养殖水温对吉富罗非鱼幼鱼血清和肝脏1H-NMR代谢组的影响

基于¹H-NMR的代谢组学方法研究饲养水温对罗非鱼的肝脏和血清代谢特征的影响。实验选用初始体重为(38.75±0.61g)的吉富罗非鱼在不同温度(22、28和34℃,分别标记为LT,MT和HT组)条件下饲养8周。结果显示:在血清中,代谢物的变化包括乳酸、脯氨酸、葡萄糖、柠檬酸、反式-4-羟基、乙醇、肌酸、亮氨酸、甜菜碱、缬氨酸、谷氨酰胺、三甲胺、甘露糖、酪氨酸和肌酐,主要参与糖酵解、胆碱代谢和脂质代谢。差异代谢物中LT组乳酸、反式-4-羟基、肌酸、葡萄糖、脯氨酸、亮氨酸和缬氨酸的含量高于MT组,HT组除葡萄糖、谷氨酰胺及甘露糖外均高于MT组。肝脏组织代谢物的变化包括麦芽糖、谷氨酸、亮氨酸、赖氨酸、精氨酸、缬氨酸、丝氨酸、谷氨酰胺、异亮氨酸、牛磺酸、酪氨酸、丙氨酸、苏氨酸、苯丙氨酸、蛋氨酸,主要参与糖代谢和氨基酸代谢。LT组15种差异代谢物含量均高于MT组和HT组,MT组麦芽糖、谷氨酸盐、赖氨酸、丝氨酸、谷氨酰胺、牛磺酸和苏氨酸浓度高于HT组。以上结果表明:低温降低了吉富罗非鱼对氨基酸及氨基酸衍生物的利用率,进而影响吉富罗非鱼的生长速度和饲料利用率;高温组实验鱼的生长表现与适温组无显著差异,但代谢组结果显示高温饲养显著影响了吉富罗非鱼的胆碱代谢和脂质代谢。     

饲料磷水平对吉富罗非鱼营养代谢和肠道微生物的影响

为研究饲料不同磷水平对吉富罗非鱼营养代谢及肠道微生物的影响,实验以磷酸二氢钙作为磷源,配制成总磷含量为0.26%(低磷组)、0.81%(适磷组)和1.51%(高磷组)的3组等氮等能饲料,每种饲料为一个处理,每个处理设置4个重复,每个重复30尾鱼,用3种饲料分别饲喂初始体重为(8.42±0.09) g的吉富罗非鱼8周。结果显示,适磷组吉富罗非鱼的增重率和特定生长率显著高于低磷组和高磷组,饲料系数在适磷组最低。脏体比、肝体比和肥满度随饲料磷水平的升高呈逐渐下降趋势。随着饲料磷水平的增加,吉富罗非鱼干物质、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、磷的表观消化率显著降低。对筛选到的差异代谢物进行KEGG注释和富集分析发现,饲料磷缺乏时下调的差异代谢物主要富集的代谢通路为氰胺酸代谢、葡萄糖酸酯的生物合成、丙氨酸、天冬氨酸和谷氨酸代谢,上调的差异代谢物主要富集的代谢通路为脂肪酸合成;当饲料磷过量时下调的差异代谢物主要富集代谢通路为精氨酸和脯氨酸代谢、苯丙酸的生物合成,上调的差异代谢物主要富集代谢通路为氨基糖和核苷酸糖的代谢。Ace、Chao1和Shannon指数表明,吉富罗非鱼肠道菌群丰度和多样性随着饲料磷水平的升高呈现...     

