained from the cannula at the origin of the right ventral colon. Based on four determinations, the liquid flow from the caecum was 54.2 +/- 1.89 litres d-1. In the other two ponies with cannulas in the origin of the right ventral colon and near the end of the right dorsal colon, a continuous infusion of chromium EDTA was made into the right ventral colon and samples were obtained from the right dorsal colon. The flow rate towards the end of the dorsal colon was 49.4 +/- 1.25 litres d-1, based on four determinations. The capacities of the caecum and large colon after death were 7.0 +/- 0.8 and 17.7 +/- 3.7 litres, respectively.     

加强兽药研究开发提升行业科技创新水平

提升行业科技创新水平为主题,回顾和分析了我国新兽药研究开发的历程和研究现状及面临的形势,并围绕创新与发展的要求,提出了加强兽药研究开发的对策及建议。