农田林网责任制形式利弊分析——探讨平原林业持续稳定发展途径

农田林网是平原林业的主体。随着平原绿化的发展和完善,农田林网建设已由防止自然灾害为主向建立稳定的多功能、高效益的农林复合经济系统发展,以获得最佳的生态、经济和社会效益。实践证明农田林网的发展是振兴平原农村经济的重要途径之一,合理选择农田林网责任制形式是加速平原林业持续稳定发展的关键。为此我们经过长期的调查与研究,并通过对现有农田林网采取的不同责任制形式进行综合的利弊分析,从中探讨平原林业持续稳定发展途径。     

浅议振兴平原地区农田林网建设

农田林网是平原绿化的主体,也是农业生产的屏障。本文分析了农田林网的效益,指出了农田林网建设中存在的问题,提出了振兴平原区农田林网建设的建议。     

河北南部平原农田林网发展的宏观对策与技术思路探讨

农田林网建设存在的问题 林网总体规模减小,发展不均衡。通过对河北省南部平原县市农田林网现状的调查发现,目前,农田林网控制率大约在65％左右,较上世纪70年代下降20％,而且发展水平也很不均衡。好的县市在85％以上,差的地方不足40％,极个别的地方几乎没有形成林网,形成了上万亩、甚至近10万亩的空旷地。我国北方平原绿化达标的标准是要求农田林网控制率是85％,平原绿化示范县的农田林网标准是90％,而且要想发挥良好的生态防护效能,林网控制率也不能低于90％。     

毛白杨数量化立地质量评价表的编制及其应用方法研究

<正> 毛白杨是河南省平原农田林网的主要造林树种,具有生长快、干形园满、通直、高大、冠幅小、材质优良、繁殖容易等特点。为加速我省平原农田林网建设,提高造林质量,使“适地适树”原则建立在更加可靠和科学的基础上,我们结合博爱县农田林网经营方案调查设计,根据农田林网的特点,利用数量化理论Ⅰ的混合模型,编制了农田林网毛白杨数量化立地质量评价表,并对编     

博爱县农田林网永续经营技术及效益分析

分析了博爱县农田林网形成后在生态、经济、社会等方面所产生的显著效益。总结了实现农田林网永续经营的具体方法。为平原地区农田林网的经营与管理提供了很好的依据。     

农田林网效益测定

江南水乡,人多田少产量高,农田林网的效益如何?这是我们在开展农田林网化建设过程中遇到的主要思想障碍,也是关系到平原农田林网建设能否进一步发展的问题。为了测定农田林网的防护效益、探讨林粮关系,1978～1980年,我们在余杭县博陆公社红阳大队进行了农田林网效益的测定和水稻产量的验收。现将结果整理如下:     

平原地区毛白杨农田林造林技术

平原地区毛白杨农田林造林技术毛白杨是华北平原地区农田林网建设的主要树种，若采用的造林方法不当，不但降低造林成活率、影响林相整齐度，而且易形成小老树，大幅度降低农田林网的间接效益及直接效益。我市于８０年代后期在农田林网建设上推广应用良种毛白杨苗木，为探...     

略论平原农区高级林网化的几个问题

通过对平原农区多年来营造农田林网的试验研究和大量典型调查,结合本地科研成果及外地经验,提出了平原农区高级林网化的概念及标准,并总结出平原农区建立高级林网化应注意的几个关键问题,为平原农区营建高级农田林网提供了参考。     

发展浙江林业的几个问题(二)

(六) 平原林网的配置 全省有平原3543万亩,占23.2％。为了保护平原农田的高产稳产,抵御灾害性天气对农作物的危害。根据余杭县博陆公社红阳大队及桐乡县义马公社众安大队对农田林网效益的测定报导,讨论农田林网的合理配置。     