高温胁迫下虹鳟肝脏代谢组学研究

为探究高温胁迫下虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)在细胞层面的代谢响应机制, 本研究开展 20 ℃ (T20)和 24 ℃(T24)的高温胁迫实验, 以肝脏为靶器官, 利用 UPLC-QTOF-MS 代谢组学技术结合 PCA、OPLS-DA 等多变量统计分析手段进行差异代谢物筛选, 确定与差异代谢物相关的关键代谢通路变化。结果显示, T20 组共筛选出 65 个差异代谢物, 主要富集于亚油酸代谢、半乳糖代谢、α-亚麻酸代谢、甘油磷脂代谢、嘌呤代谢、鞘脂代谢和谷胱甘肽代谢等 17 条代谢通路; T24 组共筛选出 80 个差异代谢物, 主要富集于亚油酸代谢、视黄醇代谢、甘油磷脂代谢、 鞘脂代谢、α-亚麻酸代谢、谷胱甘肽代谢和甘油酯代谢等 15 条代谢通路。其中, 脂质代谢受到的影响最为显著, 其次为氨基酸代谢。研究结果表明, 高温胁迫下虹鳟肝脏发生氧化应激, 短期内机体调动谷胱甘肽代谢途径加速清除活性氧, 但持续的高温胁迫导致了脂质代谢紊乱, DHA 和 α-亚麻酸等维持细胞正常功能代谢物的减少, 致使机体的免疫和抗氧化系统失衡, 进而造成肝细胞受损。本研究可为后续针对特定代谢通路的耐高温靶向调控研究提供方向, 同时为多视角探究虹鳟耐高温机制提供理论依据。     

龙胆草提取物对吉富罗非鱼肌肉品质的影响

以龙胆草提取物作为添加剂,按照不同比例配制等氮等能饲料,对罗非鱼幼鱼进行分组饲养.通过11周养殖试验,采集鱼体肌肉组织,测定不同添加量组间肌肉常规及其氨基酸组成等指标,以研究龙胆草作为饲料添加剂对罗非鱼生长及肌肉品质的影响.结果表明,龙胆草提取物作为饲料添加剂能够显著提升吉富罗非鱼具有提高肌肉粗蛋白含量,增加必需氨基酸以及鲜味氨基酸含量的作用,其中以0.3％为最适添加量.     

饲料糖水平对吉富罗非鱼幼鱼生长和肝代谢功能的影响

为研究饲料糖水平对吉富罗非鱼幼鱼生长性能和肝代谢功能的影响,实验配制等蛋白、等脂肪含量的8种不同糖水平(10％、15％、20％、25％、30％、35％、40％和45％)饲料,每个糖水平设3个重复,饲养周期49 d,结果显示:(1)饲料糖水平对吉富罗非鱼幼鱼的增重率、成活率、饲料系数和肝体比均有显著影响(P＜0.05).饲料糖水平为35％时,罗非鱼增重最快;饲料糖水平为40％时饲料系数最低.(2)随着饲料糖水平的升高,鱼体肌糖原、粗脂肪含量逐渐升高,鱼体肝糖原含量先增加后下降.(3)饲料糖水平对各组鱼血清谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶、血清磷酸果糖激酶活性、总蛋白和总胆汁酸浓度均有显著影响(P＜0.05),且随着糖水平的升高,呈上升趋势;而鱼体肝酯酶和脂蛋白脂酶活性则是先上升后下降.(4)饲料糖水平35％时,肝脏组织出现少量细胞脂滴空泡状现象;饲料糖水平40％和45％时,肝脏组织切片有明显的细胞脂滴空泡状、核偏移和细胞质消失现象.肝脏脂滴空泡状面积率与组织脂肪含量具有显著的正相关,与肝脏组织的脂肪肝病变程度成正比.结果表明,吉富罗非鱼苗种饲料以29.10％～ 35.00％的糖水平较利于吉富罗非鱼幼鱼生长及后期的脂肪肝病预防.     

基于代谢组学技术的无机砷对三疣梭子蟹鳃组织的毒性作用机制研究

通过非靶向代谢组学方法对比分析暴露于0.3 mg/L三价砷(As3+)、0.3 mg/L五价砷(As5+)环境中96 h的雌性成体三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)代谢物组成及含量的变化,探究As3+、As5+对三疣梭子蟹鳃组织毒性相关分子机制.结果 发现,经0.3 mg/L As3+暴露共...     

