菇木林育苗造林试验初报

采用多年多点进行菇木多树种育苗造林试验，３年来共育苗１１ｈｍ２，营造试验林２０．８ｈｍ２，示范林６８．５ｈｍ２，树种１９个。试验结果表明，选用水稻田育苗，通过间苗补植等措施，使合格苗达８０％以上；选择山坡谷地的土层深厚、肥沃湿润地段造林，其成活率达８５．８％～９８．３％２年生桤木幼树，平均树高３．９３ｍ，平均地径４．１ｃｍ。初步看出桤木、杜英、马褂木是良好的速生菇木树种。     

不同树种幼林生长差异及对土壤营养的影响

通过调查不同树种新造林树高生长量及其林地土壤有机质和速效氮、磷、钾含量,研究其生长及对土壤营养的影响.结果为：光皮桦、四川桤木、楸树、栾树、湿地松6年生树高分别为8.2、7.7、7.4、7.0、5.3 m;不同树种造林后对土壤营养物质含量的提高有明显差异,5个树种造林后效果排序的先后次序为光皮桦、四川桤木、栾木、楸树、湿地松;新造林均表现为造林当年土壤营养含量明显下降,第2年起逐年增加,第3～5年超过造林前水平.     

贵阳地区石漠化植被恢复造林树种的筛选

对种植3年以上的不同树种和相同树种不同规格苗木造林成活率、保存率、高生长、径生长情况进行分析,并筛选出枫香、刺槐、栾树、桤木、侧柏等15种石漠化植被恢复造林树种,经过观察确定,将长势较好的桤木作为重点关注树种。     

红桧等台湾珍贵树种造林引种试验报告

通过５年造林引种试验，观察了红桧，台湾扇柏，台湾黄杉，台湾杉木和本地杉木“龙１５与闽３３”双系的物候期和生长节律。造林后５年，红桧的树高，胸径，冠幅，分别大于当地选育的最优杉木家系“龙１５与闽３３”双系５３．８５％－５５．０３％，３２．７０％－６４．３２％和９０．２７％－１００％是适宜本市低山地区栽培，很有发展前途的树种。     

不同树种生长适应性及其对土壤微生物数量的影响

通过调查不同树种新造林树高生长量、保存率及其土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌数量等,研究其生长、适应性及对土壤微生物数量的影响。结果表明：光皮桦、桤木、楸树、栾树、湿地松5年生树高分别为7．4、6．5、6．3、4．8、4．2m,保存率分别为92％、65％、82％、78％、90％;不同树种造林后对土壤微生物数量的提高有明显差异,5个树种造林后林分土壤微生物数量提高的效果排序为桤木〉光皮桦〉栾木〉楸树〉湿地松;新造林均表现为造林当年土壤微生物数量明显下降,一般下降35％～40％,第2年底回升并超过造林前水平,第3-5年逐年增加。     

四川盆地薪材树种选择及栽培技术研究

在四川盆地通过引进国内外薪材树种和选择乡土薪材树种,进行栽植密度、始伐年龄、轮伐期等试验研究,结果表明:从引进的8个新材树种中,选择出任豆为适宜生长的树种,新银合欢、黑荆、荆为为适宜部分地区生长的树种;从13个乡土薪材树(草)种中筛选出桤木、刺槐、麻栎、栓皮栎、马桑、卵花甜茅等为比较优良的薪材树(草)种。桤木、刺槐、马桑等薪炭林的合理造林密度为10000株(丛)/ha;麻栎、栓皮栎为6000～7000株(丛)/ha;印花甜茅以行距1m为宜。桤木、刺槐、麻栎、栓皮栎等薪炭林,始伐年龄不超过5年,轮供期3～6年;马桑薪炭林始伐年龄为3～4年,轮伐期2～3年、印花甜茅栽植1年后平茬,以后每年采收。合理的造林密度、始伐年龄、轮伐期,能使选择的几个树种提高生物产量1.0～2.5倍。     

