北美枫香容器育苗基质配方的筛选

对北美枫香容器育苗基质配方筛选结果表明,基质对容器苗根系和新梢生长均有影响,以泥炭∶砻糠灰∶有机肥为6∶2∶2（体积）混合基质表现最好;促根剂不同组合对容器绿化大苗根系生长和移栽后新叶数增加量均有影响,以植物生长调节剂NAA150×10-6＋IBA50×10-6的组合最好;基质与促根剂组合对容器苗地上与地下部分生长影响差异明显,以泥炭∶砻糠灰∶有机肥=6∶2∶2混合基质配以NAA150×10-6＋IBA50×10-6的组合最佳。     

基质及植物生长调节剂组合处理对栾树容器大苗生长的影响

不同基质配方对栾树容器苗生长影响试验结果表明,基质对容器大苗根系和新梢生长均有影响,以泥炭：砻糠灰：有机肥=5∶3∶2（体积）混合基质生长表现最好;植物生长调节剂组合对容器绿化大苗根系生长和移栽后新叶数增加量均有影响,以NAA 75×10-6＋IBA 25×10-6的植物生长调节剂组合最好;基质种类与植物生长调节剂组合对容器大苗地上与地下部分生长影响差异明显,以泥炭∶砻糠灰∶有机肥=5∶3∶2混合基质配以植物生长调节剂NAA 150×10-6＋IBA 50×10-6的组合最佳。     

纳塔栎容器育苗基质筛选"

为筛选经济、环保、节约型纳塔栎容器育苗基质,采用泥炭、珍珠岩、砻糠灰和菜园土等材料,以不同比例配制成6种基质,开展纳塔栎容器育苗试验,测定苗木的高、地径及侧根数,并对其基质配方进行综合评价。结果表明:在不同配方基质上生长的苗木,其苗高、地径及侧根数差异极显著;基质(50%泥炭+25%珍珠岩+25%菜园土)育苗效果最好,基质(50%砻糠灰+25%珍珠岩+25%菜园土)次之;2种基质上的苗木苗高、地径以及侧根均生长良好。说明这2种基质均适宜用于纳塔栎容器育苗。     

灰木莲容器苗培育基质筛选试验

以松皮粉、黄心土、森林表土、火烧土、泥炭5种基质设置6种配比处理开展灰木莲容器苗培育试验，选用苗高、地径、苗木质量指数、容器基质重量等指标进行苗木质量评定，并依据造林效果进行检验。结果表明：不同处理间的苗高、地径和容器基质重量均达到极显著差异，苗木质量指数亦差异显著；处理3（黄心土50％＋松皮粉25％＋表土25％）的苗木质量和造林效果最好，其次是处理5（黄心土60％＋松皮粉25％＋火烧土15％）和处理4（黄心土50％＋松皮粉50％），处理2（黄心土75％＋泥炭25％）最差；建议生产上添加25％．50％的松皮粉作为灰木莲容器育苗基质。     

不同基质对香樟扦插苗生长的影响

以香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)扦插苗为研究对象,研究了3种不同栽培基质对扦插苗叶片、根系及植株生长的影响。结果表明,不同栽培基质对扦插苗生长指标的影响各不相同,珍珠岩对扦插苗的单叶叶片和根系生长有较好地促进作用,且成活率更高,达到38.4%,显著高于砻糠灰和复合土,但砻糠灰对扦插苗的全株叶面积、全株叶鲜重以及苗高、地径有更好地促进作用。因此,认为不同基质对扦插苗地上部分和地下部分生长的促进作用不同。     

花叶夹竹桃嫩枝扦插育苗试验

对影响花叶夹竹桃嫩枝扦插生根效果的植物生长调节剂、扦插基质、插穗粗度等因子进行了育苗试验,结果表明,在全光照自动间歇喷雾条件下,花叶夹竹桃插条生根率及根系生长因植物生长调节剂NAA的质量浓度、基质的种类及插穗粗度的不同有明显差异。在6—8月,选粗度0．4～0．5cm插条,使用800mg／LNAA浸泡处理1min后,扦插于沙：砻糠灰：珍珠岩=1：1：1（体积比）混合基质中,50d成活率可达92．5％。     

