秃杉种源试验与选择的研究

在１３个不同种源的８０个家系苗期和５年生幼林调查的基础上,观测了不同产地种子性状;苗木高生长、分枝、根系性状、生物量;幼林生长变异以及生长适应性等规律。结果表明,幼林表现贵州雷山、榕江、剑河种源树高大于云南、湖北种源,其中好的大于差的２５．９％。秃杉种源群体间性状存在明显的遗传差异,群体变异中的树高生长量随经度增大而加大,性状变异与产地经向相关有强于纬向相关的趋势,地理变异倾向于不连续遗传变异类型,以经向为主的渐变。据此将秃杉分布区种源划分为３个种源区,２个亚区。     

福建永安光皮桦种源家系试验初报

应用采自南方5省区光皮桦(Betula luminiferaH.Winkl.)天然林的12个种源176个家系种子在福建永安进行了苗期测定,并在3个不同海拔高度开展造林试验,调查其1年生幼林的树高、地径,据此对优良种源、家系进行了初步选择。结果表明:光皮桦苗期高生长在种源家系间差异显著;1年生幼林各种源、家系、海拔间树高和地径差异均极显著,种源和海拔的交互作用对树高影响极显著,而对地径影响不显著;种源遗传力高于家系,树高遗传力高于地径;以树高为主要指标,初步筛选出适合当地生长的5个优良种源,并选择出适合不同海拔的优良家系各30个,其种源遗传增益达13.27%,家系遗传增益为12.84%,选择效果良好。     

南酸枣地理种源幼林生长性状变异研究

对来自8个省(区)的25个南酸枣种源在福建邵武进行了造林试验.4年生幼林的生长结果表明:南酸枣的树高、胸径、分叉高和分叉数4个性状在种源间均存在极显著差异,且树高和胸径有较高的广义遗传力;树高、胸径和分叉高3个生长性状在不同立地条件下也表现出极显著差异;树高、胸径和分叉高与种源地理纬度间均呈极显著负相关,与经度则未表现出显著负相关,而分叉数与种源地理经度、纬度间以及与树高、胸径和分叉高间均未表现出显著的相关.根据树高和胸径,采用独立选择法初选出贺州、容县、上犹和乐昌4个幼林期较速生的种源,并采用系统聚类法初步将种源划分为2个大区:亚热带中南部速生种源区和亚热带中北部生长相对较慢种源区.     

黄樟种源、家系早期生长性状变异与初步选择

比较广东省乳源县天井山林场、鹤山市宅梧镇、梅州市径南镇3个黄樟种源/家系试验林早期生长,为黄樟遗传改良提供理论依据。结果表明,3个试验点中黄樟的树高、地径在种源间和家系间都存在极显著的差异,种源、家系选择有效;地点、种源/家系、种源×地点、家系×地点互作的效应达到极显著水平,宅梧试验林生长最好,径南次之,天井山最差。在3个试验点上,树高、地径种源遗传力存在差异,但均表现出树高遗传力高于地径遗传力。不同试验点的树高、地径与经纬度的相关性均未达到显著性,地理变异趋势不明显。根据幼林长势及种源加性效应值和家系育种值,分别从3个试验点上初步选择出表现优良的种源和家系,优良家系的遗传增益均大于优良种源。     

枫香地理种源变异与选择

对我国15个枫香地理种源的4.5 a生幼林树高、胸径和冠幅等生长性状进行测定。通过方差分析、相关分析和遗传力参数等的估算结果表明:各地理种源间树高、胸径和冠幅差异极为显著,且树高和胸径有较高的广义遗传力,受中等强度遗传控制。树高、胸径与各种源的地理位置不相关,冠幅与纬度呈显著正相关。采用聚类分析,可以划分为4个种源区。根据枫香幼林生长表现,南部种源区表现最差,以中部种源区的湖南桑梓和东部种源区的江西湖城表现最好。     