南京市低山丘陵岗地造林树种选择

在南京市低山丘陵岗地选择香椿、楸树、无患子、南酸枣、榉树、桤木、苦楝、刺槐、薄壳山核桃等树种进行造林,结果表明:薄壳山核桃、榉树和刺槐的造林成活率均在88%以上,生长表现较好;苦楝和无患子的造林成活率均在78%以上,生长表现正常;楸树的造林成活率虽然较高,但生长表现不良;南酸枣的造林成活率不高,生长表现一般,中心主干枯死的现象较多;香椿的造林成活率较高,但第2年苗木死亡现象较为严重,生长表现一般;桤木的造林成活率较低,但苗木的生长表现最好.根据试验结果,薄壳山核桃、榉树、刺槐、苦楝和无患子适宜在南京市低山丘陵岗地造林,楸树、南酸枣、香椿和桤木不适宜在该立地上造林.     

桤木的播种育苗初探

桤木（Alnuscremastogyun Burk．），为桦木科，桤木属，落叶乔木，为我国西南地区优良速生树种之一。其种类繁多，有四川桤木、江南桤木、台湾桤木等，以其生长快、适应性强等特点，逐渐成为造林选材中值得推广的一个优良树种。结合自身所做的播种繁殖实验，探讨其在繁殖过程中的有关方法和步骤。     

优良菇木树种选择试验初报

通过3年的多树种、多点造林试验和不同菇木树种材料袋栽香菇试验，初步表明南酸枣、麻栎、银荆、杜英、马褂木、桤木共6个树种具有繁殖容易、生长快、成材早等特点，用于袋栽香菇产量较高且质量好，是营建短轮伐期菇木林的较好树种。     

元谋抗旱耐热造林树种的定量选择研究

针对元谋干热河谷区特殊的自然条件,为荒山造林所需,开展抗旱耐热造林树种的定量选择研究。以银合欢、念珠相思、黄豆树、加勒比松、山合欢为参试树种,造林５年后,进行高、径及冠幅生长分析。依据测定数据,制定出本区抗旱耐热造林树种的选择标准。其数量选择标准为２７４８０。用此标准对参试树种进行反馈选择,评选出银合欢、黄豆树、加勒比松为元谋干热河谷区的造林树种。文章除论述元谋干热河谷区的自然条件、参试树种的高、径生长状况和分析结果外,还详细介绍了抗旱耐热造林树种的选择方法。     

笑山林场天然阔叶混交林资源现状

对新青林业局笑山林场的天然阔叶混交林进行了抽样调查,在树种组成方面对物种丰富度、树种组成指数、树种单调度、群落均匀度等指标做了详细的分析,采用倒J形曲线对林分的株数和径阶进行了拟合,同时利用理查德方程对林分的生长情况进行模拟得出结论：现有天然阔叶混交林阔叶多,针叶少;低价树种多,珍贵树种少;分布不均匀;主要树种的连年生长量呈现下降趋势,林木生长缓慢,生长潜力不大。应该对其进行人为的抚育更新,调整树种组成和林分结构,构建以针叶为主的针阔异龄复层混交林。     

西南桦、山桂花、肉桂人工林林下物种多样性和生物量对比研究

通过样方调查法分别对普文试验林场林龄为15年的3种人工林群落进行了调查,分析了3种森林群落的物种多样性和生物量。结果表明西南桦林的物种多样性指数和均匀度指数都是最大,分别为3.06和91.82%。生物量最大的也是西南桦林,其值为115.82 t·hm-2,年增长量为7.72 t·hm-2,远高于当地天然热带次生林的4.184 t·hm-2。这说明西南桦较其他阳性树种具有更快的生长速度,表现出了较高的生产能力,加之它又是一个乡土树种,因此可在云南热区造林项目中大量推广应用。     

Wood structure of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Populus alba</Emphasis> formed in a shortened annual cycle system

Wood formation of trees that grow along the seasons has an annual rhythm. Due to this rhythm, physiological research on the mechanism of wood formation has been difficult to conduct in a typical experimental room. In the present study, we observed the wood tissue formation in a shortened annual cycle system, which was developed for poplar trees grown in a growth chamber with dormant and non-dormant cycles. Poplar trees were grown in this system by repeating the cycle three times. The resulting wood tissue consisted of three growth rings and very similar structures were observed around the ring boundary of the wood in a field-grown stem. This result suggests that the shortened annual cycle system can be adopted as a model for physiological, cell biological and molecular research of wood and annual ring formation.     

