水稻育苗移栽旱种方式对米质的影响及其与籽粒激素浓度的关系

 【目的】探讨育苗移栽水稻在不同旱种方式下米质形成的特点及其与籽粒激素浓度的关系。【方法】试验以镇稻88（粳稻）和扬稻6号（籼稻）为材料,进行无覆盖旱种（裸种,BN）、地膜覆盖旱种（PM）和麦秸秆覆盖旱种（SM）处理,以常规水种（TF）为对照。【结果】与TF相比,BN和PM显著降低了产量,SM的产量与TF无显著差异。SM显著降低了垩白米率、垩白度和消减值,显著增加了胶稠度、碱消值和崩解值。BN和PM对上述稻米品质的影响与SM的相反。稻米直链淀粉含量和蛋白质含量在各处理间无显著差异。两品种表现一致。结实期籽粒吲哚-3-乙酸（IAA）、赤霉酸（GA1＋GA4）、玉米素（Z）＋玉米素核苷（ZR）浓度在灌浆早期处理间差异很小,在灌浆中、后期则表现为SM＞TF＞PM＞BN,乙烯释放速率则表现为BN＞PM＞TF＞SM。籽粒脱落酸（ABA）浓度在SM、PM和TF之间无显著差异。在各处理中,BN籽粒ABA浓度在灌浆前期最低,灌浆中后期则最高。灌浆中后期籽粒IAA和GA1＋GA4、灌浆前中期籽粒ABA及灌浆各期籽粒Z＋ZR浓度与粒重、出糙率、精米率和崩解值呈显著或极显著正相关（r=0.71*～0.96**）,与消减值呈显著或极显著负相关(r=-0.76*～-0.91**)。灌浆后期籽粒IAA和Z＋ZR浓度与垩白粒率和垩白度呈显著或极显著负相关（r=-073*～-0.85**）。灌浆各期籽粒乙烯释放速率与粒重、出糙率、精米率、碱消值和崩解值呈显著或极显著负相关（r=-0.71*～-0.91**）,与垩白粒率、垩白度和消减值呈显著或极显著正相关（r=0.73*～0.93**）。【结论】覆草旱种可以改善稻米品质,裸地旱种和覆膜旱种则使品质变差;促进型激素浓度的降低和乙烯产生的增加是裸地旱种和覆膜旱种稻米加工品质和外观品质较差的重要原因。     

水稻根系分泌物有机酸、多胺与稻米蒸煮品质及蛋白质组分的关系

以粳稻、籼稻、爪哇稻和粳/籼亚种间杂交稻等不同类型水稻为材料,研究结实期水稻根系分泌的有机酸、多胺及其与稻米蒸煮品质、淀粉谱和蛋白质组分之间的关系。结果表明:稻米蒸煮品质、淀粉谱崩解值、消减值和蛋白质组分存在明显的基因型间差异。水稻根系分泌的苹果酸、琥珀酸、精胺浓度、精胺/腐胺浓度比值与稻米淀粉谱的崩解值呈显著或极显著正相关,与淀粉谱的消减值、稻米醇溶蛋白含量呈显著或极显著负相关;根系分泌的酒石酸和柠檬酸浓度与淀粉谱的崩解值呈极显著负相关,与淀粉谱的消减值呈极显著正相关;根系分泌的乳酸浓度与稻米胶稠度、碱化值呈显著负相关,与直链淀粉含量呈显著正相关。通过品种选育或栽培措施调控水稻根系有机酸和多胺分泌水平将有助于调控稻米品质。     

根系化学信号与稻米品质的关系

摘要：该文主要概述了水稻根系化学信号（激素、有机酸、氨基酸、多胺和离子）与稻米品质形成的关系及其调控途径。根系细胞分裂素（玉米素＋玉米素核苷）和脱落酸（ABA）对籽粒灌浆、稻米加工品质和蒸煮品质起调控作用。根系1-氨基环丙烷1-羧酸（ACC）浓度与垩白粒率和垩白度呈极显著正相关。根系分泌的有机酸及其组分对稻株重金属(镉、铅)吸收及稻米的食味品质有密切联系。稻米蛋白质组分受根系多胺以及精胺/腐胺浓度比值所调控。根系细胞分裂素通过调节胚乳细胞的发育,调控稻米品质的形成。根系ABA通过调节籽粒蔗糖合成酶、腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶、淀粉合成酶和淀粉分枝酶活性,调控籽粒灌浆速率和稻米的蒸煮品质。根系ACC则影响稻米淀粉粒结构,实现对稻米外观品质的调控作用。通过化学调控、水肥管理等技术途径可以调节根系化学信号的产生,进而改善稻米的品质。     