马尾松和湿加松轻基质网袋容器育苗试验

以传统基质（黄心土50％＋森林表土50％）为对照，对马尾松和湿加松轻基质网袋容器育苗进行试验的结果表明：松皮粉100％（A）、松皮粉70％＋锯末20％＋森林表土8％＋杉皮粉2％（B）配方的容器苗高和地径均显著高于对照，容器基质重量最轻；松皮粉50％＋锯末4JD％＋森林表土8％＋杉皮粉2％（C）配方次之，但其单株干物质的总重量最大；松皮粉30％＋锯末60％＋森林表土8％＋杉皮粉2％（D）配方生长表现最差。建议生产上培育马尾松和湿加松轻基质网袋苗时，添加约70％的松皮粉、20％的锯末作为育苗基质。     

基质和植物生长调节剂对日本榧扦插生根影响试验

基质、植物生长调节剂与插条对日本榧扦插生根影响试验结果表明:用基质砻糠灰在全光照弥雾条件下扦插优于在大田用双层遮阳网扦插;用NAA处理优于用IAA处理(2000×10-6);插条以用1年生短枝(5cm)为佳。     

美国梧桐嫩枝扦插生根试验

对植物生长调节剂、扦插基质、插穗粗度等影响美国梧桐嫩枝扦插生根效果的因子进行了试验。结果表明,在全光照自动间歇喷雾条件下,美国梧桐嫩枝插条生根率及根系生长因植物生长调节剂的种类、质量浓度和处理时间、基质的组分及插穗粗度的不同有明显差异。在6～8月,筛选0.6～0.7 cm粗度插条,使用50 mg/L NAA与50 mg/L IBA的混合液浸泡处理1 h后,扦插于等体积的沙+砻糠灰+珍珠岩=混合基质中,60 d成活率可达95.5%。     

红花檵木繁殖技术研究

红花檵木播种苗生长快，发芽率达90％，但易出现性状分化，少用于苗木生产，多用于育种研究。红花檵木粗老枝、成熟枝及嫩茎都易生根，高温高湿是红花檵木扦插关键技术，一年中大部分时间都可以扦插，以ABT（2）200mg／L＋黄土50％＋砻糠灰50％组合生根率较高，ABT对粗老枝的促根作用比嫩茎明显。红花檵木与檵木间的亲和力极强，嫁接成活率高，全年有6～7个月可以进行嫁接，其中6～7月和9-10月最好，切接、芽接、嵌合接等根据嫁接季节和嫁接部位分别应用。采用泥套袋＋ABT（2）环剥高压法也易生根成活。     

微生物固化垃圾焚烧灰渣强度试验

垃圾焚烧灰渣(底渣和飞灰)是生活垃圾焚烧发电后的残余固体废弃物,对其进行固化处理和资源化利用是减少该类固体废弃物占用填埋场资源的重要途径。笔者利用微生物诱导碳酸钙沉积固化细粒底渣和飞灰,通过微生物注浆试验研究菌液浓度、胶结液浓度和处理轮数对垃圾焚烧灰渣胶结CaCO3生成量及强度的影响。结果表明,底渣和飞灰都具有一定的水硬性,其水硬固化体的无侧限抗压强度分别为174.46和381.73 kPa。底渣经微生物注浆处理2~10轮后的无侧限抗压强度较水硬固化体分别提高了35.8%~120.0%,飞灰经微生物注浆处理2~10轮后的无侧限抗压强度较水硬固化体则分别提高了9.5%~48.8%。随胶结溶液浓度的增大,微生物固化底渣和飞灰中的CaCO3生成量和无侧限抗压强度提高,但试样的可注性降低。稀释比1∶50、菌液比1∶100的菌液更利于底渣和飞灰胶结强度的提高,未稀释菌液固化效果差。与微生物固化天然砂土和粉土相比,微生物固化底渣和飞灰的无侧限抗压强度随CaCO3含量增加的增幅较缓,微生物固化垃圾焚烧灰渣的胶结效率略低。试验结果证明,微生物固化能有效改善垃圾焚烧灰渣强度的特性,微生物诱导碳酸钙沉积技术在垃圾焚烧灰渣固化处理方面具有一定的发展潜力。     

Seed Biology,Stand Characteristics,and Regeneration of Fraxinus rhynchophylla Hance

Fruit size and seed moisture content were measured and seed production and dispersal were monitored to understand the seed biology of the Korean ash (Fraxinus rhynchophylla Hance) in two Korean ash forests. A combination of four ground treatments and four crown closure levels were created in a natural forest to understand the site conditions needed for seedling emergence in natural stands and to determine practical regeneration methods for direct seeding. The seed size of Korean ash increased until late May and its moisture content decreased rapidly in early November. Prolific seed bearing occurred every 3 yr. The distance of seed dispersal by wind was about 30 m, but more than 90% of the seeds dispersed within 10 m from the seed trees. Twenty-five seed trees per hectare provided for successful natural regeneration. The seedling emergence in the natural stands was best with scarification treatment and 25～50% of crown closure.     

