棉花航天诱变试验初报

研究了航天诱变处理材料在营养生长和生殖生长方面的变化,其变化主要表现在株高、生育进程、倒４叶宽、结铃性、铃重、衣分等方面,株型也有不同程度的变异,变异是广谱的,从中可能选育出具有特殊性状的优良育种材料或品种。     

油菜雄性不育性的分子机理研究进展

对油菜雄性不育性的分子机理研究作了综合评述。认为油菜的雄性不育性一细胞器ＤＮＡ结构发生变异，以及线粒体基因重组有关，但与质粒无关。此外，雄性不育与与ａｔｐ，ｃｏｘ基因的调控，蛋白质、酶变化等有关。已发现油菜的不育性很不稳定，易受温度的影响。     

体细胞无性系变异在小麦育种中的应用

对小麦体细胞无性系变异在小麦株高、熟性、产量、育性、品质、抗性等育种方面的应用及应用中存在的愈伤组织再生能力下降、变异类型复杂、表型变异能否稳定遗传、遗传分析相对缺乏等问题作了全面的综述,并对其在小麦育种中应用的前景作了展望。     

国槐DNA导入花生栽培品种引起性状变异的研究

以国槐为供体,花生栽培品种79266和辐8707为受体,采用花萼管注射法和柱头浸滴法将供体DNA导入受体。D1代变异率33．3％～63．4％,变异的性状包括单株果数、果形、果大小、内种皮颜色、株型、叶形、熟性、育性及产量性状。D2的大部分变异株能稳定遗传,不再分离,稳定株行占D2株行的75％～96％。试验表明,国槐DNA导入花生栽培品种,可以引起后代的变异,变异范围广,稳定快,是花生品种改良和创造新种质的有效方法途径。     

芝麻不同品种对空间诱变的敏感性及生物效应研究初报

５个纯合芝麻种质材料搭载我国发射的第１７颗返地式卫星空间处理１５ｄ后，Ｍ０种子外部性状与未处理对照间无明显变化，Ｍ１表现出叶形、育性等外部形态性状变异，品种间敏感性不同。     

大豆野生与栽培资源苗期耐淹性的鉴定、生态区特征和优异种质发掘

大豆资源耐涝性鉴定,是开展大豆耐涝育种的基础。耐涝性可分为耐湿（渍）性和耐淹性。研究旨在通过对大豆资源的耐淹性评价筛选出耐性强的种质,为大豆耐涝性育种提供耐源。抽取不同来源地的栽培大豆和野生材料,以相对死苗率为鉴定指标,在苗期进行耐淹性盆栽鉴定试验。结果表明,野生和栽培大豆耐淹性均存在相当大的遗传变异;野生大豆中的极端耐淹材料略比栽培大豆的多,但在全国二者大部分材料的耐淹性差异不大;野生大豆的耐淹性在区域内和区域间均存在一定的变异,栽培种的耐淹性在区域内的变异比区域间的变异大,各个区域内均存在丰富的变异,变异系数均在30．0oA以上。耐淹性与地理纬度、种皮色、籽粒大小、生育期长短及脂肪含量等有低程度相关;筛选出N24835．0、N24850．0、N23444．0、N04974．1等11份耐淹性极强的野生和栽培优异种质。     

离子束介导大豆DNA的小麦变异株系蛋白水解酶谱分析

为研究离子束介导大豆DNA的小麦变异株系在返青期、起身期和拔节期的蛋白水解酶变化．采用复性电泳对新乡9号和筛选出的高蛋白变异株系05—10-1和低蛋白变异株系05—6-1，做不同酸碱条件下的蛋白水解酶分析。结果显示．与对照相比。变异株系05-6—1在返青期酸性条件下少检测到一条29kD酶带；在起身期中性和碱性条件下少检测到一条49kD酶带：在拔节期碱性条件下多检测到一条154kD新酶带．而少检测到158kD的酶带：而变异株系05～10—1在这3个生理时期和对照的蛋白水解酶酶谱带型基本一致．主要在某些酶带的酶活上存在差异。     