灌浆结实期短日照对稻米品质的影响

选用奶皇后(粳稻)、星丰(籼稻)为材料,通过人为控制短日照长度,设置13 h、12 h、11 h日长,探讨灌浆期短日照对稻米品质的影响.结果表明:灌浆期短日照条件下,籽粒直链淀粉含量达最大值的天数明显缩短,直链淀粉积累速率增加,直链淀粉含量最大值降低,稻米直链淀粉含量、胶稠度显著降低,垩白率、垩白度、蛋白质含量显著增加,粒型无显著变化.相关分析显示:日照长度与精米率呈显著正相关(r=0.744 4),与垩白率、垩白度、蛋白质含量呈显著或极显著负相关(r依次为 -0.913 8、-0.927 6和 -0.733 5).灌浆期短日照使稻米外观、加工、食味品质下降,营养品质提高.     

不同水稻品种(系)稻米品质性状分析

为了探讨不同水稻品种(系)稻米品质差异,改良稻米品质,以吉林省近年育成的水稻品种(系)为试验材料,进行了品种类型间的比较研究。结果表明,糙米率与精米率呈极显著正相关(r=0.968**);长宽比与整精米率、粒长呈显著正相关(r=0.643*、r=0.699*);垩白粒率与垩白度呈极显著正相关(r=0.869**)。垩白率、垩白度、整精米率、直链淀粉及胶稠度为影响稻米品质的主要因子,其对稻米品质的累积贡献率为86.977%,应重视垩白粒率、垩白度和碾磨品质的关系,以达到有效地改善稻米品质的目的。     

不同粒型超级稻品种稻米品质特性分析

以稻米的粒长和长宽比为粒型因子,采用欧式距离和离差平方和法对12个超级稻品种的粒型进行聚类分析,并在此基础上对不同粒型超级稻品种的9项稻米品质性状进行比较和相关性分析。结果表明,供试品种的粒型可划分为长细型(Ⅰ)和中粗型(Ⅱ)两类,其中长细型表现较优的品质性状为糙米率、垩白粒率、垩白度和胶稠度,中粗型表现较优的品质性状为精米率和直链淀粉含量,两者的整精米率、碱消值和蛋白质含量表现相当。长细型的糙米率与精米率呈显著正相关(r=0.858,P<<0.05),垩白粒率与胶稠度呈极显著正相关(r=0.918,P<<0.01);中粗型的垩白粒率与垩白度呈显著正相关(r=0.862,P<<0.05),胶稠度与直链淀粉含量呈极显著负相关(r=-0.913,P<<0.01)。     

高直链淀粉含量籼型杂交水稻组合稻米品质相关性分析研究(英文)

[目的]研究分析高直链淀粉含量籼型杂交水稻组合稻米品质性状及其相关性。[方法]调查分析了2011年四川省水稻区试的16个高直链淀份含量籼型杂交稻组合的主要品质性状及相关关系。[结果]16个组合的品质性状中差异较大的是垩白度,变异系数为26.8%;其次是整精米率,变异系数为22.89%;差异较小的是糙米率和直链淀粉含量,变异系数分别为0.72%和2.61%。糙米率与垩白米率和垩白度呈显著负相关;垩白米率与垩白度和胶稠度呈极显著正相关;垩白度与胶稠度呈显著正相关;胶稠度与蛋白质含量呈显著负相关;16个组合的直链淀粉含量与胶稠度呈不显著正相关(r=0.1669),这可能表明在籼型杂交稻组合中直链淀粉含量达到一定水平(AC≥25%)后,胶稠度同样可以达到较高值,同时高直链淀粉含量与糙米率、整精米率、长宽比、垩白米率、垩白度和蛋白质含量等相关不显著,因此在提高直链淀粉含量的材料和杂交稻组合选择上,可对其它品质性状按育种目标进行独立选择。[结论]该研究结果为进一步提高育种材料和杂交稻组合直链淀粉含量的选育工作提供了参考。     