蚕蛹油等7种油脂对吉富罗非鱼生长、体组成及脂质代谢影响的比较

为研究蚕蛹油在吉富罗非鱼饲料中应用的可行性,在饲料中分别添加5.0%的蚕蛹油(SPO)、海水鱼油(MFO)、罗非鱼油(TO)、猪油(PL)、鸡油(CO)、亚麻籽油(LO)和大豆油(SO),配制成7种等氮等脂实验饲料,饲喂初始均重为(47.51±0.52)g的实验鱼。每个处理设置3个重复,每个重复放鱼20尾,进行56 d的养殖实验。结果显示,罗非鱼终末均重、增重率和特定生长率均为LO和SO组显著高于SPO和MFO组,与TO、PL和CO组差异不显著。饲料系数SPO组显著高于除MFO组外的其余各组,而蛋白质效率与之相反。摄食量SPO组最低,SO组最高。TO组罗非鱼脏体比、体长/体高和腹脂率均为最低,而肥满度最高。肝体比PL组显著高于除LO组外的其他各组。腹脂率MFO组显著高于除CO组外的其余各组。同其他组相比,SPO可降低罗非鱼全鱼、组织粗脂肪及血清甘油三酯(TG)、葡萄糖和丙二醛的含量;MFO可降低全鱼粗脂肪的含量和提高肝脏乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(ACC)的活性;PL组罗非鱼血清TG和总胆固醇(TC)含量均较低,而肝脏肉碱脂酰转移酶-I和ACC活性均较高;CO组血清TG、TC、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)含量和谷草转氨酶活性均为最高;LO和SO可显著提高罗非鱼对饲料脂肪的沉积率和全鱼、肌肉粗脂肪的含量,SO还可显著提高血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和降低LDL-C、TC的含量;SPO、LO和SO可分别显著提高罗非鱼肌肉中高不饱和脂肪酸、α-亚麻酸和亚油酸的含量。研究表明,SPO作为吉富罗非鱼饲料的单一脂肪源,虽会影响其生长性能,但具有降体脂、血脂和血糖,保护鱼体健康和优化肌肉脂肪酸组成等优点。     

白芍提取物对罗非鱼氧化损伤的保护作用

为了解白芍提取物对罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)肝损伤和炎症反应的保护作用,将罗非鱼随机分为5组,空白对照组(Ctrl组)、H2 O2组、白芍提取物组(0.5、1.0、5 g/kg),饲喂60 d后,用H2 O2处理24 h,在H2 O2处理前后,分别采集血液、肝、鳃和肌组织,并测定肝损伤指标、氧化应激参数和基因表达。结果显示:白芍提取物显著提高了血清、肝和鳃的抗氧化能力。氧化损伤实验中,白芍提取物不同程度地降低了谷丙转氨酶(GPT)、谷草转氨酶(GOT)和丙二醛(MDA)水平;提高了超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)和总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)水平;上调了肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素IL-1β和IL-8基因表达;下调了IL-10基因表达。以上结果表明,白芍提取物可提高罗非鱼抗氧化能力,抑制氧化应激引起的肝损伤和炎症反应。     