The effects of propagation environment on the rooting of leafy cuttings of ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.), sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.), and sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.)

The effect of propagation environment on the rooting of field collected leafy cuttings of ash (Fraxinus excelsior, sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus) and sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) was investigated in two experiments. In the first experiment, rooting of all three species in mist enclosed inside a polythene tent was greater than 50%, while rooting of ash cuttings was reduced from 63% in enclosed mist to only 16% in open mist. Rooting in open mist, enclosed mist, and contact polythene was studied in a second experiment. Sycamore cuttings rooted equally well in the two mist systems with an average rooting of 78%. In contrast cuttings of both ash and sweet chestnut rooted most under the enclosed mist system, at 64 and 46% respectively. Rooting of ash cuttings was again depressed in the open mist system where less than 30% of cuttings rooted. This reduction was related to an increase in the percentage of cuttings which remained alive without rooting, while showing proliferation of callus at the cutting base. The percentage of sweet chestnut cuttings which callused without rooting was also much greater in the open mist system than in enclosed mist or contact polythene.     

Effect Of Replacing Fish Meal With Blood Meal On Chemical Composition Of Supplement For Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus)

The objective of the work was to evaluate the effect on the nutrient content of replacing fish meal (FM) with blood meal (BM) in fish supplement. Three isonitrogenous diets (35% crude protein) were formulated using FM as the main source of animal protein (BM0); 50% replacement of FM with blood meal (BM50); or 100% replacement of FM with BM (BM100). The chemical composition (ash, crude protein, crude fat and crude fibre) and amino acid composition were determined. Replacement of FM with BM did not affect the proximate composition of the diet apart from ash content which decreased with the level of substitution. Substituting fish meal with blood meal reduced the levels of methionine, lysine, isoleucine, leucine, proline, valine and increased the levels of arginine, phenylanine and alanine in the diet. Amino acid indices revealed that BM0 had more amino acids with the highest chemical scores followed by BM50 and BM100. In all the diets, methionine was the most limiting amino acid. The essential amino acid index of the diets reduced with the level of replacement of FM (0.94, 0.88 and 0.77). The study showed substitution of up to 50% FM with BM gave a useful protein diet and 100% gave almost a poor protein diet.     

Forest self-regeneration following clear-felling of dieback-affected Fraxinus excelsior: focus on ash

Due to the dieback caused by invasive fungus Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus, ash is threatened in many regions of Europe. In order to predict the situation with ash ecosystems, it is important to examine forest regeneration in areas formerly dominated by ash with long disease history and known management. The main aim of the present study was, therefore, to evaluate forest self-regeneration following clear-felling of ash dieback-devastated stands, focusing on ash. In Lithuania, during 2011, a forest regeneration inventory was performed on twenty clear-cuts, initially dominated by stands of ash, but severely damaged by the dieback caused by H. pseudoalbidus and clear-felled 1–10 years previously. In subsequent forest regeneration, grey alder and birch dominated. Ash regeneration was scarce, and its proportion decreased from 40–100 % in pre-dieback stands to 0–21 % in current stands. Of all observed ash trees (n = 775), 53.9 % were diseased, 16.8 % were dead, and only 29.3 % were visually healthy. Moreover, ash was among the slowest growing species, while grey alder, aspen and birch were the fastest. The regeneration and health condition of ash in forests, where previous to the dieback ash was dominant, demonstrated a sharp decrease in occurrence of this species and a clear shift in species composition towards grey alder and birch.     

Long-term effect of wood and peat ash on the growth of Pinus sylvestris on drained peatland

The effect of ash fertilization on height growth and volume production of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) was studied on oligotroph peatland in southeast Norway. In the year 1944, plots 15 m × 15 m size were fertilized with 0, 4, 7, and 10 tons ha^?1 of wood or peat ash. The area was treeless, but a satisfactory number of pine seedlings were present. All measurements were confined to the central inner plot, 10 m × 10 m area. Most plots were re-fertilized with 10 tons of wood ash ha^?1 in the year 1993. Wood ash had higher content of nutrients, and generally, it had greater growth enhancement effect than peat ash. When the amount of ash was increased, volume production significantly increased for the age period 38–50 years and the total production at age 50 years. The mean annual increment during the first 50 years was about 6 m³ ha^?1 for the plots applied with 10 tons of ash ha^?1. Trees on plots fertilized with 7 or 10 tons in 1944 and replenished with 10 tons ha^?1 at age 50 years (1993) had a mean annual increment of 14 m³ ha^?1 for the stand age period 51–68 years. Over time some tree roots from control plots and plots fertilized with 4 tons ha^?1 have captured nutrients from richer plots. Such effect is to a smaller extent relevant for treatment 7 tons. It is concluded that the content of mineral nutrients of wood and peat ash makes these ashes well suited as fertilizers on peatland.     