水稻籽粒灌浆特性及品质对孕穗巅弱光胁迫的响应

以3个不同直链淀粉含量的水稻品种为材料，研究了孕穗期弱光对水稻籽粒灌浆及稻米品质的影响，并用Richards方程拟合籽粒的灌浆过程。结果表明，孕穗期弱光处理后，籽粒终极生长量（A）有所降低，起始灌浆势（R0）、最大灌浆速率（Gmax）、平均灌浆速率（G）的变化则因品种而异；糙米率、精米率显著下降，整精米率、垩白率、直链淀粉及蛋白质含量的变化因品种而异；精米率、糙米率与籽粒A值呈显著或极显著正相关，直链淀粉含量、整精米率与籽粒的R0、Gmax、G呈显著或极显著负相关，垩白率与籽粒的G、R0、Gmax呈显著或极显著正相关。在弱光区，可以采用育种、栽培技术、化学控制等手段来改变与稻米品质密切相关的籽粒灌浆参数值，以减轻弱光胁迫对稻米品质的危害程度。     

135份粳稻种质资源在河南省沿黄稻区的 品质性状表现及相关分析

对135份粳稻种质资源(黄淮稻区种质资源105份、黄淮稻区以外地方品种30份)在河南省沿黄稻区的加工品质、外观品质、蒸煮食味品质、RVA(快速黏度分析)参数等进行分析,以期筛选出品质性状优良的种质资源,为河南省沿黄稻区水稻品质改良育种提供参考。结果表明,参试粳稻种质资源在各个品质性状上均表现出丰富的变异。加工品质性状的变异系数表现为整精米率精米率糙米率,外观品质性状的变异系数表现为垩白度垩白粒率籽粒长宽比。碱消值、直链淀粉含量、胶稠度和蛋白质含量是影响稻米蒸煮食味品质的重要参数,它们的变异系数表现为碱消值直链淀粉含量胶稠度蛋白质含量。聚类分析结果表明, 135份粳稻种质资源可分为两大类,品质较好的大多为黄淮稻区现代育种材料,而品质较差的多为粳稻地方品种。品质性状的相关分析结果表明,外观品质、蒸煮食味品质、加工品质各性状之间存在显著或极显著的相关关系。垩白粒率、垩白度、籽粒长度及长宽比与糙米率均呈极显著负相关;垩白粒率和垩白度与整精米率均呈极显著负相关;垩白粒率与垩白度、糊化温度、直链淀粉含量、蛋白质含量均呈极显著正相关,而与碱消值、胶稠度均呈极显著负相关;直链淀粉含量与热浆黏度、冷浆黏度、回复值均呈极显著正相关,与崩解值、胶稠度均呈极显著负相关;碱消值与最高黏度、崩解值、消碱值、糊化温度、蛋白质含量均呈极显著负相关,与成糊时间呈极显著正相关。     

安徽省优质稻米品质性状的相关性研究

以2004年安徽省推广种植的优质米品种为材料,进行稻米理化品质指标的相关性和主成分分析,结果表明:籼稻的整精米率与垩白度呈极显著负相关,与胶稠度呈显著正相关;籼稻的粒长与垩白度、粳稻的长宽比与垩白粒率呈显著负相关,粒长与透明度呈显著正相关;籼稻的垩白粒率、垩白度与透明度、碱消值均呈极显著负相关,与直链淀粉含量呈极显著正相关;籼稻直链淀粉含量与胶稠度呈极显著正相关,与碱消值呈极显著负相关。籼稻垩白粒率、粒长、精米率、蛋白质含量和胶稠度5个主成分的累计贡献率为76.5%;粳稻垩白粒率、精米率、粒长、碱消值和蛋白质含量5个主成分的累计贡献率为77.6%。从改善垩白、长宽比和精米着手,筛选垩白小、长宽比适当、精米率较高的品种,籼稻兼顾胶稠度和蛋白质含量,粳稻兼顾碱消值和蛋白质含量,对提高籼、粳稻米综合品质会有更好的效果。     