基于代谢组解析大黄鱼对低温和饥饿胁迫的适应机制

为探讨大黄鱼Larimichthys crocea对低温和饥饿氧化损伤的响应机制,本实验将体质量为（21.38±2.46）g的大黄鱼在低温（8°C）或/和禁食条件下饲养。实验组可分为4个处理组：对照组（C组）、低温组（CC组）、饥饿组（F组）和饥饿+低温组（CF组）,每组3个平行。低温和饥饿胁迫30 d后,计算成活率;采取肝脏样本,进行组织学观察,并利用化学荧光法和LC-MS非靶向代谢组学技术分析处理组间活性氧（ROS）和代谢产物的差异。结果表明,与C组相比,CC组、F组和CF组的成活率显著降低,而ROS含量显著升高（P < 0.05）,且肝细胞均出现不同程度的空泡和核萎缩现象,表明低温和饥饿胁迫对大黄鱼产生了氧化损伤。大黄鱼低温应激后,从CC vs. C和CF vs. F中分别筛选出84种和154种差异代谢物,有5种重要的重叠代谢途径：甘油磷脂代谢、糖基磷脂酰肌醇（GPI）-锚生物合成和自噬等,表明细胞膜流动性和自噬在大黄鱼低温适应过程中发挥重要作用。大黄鱼饥饿应激后,从F vs. C和CF vs. CC中分别筛选出184种和50种差异代谢物,有4种重要的重叠代谢途径：甘油磷脂代谢、糖基磷脂酰肌醇（GPI）-锚生物合成、ABC运输体和自噬等,表明能量代谢和自噬在大黄鱼饥饿过程中发挥重要作用。从CF vs. C中筛选出差异代谢物126种,主要富集在糖基磷脂酰肌醇（GPI）-锚生物合成、甘油磷脂代谢、氧化磷酸化、淀粉和蔗糖代谢、FoxO信号通路、自噬和谷胱甘肽代谢等,表明细胞膜流动性、能量代谢、自噬和抗氧化系统在大黄鱼适应低温和饥饿联合胁迫过程中发挥重要作用。本文结果为深入研究低温及其诱导的饥饿对大黄鱼生理功能的影响提供科学依据。     

黄连素对高脂诱导的斑马鱼肝脏细胞脂质代谢的影响

为研究黄连素对高脂诱导的斑马鱼肝脏细胞脂质代谢组学的影响,以斑马鱼细胞为实验材料,通过棕榈酸钠(0.25mM,24h)诱导肝脏细胞脂质沉积模型,经黄连素(25μM,6h)处理后收集细胞。采用高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术进行脂质代谢组学分析,对不同处理的斑马鱼肝脏细胞的脂质代谢物进行筛选鉴定并对脂代谢相关因子的基因表达进行检测。结果显示,与对照组相比,高脂组共筛选出1761个差异离子,其中鉴定出147种差异代谢物,123个升高、24个降低;高脂+黄连素组共筛选出2728个差异离子,其中鉴定出346种差异代谢物,139个升高、207个降低。与高脂组相比,高脂+黄连素组共筛选出1605个差异离子,其中鉴定出259种差异代谢物,45个升高、204个降低。进一步对不饱和脂肪酸代谢通路研究发现,差异代谢产物二高-γ-亚麻酸(DGLA)和二高-α-亚麻酸(ETA)含量在高脂组中显著上升(P < 0.05),且添加了黄连素后含量显著下降(P < 0.05);与对照组组相比,高脂+黄连素组的DGLA和ETA含量并无显著差异。通过检测DGLA和ETA分解相关酶的基因(ATGL、HSL)表达量发现,与对照组相比,高脂组两者均显著(P<0.05)降低,添加了黄连素后均显著(P<0.05)升高;检测合成相关酶基因(ACC、Elovl6、Elovl7a、SCDb、FAS、FADS2)的表达量,结果显示,与对照组相比,高脂组组细胞内ACC、Elovl6和SCDb的表达量显著(P<0.05)升高,FADS2表达量显著(P<0.05)降低,而添加了黄连素后细胞内FADS2的表达量显著(P<0.05)升高,FAS、Elovl6、SCDb表达量显著(P<0.05)降低。综上所述,高脂诱导通过抑制脂质分解相关基因表达,促进脂质合成相关基因的表达进而引起脂肪在细胞中的过度沉积,添加适量黄连素可以显著改善这一现象。     

Metabolism and antioxidation regulation of total flavanones from Sedum sarmentosum Bunge against high-fat diet-induced fatty liver disease in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Fish Physiology and Biochemistry - Diet-induced fatty liver is a considerable threaten to fish aquaculture due to the popularity of the high-fat diet (HFD) feeding. Our study aims to investigate...     