国槐DNA导入花生栽培品种引起性状变异的研究

以国槐为供体，花生栽培品种７９２６６ 和辐８７０７ 为受体，采用花萼管注射法和柱头浸滴法将供体ＤＮＡ导入受体。Ｄ１ 代变异率为３３３％ ～６３４％ ，变异的性状包括单株果数、果形、果大小、内种皮颜色、株型、叶形、熟性、育性及产量性状。Ｄ２ 代大部分变异株能稳定遗传，不再分离，稳定株行占Ｄ２代株行的７５％ ～９６％ 。试验表明，国槐ＤＮＡ 导入花生栽培种，可以引起后代的变异，变异范围广，稳定快，是花生品种改良和创造新种质的有效方法途径。     

条锈菌浸染后小麦体细胞无性系几种酶活性的变化

为了研究小麦体细胞无性系抗条锈病的生化机制,测定了接种条中32号条锈菌后小麦体细胞无性系4-8叶片中的3种酶活性.结果表明,接种条锈菌后,4-8组织中的PAL、PPO、POD活性升高幅度大,持续时间长,供体亲本永良4号的这三种酶活性也升高,但变化平缓,酶活性高峰值低.说明组织培养产生了酶活性变异,这种变异有利于抗病物质的合成和积累,是体细胞元性系4-8抗条锈病的生化基础.     

外源基因导入小麦引起的生化特性变化

将外源豌豆 DNA直接导入普通小麦中 ,结果发现变异小麦的籽粒蛋白质构成及过氧化物酶 (POD)、酯酶 (EST)、超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)同工酶谱带发生了不同类型的广泛变异 :超大穗变异株系 M1 新增加了高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基 86 ku和 80 ku组分 ,相反 ,中国春变异株系 C消失了高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基 92 ku和 82 ku组分 ,它们的中分子量蛋白区亚基带染色程度也分别产生了明显的加深和减弱变化 ;同工酶不同程度出现差异谱带、酶带缺失、酶活性增强或减弱的显著变化。表明受体发生广泛变异可能是外源基因导入、基因杂合、基因互作与外源 DNA片段“重组插入”效应共同作用的结果     

Boll size affects the insecticidal protein content in Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cotton

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) transgenic cotton has been planting in large-scale for more than 10 years in China. It was observed that resistance to bollworm was reduced with the application of big-boll cultivars in China. The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of boll size on the contents of CryIA insecticidal protein in boll shell and cotton seed during the course of boll development. Two experiments were conducted at the Yangzhou University Farm, Yangzhou, China. In 2004, three cultivars including Sikang 1 (small-boll), Xiangza 3 (medium-boll) and Kemian 3 (big-boll) were compared for boll shell volume and 100-seed weight from 10 to 40 days after flowering (DAF), and insecticidal protein contents in boll shell and cotton seed from 10 to 50 DAF. As expected, the differences between cultivars were significant for all the four characteristics. Cultivars with bigger boll shell volume had higher 100-seed weight but lower insecticidal protein contents in both of the boll shell and cotton seed. The correlation between boll size and boll insecticidal protein content was negative (−0.653). The correlation between 100-seed weight and cotton seed insecticidal protein content was significantly negative (−0.645). In 2005, leaf cut (LC) and square removal (SR) treatments were applied to Sikang 1 and Sikang 3. The boll shell volume and 100-seed weight were decreased by LR, but increased by SR. LC significantly enhanced and SR significantly reduced the insecticidal protein contents of boll shell and cotton seed. The correlation between boll size and boll insecticidal protein content (−0.870) and the correlation between 100-seed weight and cotton seed insecticidal protein content were both highly significant and negative (−0.841). Therefore, the results of the study indicated that the boll insecticidal protein content was significantly affected by boll size. The implications of the observed results in breeding, cultural practices and pest management were discussed.     