Relationship Between Root Chemical Signals and Grain Quality of Rice

This study was designed to elucidate the relationship between root chemical signals and the quality of rice. Various rice genotypes were used. Zeatin （Z） ＋ zeatin riboside （ZR）, abscisic acid （ABA）, 1-aminocylopropane -1-carboxylic acid （ACC）, and organic acids in roots during grain filling and the appearance quality, cooking/eating quality were investigated. The correlations among them were analyzed. The results showed that Z ＋ ZR concentrations in the roots at mid- and lategrain-filling stages were significantly and positively correlated with the gel consistency and alkali spreading value （r = 0.72^＊ - 0.90^＊＊）, whereas negatively correlated with the amylose content （r = -0.68^＊ - -0.78^＊＊）. ABA concentrations in roots at mid- grain-filling stage were significantly and negatively correlated with the gel consistency and alkali spreading value （r = -0.90^＊＊-0.91^＊＊）, and positively correlated with the amylose content （r = 0.87^＊＊）. ACC concentrations in root exudates at mid-grain-filling stage were very significantly correlated with the percentage of chalky grains and chalkiness （r = 0.97^＊＊ - 0.98^＊＊）, and those at late-grain-filling stage Were significantly correlated with chalkiness and chalky size （r = 0.69^＊ - 0.96^＊＊）. The more the malic acid and succinic acid exuded from roots for a cultivar, the greater the breakdown values and the smaller the setback values in the starch profile, and the results were reversed for a cultivar with more tartaric acid and citric acid exuded from roots during the grain-filling period. The cultivar with more lactic acid in exudates had smaller gel consistency and alkali spreading values, but had greater amylose content. When roots were treated with exogenous ZR, ABA, and ACC during grain filling, effects of the chemicals on the rice quality were consistent with the relationships of the endogenous hormones （Z ＋ ZR, ABA, and ACC） with the quality indexes. Using rape cake as organic fertilizer can increase the concentrations of malic acid and succinic acids exuded from roots as well as the breakdown value in starch profile and reduce the setback value. The results suggest that root chemical signals play important roles in the formation of rice quality, and dee quality could be improved through regulating the signals.     

两系杂交稻籽粒充实不良的成因及其与激素含量的关系

 【目的】阐明两系杂交稻籽粒充实特征及籽粒充实不良的成因与激素机理。【方法】采用结实特性差异明显的两系杂交稻为材料，测定籽粒中蔗糖和淀粉含量、玉米素+玉米素核苷（Z+ZR）、吲哚-3-乙酸（IAA）和脱落酸（ABA）含量、乙烯释放速率、蔗糖合成酶（SuSase）和淀粉合成酶（StSase）活性以及籽粒灌浆充实指标，并进行相关分析。【结果】表明两系杂交稻结实率低，主要归咎于弱势粒的秕粒率高、充实度差。籽粒充实度差的组合，灌浆前、中期弱势粒中蔗糖含量高于强势粒，表明基质浓度不是两系杂交稻弱势粒灌浆速率慢和籽粒充实度差的主要限制因子。灌浆前期强势粒中的Z+ZR、IAA和ABA含量明显高于弱势粒，Z+ZR、IAA和ABA的最高含量和平均含量与籽粒最大灌浆速率、平均灌浆速率、谷粒充实度和粒重均呈极显著的正相关。灌浆前、中期弱势粒中的乙烯释放速率明显高于强势粒，籽粒充实度差的组合高于籽粒充实度好的组合，乙烯的释放速率与灌浆速率、谷粒充实度和粒重均呈极显著的负相关。在灌浆初期喷施乙烯合成促进剂（乙烯利），弱势粒的乙烯释放速率增加，ABA含量减少，SuSase和StSase活性降低，谷粒充实度和粒重下降；喷施乙烯合成的抑制剂（硝酸钴），结果则相反。表明籽粒中激素含量及其平衡对籽粒灌浆和酶的活性起调控作用，部分两系杂交稻籽粒充实不良与其弱势粒中Z+ZR、IAA和ABA含量低、乙烯浓度高有密切关系。【结论】激素对两系杂交稻籽粒充实起重要作用，通过调控激素含量，可以提高籽粒充实。     