Growth,feed utilization,and liver histology of juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed diets containing increasing levels of swine fat

Due to predictions that the expanding aquaculture sector cannot continue to rely on finite marine stocks for fish oil, there have been several research works within the aquafeed industry to find sustainable alternatives for dietary lipid sources. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of a range of inclusion levels of rendered swine fat on the growth performance and liver histology of juvenile Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Fish (initial weight ~ 20 g) were randomly stocked into twelve 1 m³ nylon mesh hapas and fed isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diets containing rendered swine fat at varying inclusion levels of 0% (Control), 5% (SF5), 7% (SF7), or 10% (SF10) for 84 days. The control diet contained 5% fish oil as the lipid source. At the end of the trial, there were no significant differences between the final weights of the fish that were fed the control (38.01 ± 0.76) and SF5 diets (37.85 ± 0.68), and both groups recorded significantly higher (P < 0.05) specific growth rates relative to the SF7 and SF10 groups. Specific growth rates ranged from 0.59% day^?1 (SF10) to 0.75% day^?1 (Control and SF5). The fish that were fed the SF7 and SF10 diets had significantly (P < 0.05) larger livers relative to the control and SF5 fish. Histological examination further revealed significant liver alterations in the SF7 and SF10 fish, as evidenced by hepatocyte nuclei migration, hepatic vacuolation, and varying degrees of steatosis. Calculations of profit indices showed that the SF5 diet offers the best economic viability, taking into consideration both the monetary values of fish produced and cost of feed fed over the trial period. The results of this study indicate that rendered swine as a sole lipid source in juvenile Nile tilapia diets can be included at 5% without depressing fish growth.     

Effects of fat,choline and feeding regime on catalase gene expression in the liver of GIFT (Oreochromis niloticus)

Catalase is an enzyme that widely occurs in animals and plants. It is primarily used to decompose H₂O₂ in the body of animals to prevent oxidative damage to biological macromolecules. The present study investigated the influence of fat levels and feeding condition on the gene expression of catalase (CAT) in Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia (GIFT) tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). A full‐length 3063‐bp cDNA sequence, encoding 527 amino acid residues of CAT, was cloned, and the altered expression was assayed by real‐time polymerase chain reaction. The amino acid sequence shared high similarity with other animals (67%–92%). The fat and choline levels regulated the expression of CAT in the liver. When the fishes were fed 750 and 1,000 mg/kg choline, the expression of CAT in the liver increased initially and then decreased with increasing fat. The expression of CAT was maximum when 12% fat was fed; the feeding frequency and amount altered the expression of CAT. When fed two times a day, the expression in the liver first decreased to the minimum value with 8% body‐weight diets and then increased with the raised feed level. The results suggested that the expression of CAT gene in the liver of GIFT initially decreased and then increased with the raised level of feeding.     

Improvement of growth and antioxidant status in Nile tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus,fed diets supplemented with mushroom stalk waste hot water extract

Mushroom stalk waste (MSW) generated from the oyster mushroom industry is drastically increasing and safe disposal of MSW is becoming a critical issue worldwide. Mushrooms are an established, excellent source of nutraceuticals and antioxidants, and therefore MSW may confer similar effects when consumed. The severe deterioration of aquatic habitat may compromise the homoeostasis of antioxidative metabolism of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, which resulted in a reduced total production. Based on this paradigm, hot water extracts (HWE, 2‐ and 5‐h) of MSW were evaluated as a supplement in fish feed and determined the effect on growth performance and the antioxidant status of Nile tilapia, O. niloticus, in vivo. The HWE 5‐h contained significantly higher amounts of nutrient and β‐glucan than HWE 2‐h (P < 0.05). Four standardized in vitro antioxidant assays showed that HWE 5‐h was a better antioxidant agent than HWE 2‐h (P < 0.05). Tilapia fingerlings fed 5 g kg^?1 HWE supplemented feed produced better (P < 0.05) growth and higher antioxidant enzyme activities than 10 g kg^?1 HWE, CD and BD. Thus, HWE of MSW included at 5 g kg^?1 may be beneficial to tilapia farming and may also provide a way of disposing the waste created by mushroom farming.     