半地下畦田式农田防护林营造技术

一、林网规划 根据立地条件，坨沼沙区农田林网设置300-400米×300-400米网格，平原农耕区农田林网设置400-500米×400-500米网格。     

Armillaria ostoyae in managed coniferous forests in Kastamonu in Turkey

Although several Armillaria species have been reported in Turkey, there is little information about their ecology in Turkish forests. In this study, we investigated five forest stands, approximately 5–74 ha in size, in Kastamonu province in the Black Sea Region of Turkey for the presence of Armillaria species in stumps and logs. The stands were mixed Abies nordmanniana ssp. bornmülleriana and Pinus sylvestris forests managed using a selective cuttings system; the proportion of fir in the total number of stems and stumps ranged from 36 to 98%. Based on sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer and intergenic spacer regions of the rDNA, all rhizomorphs sampled from the stumps and logs were of Armillaria ostoyae. The size of the genets was estimated with random amplified microsatellites analysis of the isolates and ranged from single stumps to approximately 450 m². One to seven genets were found in each stand. These results indicate that the genets had arisen from spores and vegetative spread was limited on most sites.     

木材碳封存研究进展

碳封存可以分工业封存和生物封存, 工业封存包括地质封存、海洋封存、矿石碳化以及工业循环利用, 这些方法能快速回收CO₂, 但工艺流程技术复杂, 成本较高。木材碳封存是生物碳封存的一种类型, 树木光合作用吸收的碳主要存贮在木材中。运用木材密度、微密度等检测仪器, 通过确定木材密度变化, 结合其含碳率来计量木材的碳封存过程以及封存过程中碳的分配格局, 同时研究其与环境因子的相关性, 可以为研究森林的碳吸收动态提供便捷的方法和科学的依据。     

植物DNA甲基化研究进展

植物经常暴露在各种生物和非生物的胁迫之下,这些胁迫会影响植物的生长发育和繁殖并最终导致植物死亡。为了抵御不利的环境条件,植物已经进化出复杂而精细的网络来感知胁迫并激活防御系统。为此,植物激活许多信号转导通路,这些信号转导通路可以改变一些胁迫响应基因的表达,从而引起植物形态、生理和生化的改变以适应逆境。DNA胞嘧啶甲基化是高等真核生物的主要表观遗传机制之一,在维持基因组稳定性和调节基因表达方面起着关键作用。表观遗传变异比遗传变异更为灵活。一旦环境条件发生变化,为了适应新的环境植物都会发生表观遗传的改变。许多研究表明DNA甲基化参与植物的发育和应激反应。基于相关研究对DNA甲基化进行了综述,对植物逆境胁迫有重要意义。     

Changes in micropores in dry wood with elapsed time in the environment

To investigate the changes in microstructures of wood with elapsed time in the environment, CO₂ adsorption onto dry wood was measured at ice-water temperature (273 K) for samples aged from 0.1 years to over 1000 years. The micropore size distribution was obtained using the Horvath-Kawazoe method. Micropores smaller than 0.6 nm in wood decreased in number with elapsed time in the environment, and a negative correlation was found between cumulative pore volume for pores smaller than 0.6 nm and elapsed time in the environment. Cumulative pore volume in the 1000-year sample was almost half of that in the 0.1- year sample. Micropores smaller than 0.6 nm in wood with a few decades or more of elapsed time increased in number after rewetting and drying. Consequently, microstructures of wood with longer time elapsed in the environment were considered to be more stable, because of longer-term thermal motion and possibly more repeated moisture adsorption and desorption and/or temperature variation in the environment.     

Natural regeneration in patch clear-cutting in Picea abies stands in Southern Finland

Abstract

The success of natural regeneration on patch clear-cuts in Norway spruce stands in Southern Finland was examined in terms of stocking and tree height. The experiment was established in mature spruce stands in the submesic Myrtillus (MT) site type. In each of the eight study sites, three plots were treated with clear-cutting and planting, clear-cutting with partial tree retention and planting, and patch clear-cutting without site preparation, respectively. In three of the study sites, one plot with patch clear-cutting and site preparation was established. Each plot was 1 ha, out of which three patches of 40×40 m were clear-cut in the patch treatments. 10–11 years after cutting, the patches had on average 1316 crop trees ha^–1, of which 91% were spruces. Some 27% of the stands were up to the target stocking level (≥1600 ha^?1), and 36% were at least satisfactory (≥1300 ha^?1). Site preparation did not yield greater stocking levels on patches, but that result is ambiguous due to a difference in initial stocking. The average spruce tree height in the patches (0.76 m) was much smaller than in the case of clear-cutting and planting (2.42 m). In conclusion, the patches had been restocked tolerably well with spruce and birch for practical purposes during the 10- to 11-year period, but the regeneration process had been very slow compared to clear-cutting and planting.     