水稻结实期不同粒位籽粒相关内源激素含量和关键酶活性的差异及其与品质的关系

 【目的】研究灌浆期水稻穗上不同粒位籽粒内源激素含量和关键酶活性的差异及其与籽粒品质形成的关系。【方法】以中熟籼稻扬稻6号和中熟粳稻扬粳9538为材料,按照一次枝梗数将稻穗分为上、中、下三个部位,以穗中部一、二次枝梗不同粒位籽粒为研究对象。【结果】灌浆前期开花较早的籽粒中玉米素（Z）+玉米素核苷（ZR）、吲哚乙酸（IAA）、脱落酸(ABA)含量以及淀粉合成酶（SSase）、淀粉分支酶（Q酶）活性明显高于同枝梗上开花较迟的籽粒,灌浆后期则相反;籽粒开花越早,其内源激素含量以及酶活性到达最大值的时间越早,峰值也越高。灌浆前期ABA、Z+ZR、IAA含量、ABA/（Z+ZR+IAA）比值以及SSase酶和Q-酶活性与千粒重、直链淀粉累积速率、直链淀粉含量呈显著或极显著正相关,与垩白度呈显著或极显著负相关,灌浆后期则相反;灌浆前期SSase和Q-酶活性与胶稠度呈负相关,中、后期则相反;与粗蛋白含量的相关两品种存在差异,与整精米率相关不显著。【结论】灌浆期水稻穗上不同粒位籽粒内源激素含量与关键酶活性存在差异;不同粒位间籽粒米质差异的形成与籽粒内源激素含量与关键酶活性密切相关。     

氮素形态对两个小麦品种籽粒内源激素含量的影响

 【目的】探讨氮素形态对强筋小麦豫麦34和弱筋小麦豫麦50籽粒内源激素含量的影响。【方法】在盆栽条件下, 设酰胺态氮、铵态氮和硝态氮3种氮素形态处理并加入硝化抑制剂双氰铵（DCD）,在小麦开花后定期取样,用酶联免疫法测定籽粒中IAA、GA3、ABA和ZR含量。【结果】酰胺态氮处理下,豫麦34籽粒形成初期,ZR含量较高;籽粒灌浆盛期前,IAA,ABA,GA3含量较高,灌浆速率较早达到高峰,与铵态氮和硝态氮处理相比,粒重分别增加9.16%和5.74%。铵态氮处理下,豫麦50籽粒形成初期,ZR含量较高;籽粒灌浆盛期前,IAA,GA3含量高;籽粒灌浆后期,IAA含量仍较高,籽粒灌浆速率较快且下降较为平缓,与酰胺态氮和硝态氮相比,粒重分别增加3.88%和11.52%。【结论】氮素形态对两个品种的影响不同,酰胺态氮有利于调节豫麦34内源激素水平,促进籽粒灌浆,提高粒重;而铵态氮对豫麦50较为有利。     

Causes of Poor Grain Plumpness of Two-Line Hybrids and Their Relationships to the Contents of Hormones in the Rice Grain