Dating branch growth units in a tropical tree using morphological and anatomical markers: the case of Parkia velutina Benoist (Mimoso?deae)

Context

In tropical areas, studies based on the retrospective analysis of tree development have focused principally on growth ring research. The interpretation of primary growth markers is overlooked although it opens perspectives to provide long time-series on tree-crown development.

Aims

This study focused on Parkia velutina, an emergent tree of neotropical rain forests. Our objectives were (1) to characterize the phenological cycle of this species, and (2) to identify temporally interpretable morphological and anatomical markers.

Methods

We collected dominant branches in 14 adult trees and identified growth markers that limit longitudinal and radial increments. We coupled this approach with a 2-year phenological survey of 20 trees.

Results

Leaf shedding, growth unit elongation and growth ring formation define the phenological cycle. At tree scale, this cycle is synchronous and affects all axes. At population scale, trees can be desynchronized. This cycle is annual despite some slight variability. Successive growth units and growth rings are easily identifiable.

Conclusion

Dating a branch by counting the number of growth units or growth rings is possible in many years with a reasonable error. Nevertheless, estimating their precise month of formation in order to study climatic influences remains difficult.     

基于固定样地的林分乔木层年净生产力参数结构化估算

为更准确估算林分乔木层年净生产力,解析林分乔木层生产力的构成,本研究提出了基于固定样地数据的林分乔木层年净生产力参数结构化估算方法。利用天台县2009-2014,2014-2016,2016-2017年3个阶段固定样地数据,同时考虑森林类别、树种组、龄组等因子,结构化估算4组参数,第1组是保留木生物量年均生长率,第2组是生物量年均保留率,第3组是进界木生物量年均生长率,第4组是单位面积年均进界株数。第1组参数结果表明,各树种组保留木生物量年生长率随着龄组增大而减小;商品林保留木生物量年均生长率普遍比公益林高。第2组参数结果表明,公益林内所有树种组的生物量年保留率都低于其在商品林内的保留率。第3组参数结果表明,除硬阔Ⅰ类外,公益林中其他树种进界木生物量年均生长率都高于商品林。第4组参数结果表明,随着龄组的增大,单位面积年进界木株数减少;任一龄组下,公益林中的单位面积年进界木株数均高于商品林。研究结果表明,本方法能够解析乔木层生产力的构成情况,是一种结构化估算方法,其计算结果与其他相关研究相比更具优点。     

广西大青山柚木人工林生长过程研究

[目的]研究柚木人工林生长过程及其与气象因子的相关性,为柚木抚育经营提供理论依据。[方法]以优良、中等和差3种生长类型的30余年生柚木人工林为对象,基于样地调查,选取优势木、平均木、被压木进行树干解析,对比分析其生长过程,应用灰色关联分析法揭示气象因子对柚木生长的影响。[结果]表明:3种生长类型林分柚木胸径、树高和材积生长过程基本一致,各分级木的生长过程亦相似,其胸径平均和连年生长量随年龄的增大呈先增加后逐渐降低的趋势,树高生长整体上呈下降趋势,材积生长则呈递增趋势。各优良林分的林木及各类型林分的优势木,其胸径、材积平均和连年生长量较大,速生期持续时间长,生长衰减慢,而其树高生长量的优势相对不明显;30余年生时柚木尚未达数量成熟龄。各类型林分间柚木生长与气象因子关系的差异仅体现在胸径,优良林分胸径连年生长量主要受极端低温影响,而中等和差林分则与年均降水量相关性最大;各分级木间柚木生长与气象因子的关系无明显差异;影响树高和材积连年生长量的最主要气象因子分别为年均降水量和年均气温。[结论]柚木各生长类型及分级木的生长过程整体趋势基本一致,其差异主要体现在生长量大小和快速生长期长短。约30年生柚木人工林仍未达到数量成熟,后期抚育经营对于其优质大径材高效培育仍不可忽视。     