长白山阔叶红松林隙内物种种间关系研究

对长白山阔叶红松林的林隙环境状况、林隙内物种种间关系进行了研究。结果表明:林隙与林内物种丰富度不同,乔木物种丰富度略高于林内,而灌木和草本物种丰富度则明显高于林内;林隙内物种种间关系多数呈负相关,极显著正相关(P<0.01)和显著正相关(P<0.05)种对数较少(乔、灌、草),极显著负相关(P<0.01)和显著负相关(P<0.05)种对数也较少(乔)或没有(灌、草),物种间主要表现为竞争关系;林隙中小气候状况发生了显著改变,光照强度和空气温度显著高于林内(P<0.01),空气相对湿度和地温变化规律也表现出显著变化。     

Tree regeneration in patch cutting in Norway spruce stands in northern Finland

The study focused on the success of regeneration on patch cuts in spruce-dominated stands in terms of stocking and tree height. It was based on an experiment in the Kainuu region in northern Finland. The experimental design included 8 stands with 58 clearcut patches of variable size (0.09–0.37?ha), on which either natural regeneration without site preparation or site preparation and planting of Scots pine was applied. A regeneration survey was conducted 13–15 growing seasons after treatments. Patches without site preparation had been restocked quite well from natural seed sources. The average number of trees was about 11,000?ha^?1, of which 1700?ha^?1 crop trees. With site preparation and planting, the stocking levels were also very high, 25,000 and 2100?ha^?1, respectively. One hundred percent of the planted patches and 75% of the naturally regenerated patches had an acceptable density. Restocking was equally good across the range of patch sizes. Tree growth had been somewhat slower in the smallest patches than in the largest ones in the range. Natural regeneration was capable of yielding good regeneration results in most patches, especially when site preparation was applied. Stocking levels and height development were higher yet in the planted patches.     

上海中央公园特大银杏树白蚁防治探讨

通过对上海松江中央公园内65株特大银杏树白蚁为害情况的调查,发现该公园银杏受害率为100%,其中存在活白蚁的银杏占总量的56.9%,采用毒土处理、粉剂疗法、建立白蚁监测点等措施,经过两次灭杀,活白蚁的灭杀率达到92.3%和93.3%,从而使存在活白蚁银杏树的比例从56.9%下降到2.7%,白蚁发生情况明显降低。       

Research advance in wood composites in China

Inthe21stcentury,thewoodsupplyinChinawillcontinLJetobelessthanthedemand,soChinawillneedtousewoodasetfectivelyasPossible.Theuseotwoodcompositesisaveryefficientwaytosavewood.ChinalackssLJfficientforeststomeetitsdemandforwood,especiallyinfinequalitywoods.BecauseofChina'spopulationandfiberdemand,efficientuseofwoocJismoreimportanttoChinathanthattosomeothercoLJntries.However,Chinawasneitherconvincedofthisandnordiditpayattentiontothestudyofwoodcompositesbeforethe1970's.FacingthewoodcrisisChinaf…     

杉木人工林土壤磷素形态及其有效性研究

对几种主要杉木人工林土壤Ｐ素形态及其有效性进行研究，结果表明，（１）无机Ｐ是赤红壤，红壤，黄红壤Ｐ素的主要形态，其中Ｏ－Ｐ含量最高，Ｃａ－Ｐ和Ｆｅ－Ｐ次之，Ａｌ－Ｐ含量最低，Ａｌ－Ｐ，Ｆｅ－Ｐ，Ｏ－Ｐ和Ｃａ－Ｐ在赤红壤中分别占无机Ｐ的２．７４％，４．７０％，８４．７４％和７．８１％；在红壤中分别占２．４６％，１１．９０％，７７．２４％和７．８０％；在黄红壤中分别占２．７４％，１０．６３％，７８．０