This study was designed to elucidate the grain filling characteristics and the causes of poor grain plumpness of some two-line hybrid rice combinations and their hormonal mechanism. Six varieties, including three two-line hybrid rice combinations,that show differences in seed-setting and grain filling, were used. And the contents of starch, sucrose, zeatin (Z) + zeatin riboside (ZR), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and abscisic acid (ABA), the ethylene evolution rate, activities of sucrose synthase (SuSase) and starch synthase (StSase) in grains, the seed-setting and grain filling rate were investigated. The correlations amongst these were analyzed. The results showed that the poor grain filling of two-line hybrids was mainly attributed to the higher unfilled grain rate and the lower filling degree of inferior grains. During the early and mid grain filling periods, the sucrose content in inferior grains was greater than that in superior grains for the combinations with poor grain filling, indicating that the substrate concentration was not the principal factor for their slow grain filling and poor grain plumpness of the inferior grains of two-line hybrids. Z + ZR, IAA, and ABA in superior grains were obviously greater than those in inferior grains at early grain filling stage. The maximum and mean contents of Z + ZR, IAA, and ABA were positively very significantly correlated with the maximum and mean grain-filling rate, filling degree, and gram weight.The evolution rate of ethylene was greater in inferior grains than in superior grains and greater for the combinations with poor grain plumpness than those with good grain plumpness at the early or mid filling stages. The evolution rate of ethylene was negatively and significantly correlated with the grain filling rate, the grain filling degree, and the grain weight.Spraying ethephon (ethylene-releasing agent) at the early grain filling stage increased the evolution rate of ethylene,reduced the ABA content and activities of SuSase and StSase, and decreased the grain filling degree and the grain weight.The results were reversed when cobatous nitrate (an inhibitor of ethylene synthesis) was applied. The results suggested that the hormones and their balance play a role in the regulation of grain filling and enzymatic activities, and the poor grain filling is attributed to the low contents of Z + ZR, IAA, and ABA, and the high evolution rate of ethylene in the inferior grains of some two-line hybrid rice combinations. The results suggested that hormones play important roles in the grain filling of some two-line hybrid rice combinations, and their filling degree can be improved by regulating the hormonal contents.     

南方稻区“早籼晚粳”栽培模式晚季灌浆期气象因子对晚粳稻品质的影响

【目的】研究南方双季稻区晚季灌浆期温光资源对不同类型水稻稻米品质的影响,为适应性双季晚粳稻品种的筛选与优质栽培提供理论依据。【方法】试验于2018年在浙江富阳和温州两地开展,以当地主栽3个籼稻品种为对照,根据专家推荐选择20个候选粳型品种（包括10个常规粳稻、3个杂交粳稻和7个籼粳杂交稻）,评估和研究灌浆期温光条件差异对晚粳稻品质的影响。【结果】（1）基于稻米品质特征聚类,晚籼稻因其特有的长宽比（3.18）与直链淀粉含量（19.40%）归属一类;相比晚籼稻,大部分杂粳型水稻糙米率、精米率、整精米率、胶稠度、碱消值和食味值分别升高了4.31%—5.28%、6.51%—9.33%、25.83%—28.34%、-1.81%—4.27%、11.62%—50.85%和2.31%—2.85%,直链淀粉含量和蛋白质含量则降低了20.98%—28.14%和1.16%—14.85%,表现出明显的米质提升;常规粳稻品种的米质表现则出现分离,部分源于苏南和嘉兴的常规粳稻（4个）与杂交粳类似,同属于米质提升一类;而部分源于江苏、上海的常规粳稻品种（6个）因其在晚季中相对较差的米质表现（高垩白度、垩白粒率和蛋白质含量）归属一类;（2）晚稻灌浆期稻米品质与气候因素密切相关,气候因子对水稻品质的作用主要以齐穗后10—20 d为主;加工品质（糙米率）与日均辐射（R：-0.40— -0.19,P<0.05）和昼夜温差（R：-0.45— -0.28,P<0.05）呈负相关关系,与日最低温度（R：0.24—0.53,P<0.05）和降雨量（R：0.38—0.45,P<0.05）呈正相关关系;灌浆期降雨增多以及夜间温度的提高会显著提高垩白率和垩白粒率（R：-0.37— -0.16,P<0.05;R：-0.43— -0.12,P<0.05）,从而降低稻米外观品质,同时夜间温度和降雨与食味值呈负相关关系（R：-0.37— -0.16,P<0.05;R：-0.43— -0.12,P<0.05）;双季晚稻灌浆期最高温度与稻米食味值成正相关（R=0.37,P<0.05）,日最低温度则与稻米蛋白质含量（R=0.19,P<0.05）和垩白度（R=0.16,P<0.05）及垩白粒率（R=0.12,P<0.05）成正相关。【结论】齐穗后10—20 d是气候因子调控稻米品质的关键时期。南方双季稻区晚粳稻品种米质优化,应着重于优质粳稻基因与当地适应性籼稻基因的融合,选择杂粳稻（籼粳杂交稻和杂交粳稻）相比常规粳稻更可靠便捷,常规粳稻品种在引进应用时则应考虑育种来源地及其生态适应性,南方稻区优质常规粳稻仍需结合当地气候条件进行选育。     