不同群体厚朴苗期主要性状观测分析

采集来自湖北、广西和浙江种源的厚朴半同胞家系成熟种子,湿沙保存后进行实生育苗试验,观测幼苗的出苗、生长等情况;落叶后统计幼苗株高、地径等情况。结果表明:不同种源厚朴幼苗生长过程基本一致,分为出苗期,生长初期,快速生长期和落叶期;一年生幼苗平均株高、地径最高为广西种源(47.04 cm,0.90 cm),最低为湖北种源(29.07 cm,0.78cm);不同种源厚朴幼苗之间株高差异达到极显著水平,地径差异不显著;湖北种源家系间地径差异极显著,株高差异显著。广西种源家系间株高差异极显著,地径差异不显著。浙江景宁种源家系间幼苗株高、地径均差异不显著;家系内单株间株高、地径均差异极显著。一年生厚朴幼苗株高生长最快为广西种源,浙江种源次之,湖北种源最慢,地径生长差别不大;半同胞家系内差异极显著,在厚朴良种选育过程中应充分重视优良种源、优良家系与优良单株的配合选择。     

不同造林模式抗性马尾松种源林成活率及生长测定

从广东、广西地区引进优良的抗性马尾松种子,容器育苗后进行造林示范试验。不同造林模式对抗性马尾松成活率及生长测定结果表明,营造抗性马尾松种源纯林和混交造林,抗性马尾松种源幼林成活率均为93%以上,各造林模式间差异不明显;与杉木混交的抗性马尾松种源林生长缓慢,与其他3种造林模式的抗性马尾松种源幼林高、地径生长存在明显差异。     

乐东拟单性木兰地理种源变异与选择研究

对乐东拟单性木兰14个种源种子、苗期以及幼林期生长性状进行了调查分析.结果表明:种子千粒质量、苗高、地径、叶长和叶宽等5个性状在种源间差异极显著;造林保存率种源间差异显著,来自北部的种源,如浙江龙泉种源保存率较高,而来自南部的海南尖峰岭种源保存率较低;幼林期4年生树高、5年生树高和胸径、6年生树高和胸径等5个主要生长性状种源间差异均达到极显著水平,其生长性状广义遗传力为0.855～0.930,说明乐东拟单性木兰幼林期主要生长性状的表型差异主要受遗传因素的控制;乐东拟单性木兰苗高和地径与纬度负相关,表明随种源纬度的升高,乐东拟单性木兰种源苗期生长有减小趋势;乐东拟单性木兰幼林期树高和胸径与经度正相关,与纬度极显著正相关.根据乐东拟单性木兰种源幼林期试验结果,选择出浙江龙泉、福建顺昌和湖南新宁3个优良种源.通过聚类分析,把乐东拟单性木兰种源初步划分为3个区:西部种源区、东部种源区和南部种源区.     

不同种源厚朴酚类牲含量变异与遗传的初步研究

采集厚朴５年生种源试验林共１３个种源３９个树皮样品,用高效液相色谱分析法（ＨＰＬＣ）测定厚朴酚、和厚朴酚的含量。结果表明：厚朴酚、和厚朴酚、厚朴酚类总量、厚朴酚／和厚朴酚比例等品质性状在种源间均有显著或极显著的差异。叶先端小凸尖型的鄂西原酚类含量最高,凹叶型的庐山种源最低,总含量前者是后者的１０．３４倍。以上４个厚朴品质性状均受较强的遗传控制,其种源遗传力为０．７５８５～０．９４６５,且呈经向为主     

不同种源江南油杉幼林生长与土壤环境的差异性研究

通过对广西林科院老虎岭试验基地内4个种源江南油杉幼林生长量和土壤环境的进行研究,揭示了不同种源江南油杉幼林生长和土壤环境的差异,探讨了江南油杉幼林生长与土壤环境的关系。研究结果表明:4个种源江南油杉幼林间地径和苗高差异均不显著。0~20cm土层内不同种源间土壤pH值和全氮含量差异显著,20~40cm土层内不同种源间所有土壤指标均差异不显著。同一种源的不同土层间土壤理化性质、养分、微生物量差异较大。相关分析表明:江南油杉幼林地径与20~40cm土层内土壤全氮含量呈极显著正相关,江南油杉幼林苗高与20~40cm土层内土壤全磷含量呈极显著正相关。因此,在对老虎岭试验基地江南油杉幼林经营管理时,应注重20~40cm土层内全氮和全磷含量的增加,以促进江南油杉幼林健康快速的生长。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.