Plant biological diversity in natural secondary forests on Mao'er Mountains

IntroductionBioIogicaIdiversityorbiodiversityisthecharacter-isticsofdiverseandlivingentitygrouporcIass.Therearemanydifferenttypesfromgene,cell,individuaI,species,communitytoecosystem.It'sthebasiccharacteristicofIivingsystem(Solbrig1991).Biodi-versityincIudesalIthespeciesandecosystemsofplants,animalsandmicrobes,asweIlastheecologi-calprocessoftheecosystem(McNeelyetal199O).Thisscientifictermconsistsofquantityandfre-quency.Generally,biodiversityisdividedintogeneticbiodi-versity,speciesbiodiv…     

A technique to identify annual growth rings in Eucalyptus grandis usingannual measurements of diameter at breast height and gamma raydensitometry

Many eucalypt species do not show distinct growth rings because cambial activity does not show a strong response to seasonal variation in climate. Eucalyptus grandis, one of the most important commercial hardwood species in South Africa, is one such example of a species that does not have well-defined growth rings. The light and dark bands visible on the cross-section of the wood of E. grandis do not always correspond with the growing season, which makes it difficult to resolve wood property data into annual increments. A method was developed to separate growth rings on wood density profiles of E. grandis into annual increments using bark-to-pith density profiles and annual measurements of diameter at breast height (DBH) from permanent sample plot (PSP) datasets. Using the PSP data, it was possible to assess the annual pattern of stem diameter growth at a compartment level by calculating the radial increment (RI) per year and expressing that value as a percentage of the radius at the end of the increment for that year. Mean radial increment percentage (%MRI) was calculated for each year and used to predict annual RI at an individual tree level. Predicted RI values for each tree were expressed as cumulative distances from the bark end and superimposed onto their respective density profiles. Predicted RI corresponded well with latewood density peaks and these separation points were considered a reliable guide to divide the density profile into annual increments closer to the bark end and into broader age classes closer to the pith. By assessing the pattern of variation in radial density within the context of the growth history of a compartment by means of annual PSP data, it was possible to confirm that growth rings on density profiles of E. grandis closer to the bark end can serve as a reliable representation of annual growth.     

油橄榄枝条及果实生长规律研究

以甘肃陇南大面积栽培的油橄榄莱星品种为试材,研究其枝条生长及果实生长节律。结果表明：油橄榄新梢的整个年高生长进程呈现＂快—慢—快—慢＂的节律,油橄榄新梢生长与发育天数的拟合曲线为,在年生长周期内,出现3次生长高峰,即4月1~15日、6月16~30日之间及8月14~29日;果实年生长出现的2次生长高峰期,分别是在6月下旬至7月上中旬和9月中下旬。并根据枝条与果实生长发育规律,提出了施肥建议。     

Management criteria for Ficus insipida Willd. (Moraceae) in Amazonian white-water floodplain forests defined by tree-ring analysis

Ficus insipida Willd. (Moraceae) is a fast growing tree species of early successional stages in the Amazonian nutrient-rich white-water floodplains (várzea). The species is one of the most economically important low-density wood species in the community-based forest management project in the Mamirauá Sustainable Development Reserve (MSDR) in Central Amazonia, where timber species are managed using a polycyclic selection system with a minimum logging diameter (MLD) of 50 cm and a cutting cycle of 25 years. In this study we analyze the floristic composition, stand structure and forest regeneration of a natural 20 year-old stand at an early successional stage and we model tree growth of diameter, height and volume of F. inspida based on tree-ring analysis to define management criteria. The volume growth model indicates that the preferred period for logging should be at a tree age of 17 years when the current annual volume increment peaks. This age corresponds to a diameter of 55 cm, which would be an appropriate MLD.