Beneficial effects of dietary exogenous protease on the growth,intestinal health and immunity of GIFT (Oreochromis niloticus) fed plant‐based diets

This study investigated the effects of dietary exogenous protease on the growth performance, intestinal health, immune parameters and disease resistance of genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT, Oreochromis niloticus). Five test diets with commercial protease at the levels of 0, 1.38, 2.76, 5.52 and 11.04 U/g (named PE0, PE1, PE2, PE5 and PE11, respectively) were administered to triplicate tanks with 30 fish for 60 days, and then, the fish were challenged with Streptococcus agalactiae for 14 days. The results indicated that weight gain increased as exogenous protease increased from 0 to 5.52 U protease/g diet and then decreased significantly (p < .05) with a further increase in exogenous protease supplementation (p < .05). The height of the villi in the proximal intestine and distal intestine, the width of the villi in three segments of the intestine, and the thickness of the muscle layer in the proximal intestine and mid‐intestine (p < .05) were increased in the fish fed the PE5 diet. Immune and antioxidant indices (except malondialdehyde), and survival after challenged with S. agalactiae were higher in fish fed PE5 diets than in those fed other diets (p < .05). In conclusion, 5.52 U/g protease supplementation in a plant‐based diet could promote the growth performance, intestinal physical barrier function, innate immunity and S. agalactiae resistance of GIFT.     

高水平烟酸对吉富罗非鱼脂代谢和体脂沉积的影响

为探讨高水平烟酸对鱼类脂代谢和体脂沉积的影响,本研究以吉富罗非鱼(Oreochromisniluticus)为研究对象,设计了2个实验。在实验I中,为确定烟酸是否具有改善血脂作用及其适宜水平,首先通过高糖高脂饲料喂养初始体重(15.28±0.23) g的实验鱼40 d,建立高血脂模型,随后改投添加500 mg/kg、1000 mg/kg、2000 mg/kg烟酸的饲料。结果发现添加500～2000mg/kg的烟酸,均有降低实验鱼血清胆固醇和甘油三酯水平的作用,但以1000～2000 mg/kg的效果较为显著。在实验Ⅱ中,采用2×2双因素实验设计,研究了2种饲料类型(对照组和高糖高脂饲料)和2个烟酸水平(100 mg/kg和1000 mg/kg)对初始体重(24.45±0.07) g实验鱼生长、饲料利用、血脂水平和体成分的影响。养殖8周。结果发现,饲料类型或烟酸水平未对实验鱼的末体重、增重率、特定生长率、肥满度、脏体比和肠脂比,以及全鱼粗脂肪、粗蛋白、水分和灰分含量等生长性能指标产生显著影响(P0.05);对饲料粗蛋白和粗脂肪的表观消化率、饲料系数、摄食率等饲料利用指标也未产生显著影响(P0.05)。与投喂对照组饲料的相比,投喂高糖高脂饲料的实验鱼对饲料干物质和总能的表观消化率,及其血清胆固醇、甘油三酯和游离脂肪酸水平,肝脏、内脏、腹肌的粗脂肪含量显著升高(P0.05);而投喂高水平烟酸实验鱼的血清低密度脂蛋白、胆固醇和游离脂肪酸水平,肝脏粗脂肪含量则显著降低(P0.05)。饲料类型和烟酸水平仅对实验鱼血清的高密度脂蛋白和胆固醇水平存在显著的交互作用(P0.05)。结果表明,饲料中添加1000 mg/kg烟酸不会影响吉富罗非鱼的生长性能和饲料利用,并具有降低血脂水平和肝脏脂肪含量的作用。     