Effect of introducing Bacillus thuringiensis gene on nitrogen metabolism in cotton

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) transgenic cotton has shown changes in vegetative and reproductive growth characteristics. The objective of this study was to investigate the physiological changes in nitrogen metabolism that related closely to growth in Bt cotton cultivars. The study was undertaken on two Bt transgenic cotton cultivars and their parents, one conventional (Xingyang 822) and recurrent parent (Sumian No. 9), the other a hybrid (Kumian No. 1) and female parent (Yumian No. 1), during the 2001 and 2002 growing seasons at the Yangzhou University Farm, Yangzhou, China.In the 2001 study, the results indicated that the Bt cotton cultivars (during peak reproductive growth) possessed greater leaf N, free amino acid and soluble protein than their parents. The biggest increase of total nitrogen was at peak boll period, with 36 and 19% increase for Kumian No. 1 and Xingyang 822, respectively. Similar results were found for free amino acid and soluble protein content. Further in 2002, the nitrate reductase activity increased dramatically at peak squaring and early boll open period, the biggest increase at early boll open period, with Kumian No. 1 and Xingyang 822 exhibiting 88 and 61% greater activity than their parents, respectively. The biggest increase in glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activity was at peak boll period, with Kumian No. 1 and Xingyang 822 having 39 and 29% higher activity than their parents, respectively. However, protease activity of Bt cultivars reduced significantly before flowering and early boll open period, the biggest decrease was before the flowering period. The results suggest that the Bt cotton cultivars have a more intense leaf nitrogen metabolism than their parents during reproductive development. The enhanced N metabolism may lead to excessive vegetative growth. Cultural practices should therefore be aimed at reducing leaf nitrogen metabolic strength and keeping the balance of vegetative and reproductive growth.     

不同基因型棉花品种铃壳重与产量及品质性状的关系

对18个陆地常规非抗虫棉品种铃壳重与7个产量性状、6个纤维品质性状进行了相关性分析与聚类分析。结果表明,铃壳重与全铃重呈极显著正相关,与单铃子棉重、衣指、整齐度指数呈显著正相关,与伸长率呈显著负相关,与皮棉产量、纤维品质综合分值无显著相关。铃壳重较轻与光合产物较多的提供给棉子和纤维的生长发育、促进子棉产量的提高和纤维品质的改善有关。     

高产棉花整体棉铃增重途径的研究

以两年度两因子两水平进行高产条件下棉花铃重的形成和分布规律研究表明 ,高产棉花皮棉产量在1975kg·hm-2 以上时整体铃重的提高关键是促进上部各果枝及各果枝 3～ 5节位铃重 ,在氮钾肥与DPC合理运筹下促进中部外围和上部铃在花开 17天后籽棉和纤维量的加快增长 ,提高该部位铃此段时间的发育有利于铃重增加、单铃纤维增多 ,也有利于纤维素的积累 ,提高品质     

棉花不同密度对铃重和衣分的影响

以湘杂棉8号为品种,通过6种不同密度处理试验,研究棉花不同时期不同密度对铃重、铃壳重和衣分的影响。试验表明：棉花单铃重随着密度的增加而逐渐降低,以21000株,hm^2单铃重最高,在同一密度处理中。棉花单铃重：中期〉前期〉后期;棉花的铃壳重随着密度的增加而逐渐降低．在同一密度下,铃壳重都有随着时间的不断推移而逐渐增加的趋势;不同密度处理,各表分差异不显著,在各个处理的不同生长时期。表分率先逐渐增加后降低。     

应用SAS/Graph模块分析棉铃空间分布情况

为解决棉铃空间分布传统分析展示不直观问题,运用SAS/Graph模块,可视化地展示棉铃空间分布情况.结果表明:中部果枝第一节位是成铃的关键区域,其次为中部果枝的第二节位;棉铃空间分布试验的3种密度均表现为中部果枝成铃率较高,下部果枝和上部果枝随密度增加成铃率降低,且随着密度增大成铃集中区域的主茎节位数下移.因此,为提高...     