Morphological acclimation and growth of ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.) advance regeneration following overstory harvesting in a Mississippi River floodplain forest

Stand-level growth responses and plant-level patterns of biomass accumulation and distribution were examined to learn how stand structure influences morphological acclimation and growth of green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.) advance regeneration following overstory harvesting. Nine, 20-ha plots that received clearcut harvesting (100% basal area removal), partial harvesting (50% basal area removal), or no harvesting (control) were sampled to measure height, root-collar diameter, leaf, stem and root biomass, and leaf mass ratio (LMR), stem mass ratio (SMR) and root mass ratio (RMR) of ash regeneration. Six years after treatment, plot-level analyses indicated that ash growth was greatest in plots receiving clearcut harvesting, and least in control plots. Examination of LMR, SMR and RMR revealed that this growth response was not associated with acclimation that altered plant morphology. Total biomass ranged 275-fold among sampled plants, and much of this variation was accounted for by measurements of stand leaf area index (LAI). Along the gradient of stand LAI, values greater than 2 inhibited biomass accumulation. Stand LAI values less than 1.5 promoted ash biomass accumulation which reached a maximum where LAI values approached 0.7 and tapered above or below this value. Our findings indicate that green ash regeneration can be managed beneath light canopy cover, and the ability of seedlings to establish and persist beneath closed canopies and vigorously respond to release without having to endure prolonged morphological acclimation provides flexibility in developing regeneration protocols.     

Retention properties of wood residues and their potential for soil amelioration

The particle size distribution, the nutrient content and the sorption behaviour of six solid wood and ash/charcoal residues collected in three wood-processing companies in Germany and Brazil were investigated in order to elucidate the potential of these residues for the development of new products for soil amelioration. The absorption of N, P, and K by the residues and the leaching of nutrients from impregnated samples were studied in the laboratory at substrate temperatures of 20 and 300°C. The release of elements by the impregnated samples and the sorption behaviour of ash/charcoal incorporated in the soil were also studied in the field on a temperate site (Hamburg, 53°32′N 09°59′E), on a subtropical site (Ivaí, 25°15′S 50°45′W), and on a tropical site (Aripuanã, 10°09′S 59°26′W). Under laboratory conditions the solid wood residues absorbed 2.0–9.1% of the N, 0.1–0.4% of the P, and 1.0–8.5% of the K available in the impregnation solution. At a temperature of 20°C, selected sieve fractions of the ash/charcoal residues absorbed up to twice as much as N and up to 100 times more K than the treated wood residues. The absorption of N, P, and K to the ash/charcoal residues increased significantly at a substrate temperature of 300°C compared to a substrate temperature of 20°C. In absolute numbers, the leaching of N, P, and K from the impregnated ash/charcoal residues was in the range of the release by the impregnated solid wood residues, whilst the relative rate of nutrient leaching was strongly reduced. The field experiments confirmed the results obtained in the laboratory and indicated that ash/charcoal residues are suitable raw materials for the development of new products for soil amelioration, in particular for application under humid climate conditions.     

伤流等指标评价在尾叶桉容器苗质量中的应用

测定了不同基质的尾叶桉容器苗的伤流、叶绿素含量、苗高、生物量、高径比等指标.结果表明:伤流的测定值和苗木的其它常用指标相一致;生长状况好的苗木伤流量大,表明伤流用于评价尾叶桉苗木的生活力,选择适合的容器育苗基质是可行的;同时选出了以蔗渣和木屑为主要原料的尾叶桉容器苗优良育苗基质及其处理方法.     

油松容器育苗营养土配制技术试验

采用苗圃土(粘重的淤积土)、炉灰(取暖大烟囱内回落的颗粒状煤灰)为主,加入少量腐殖土和农家肥按不同比例配制成4种基质(处理)与对照100%苗圃土相比,培育油松容器育苗。结果表明,处理2:60%的苗圃土 30%炉灰 5%腐殖土 5%农家肥的营养土比对照培育的苗木成活率高12%。处理3:40%的苗圃土 50%炉灰 5%腐殖土 5%农家肥的营养土比对照培育的苗木成活率高11%。两种处理在苗木平均高、平均根条数、苗木平均生物量及根茎比对照均有显著的差异。