Cascading effects of introduced Nile perch (Lates niloticus) on the foraging ecology of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Abstract –  Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus L.) is the dominant of the introduced tilapiines in many East African lakes and has flourished in the presence of introduced Nile perch ( Lates niloticus L.). We explored the hypothesis that O. niloticus exhibits increased omnivory in response to a decline in abundance of haplochromine cichlids. First, we quantified variation in habitat use and diet of O. niloticus in Lake Nabugabo, Uganda. Second, we compared the diet of O. niloticus in lakes with (Nabugabo, Victoria) and without (Mburo, Wamala, Nyamusingiri, Kyasanduka) introduced Nile perch. In Lake Nabugabo, a higher level of phytoplanktivory was observed in small juveniles than in larger fish and in wetland ecotone areas where haplochromines were most abundant. An omnivorous diet dominated by detritus and invertebrates was recorded for O. niloticus in lakes Nabugabo and Victoria, while a predominantly herbivorous diet was characteristic of O. niloticus in lakes without Nile perch. Availability of a broad food base in lakes where inshore insectivores have been reduced may explain the increased omnivory recorded in lakes Nabugabo and Victoria.     

高碳酸盐碱胁迫对尼罗罗非鱼氨代谢基因表达变化的影响

为了解尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)在碱环境适应过程中氨代谢调节途径,本研究选取了5个氨代谢相关酶:谷氨酰胺合成酶(glutamine synthetase,GS)、碳酸酐酶5A(carbonic anhydrase 5A,CA-5A)、谷氨酰胺酶(glutaminase 2,GLS2)、氨甲酰磷酸合成酶(carbamyl phosphate synthetase 1,CPS1)、氨转运蛋白(ammonium transporter Rh type C-2 like,Rhcgl2),研究了急性碳酸盐碱度胁迫条件下,尼罗罗非鱼血氨浓度变化、氨代谢相关酶基因表达水平及其酶活性变化。结果表明,随碳酸盐碱胁迫浓度升高,尼罗罗非鱼血氨浓度上升,随时间推移呈先上升后下降的变化趋势,在胁迫后12 h达到峰值。氨代谢相关基因在不同碱度下、不同组织中均有不同程度的上调表达,随着胁迫时间推移呈先上升后下降的变化趋势,胁迫后12~24 h各基因表达水平显著升高,随后逐渐恢复到稳定水平;氨代谢相关基因具有一定的组织表达差异:氨转运蛋白基因(Rhcgl2)主要在鳃中表达,碳酸酐酶5A基因(CA-5A)、谷氨酰胺合成酶基因(GS)、氨甲酰磷酸合成酶基因(CPS1)主要在肝中表达,谷氨酰胺酶基因(GLS2)主要在肾和鳃中表达。碳酸酐酶和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性随胁迫碱度的升高而上升,碳酸酐酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶活性变化分别在鳃、肝中最为显著。研究结果表明,碳酸盐碱度胁迫会引起尼罗罗非鱼血氨水平升高,随着时间推移血氨水平下降,推测鳃、肝、肾中不同氨代谢基因共同参与调节氨代谢,在鳃中通过直接排氨,在肝中通过合成谷氨酰胺、尿素途径,共同调节降低血氨水平。     

Combined effects of temperature and salinity on yolk utilization in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The combined effects of temperature and salinity on the yolk utilization of sac fry in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were investigated using central composite experimental design and response surface approach. Based on the preliminary trials, temperature was determined to range from 22 to 34°C, and salinity ranging from 2 ppt to 10 ppt. The utilization was mensurated in terms of yolk sac volume. Results showed that the linear effects of temperature and salinity on the yolk utilization was significant (P < 0.01); the quadratic effects of and the interaction between the two factors were significant (P < 0.05); temperature was more important than salinity in influencing the yolk utilization. The model equation of yolk sac volume towards temperature and salinity was established. From those high R² values, the model had excellent goodness of fit to experimental data and could be applied for predictive purpose. What with the production cost, it is suggested that the temperature/salinity combination, i.e. 28–30°C/4–6 ppt, be employed during the period of sac fry rearing, in which the yolk utilization was on average 98.6%.