Effect of trans-Bacillus thuringiensis gene on gibberellic acid and zeatin contents and boll development in cotton

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) transgene on gibberellic acid and zeatin contents and boll development in cotton using two types of Bt-transformed cultivars. In the 2003 study, boll size and weight, gibberellic acid 3 (GA₃) and zeatin (ZR) contents were investigated from 3 to 45 days after flowering (DAF). In 2004, the flowers were sprayed with GA₃, 6-benzyl adenine (6-BA) or a combination of both, and responses in boll size and weight, and endogenous GA₃ and ZR contents were determined. In comparison to the common parent, Simian 4, overall boll size and weight were lower for the conventional Bt cultivar, Sikang 1, but higher for the hybrid Bt cultivar, Sikang 3. Similarly, the boll GA₃ and ZR contents of Sikang 1 were lower than those of Simian 4, while those of Sikang 3 were higher than Simian 4. The largest difference between Sikang 1 and Simian 4 for boll GA₃ and ZR contents were 18.5 and 25.5%, respectively, observed at 17 DAF. The largest difference between Sikang 3 and Simian 4 for boll GA₃ and ZR contents were 25.5 and 85.7% at 31 DAF respectively. Application of GA₃, 6-BA or a combination significantly increased boll size and weight for the conventional Bt cultivar and Simian 4, but did not have a significant effect on these characteristics of the hybrid cultivar Sikang 3. GA₃ and ZR contents of the conventional Bt cultivar Sikang 1 were also significantly increased by application of these treatments. The combined application of GA₃ and 6-BA tended to have a larger effect than the application of either of them separately, but the differences were statistically not significant. These results suggested that the lower boll GA₃ and ZR contents, which could reduce boll nitrogen metabolism intensity, were responsible for the reduced boll development of the conventional Bt cultivar Sikang 1.     

棉花不同种质材料棉铃各个时期发育研究

通过对棉花不同种质材料的棉铃在不同发育时期重量和长宽比的研究。结果表明,不同发育阶段的棉铃在重量和长宽比存在较大的差异;陆地棉和海岛棉的棉铃重量第5天和第10天变化趋势基本相同,但长宽比存在差异;两者的关系是长宽比越大,其铃重越轻;不同类型品种棉铃的长宽比是海岛棉〉圆锥形铃陆地棉〉卵圆形铃陆地棉〉圆形铃陆地棉,而重量恰好相反,为圆形铃陆地棉〉卵圆形铃陆地棉〉圆锥形铃陆地棉〉海岛棉;杂交棉相对于其亲本变化不明显。由此可见,棉花品种类型不同,棉铃形状的差异都是影响棉铃发育的重要因素。     

洋丰牌水白金微肥对棉花主要农艺性状的影响

在棉花生产中,影响棉花产量的主要性状为密度、成铃及单铃重。棉花蕾铃脱落率一般在50%~60%,多的可达到80%以上,严重影响棉花产量的提高。在棉花现蕾期开始,每周或每次喷药防虫时配以一定浓度的洋丰牌水白金水溶性粉剂,结果表明,喷施该水溶性肥料对棉花株高、单株果节数、结铃性及单铃重有一定的影响,平均结铃率可提高到40%以上,随着喷用次数的增加,结铃率也相应增加,最高达58.76%,而脱落率则相应减少至50%~60%。且喷用该微肥后,棉株叶色浓绿亮艳。     

杂交棉F1代主要经济性状的相关及通径分析

以43份杂交棉F1代为研究对象,时各杂交组合主要性状竞争优势、相关系教及通径系数进行分析.结果表明:杂交棉F1代中皮棉产量、单株铃数和表分都有较强的竞争优势;时皮棉产量直接作用较大的性状为单株铃数、衣分和单铃重,对F1代的筛选应注重对这几个性状选择,以获得强优势的杂交组合.