秸秆还田与实地氮肥管理对直播水稻产量、品质及氮肥利用的影响

 【目的】探讨麦秸秆还田与施氮技术对直播水稻产量、品质的影响及氮肥利用效率的表现。【方法】以直播粳稻扬粳9538为材料进行大田对比试验,设置麦秸还田与不还田、实地氮肥管理（SSNM）和农民习惯施肥法（FFP）等处理,测定水稻产量、品质及氮肥利用效率。【结果】无论是SSNM还是FFP,与秸秆未还田相比,秸秆还田降低了单位面积穗数,提高了每穗粒数、结实率与千粒重,增加了产量,改善了稻米的外观品质与蒸煮品质。与FFP相比,SSNM显著提高水稻产量,降低了稻米蛋白质含量,改善了稻米的食味性。秸秆还田结合SSNM增大了籽粒最大灌浆速率与平均灌浆速率,缩短了活跃灌浆期,增加了粒重,并提高了氮收获指数、氮肥吸收利用率、氮肥农学利用率、氮肥生理利用率和氮肥偏生产力。【结论】秸秆还田结合SSNM可增加产量,改善稻米品质,提高氮肥利用效率。     

Changes in Activities of the Key Enzymes Related to Starch Synthesis in Rice Grains During Grain Filling and Their Relationships with the Filling Rate and Cooking Quality

With 10 rice cultivars (lines) as materials, the changes in activities of adenosine diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase (ADPGPase), starch synthase (SSase) and starch branching enzyme (Q-enzyme) in the grains during grain filling, and their relationships with the filling rate, gel consistency (GC), alkali spreading value (ASV) and amylose content (AC) were studied. The results showed that changes in activities of ADPGPase, SSase and Q-enzyme exhibited a single peak during grain filling, and the time of the activity peaks for the former two enzymes was earlier than that of the maximum grain-filling rate (Tmax), and the time reaching the peak for Q-enzyme was synchronous with Tmax. The activities at early grain filling stage, and the mean and maximum activities of each enzyme during grain filling period were positively and significantly or very significantly correlated with the mean and maximum grain filling rate and starch content (mg grain-1) in the grains.Activities of ADPGPase at all grain filling stages and those of Q-enzyme at the early and mid filling stages were not significantly correlated the cooking quality (GC, ASV and AC). SSase activities at the early filling stage were significantly and negatively correlated with GC and ASV, and positively correlated with AC. Activities of SSase at mid and late grain filling stages and Q-enzyme at the late filling stage were significantly and positively correlated with GC and ASV, and negatively correlated with AC. Spraying zeatin or abscisic acid at early grain filling stage could obviously regulate the activities of ADPGPase, SSase and Q-enzyme in the grains.     

畦沟灌溉和干湿交替灌溉对水稻产量与品质的影响

 【目的】探讨协同提高产量和稻米品质的灌溉技术。【方法】以扬稻6号（籼稻）和扬粳4038（粳稻）为材料,自移栽至成熟设置畦沟灌溉和干湿交替灌溉（水势达到-15 kPa再灌水）处理,以农民习惯灌溉为对照,研究不同灌溉方式对产量与品质的形成影响。【结果】与对照相比,畦沟灌溉和干湿交替灌溉提高了抗氧化保护酶活性、叶片光合速率、根系氧化力、根系中吲哚-3-乙酸和玉米素+玉米素核苷含量。畦沟灌溉和干湿交替灌溉的产量较农民习惯灌溉增加了6.16%—11.6%。畦沟灌溉和干湿交替灌溉还显著提高了稻米的糙米率、精米率、整精米率、清蛋白、谷蛋白以及稻米淀粉黏滞谱（RVA）的最高黏度和崩解值,降低了垩白米率、垩白大小、垩白度、醇溶蛋白含量和消减值。两品种结果趋势一致。【结论】畦沟灌溉和干湿交替灌溉可以显著提高产量并改善稻米品质,根系和冠层性能的改善是上述两种灌溉方式增加产量和改善稻米品质的重要原因。