新麦草种质资源表型多样性的主成分和聚类分析

对来自新疆、陕西、美国、哈萨克、利比亚玻利维亚和吉尔吉斯的11份新麦草野生材料的茎干节数、叶舌长度、叶片长度、叶片宽度、小穗数、小穗长、小花数、颖长度、颖果长度和株高等10个表型性状采用方差分析、主成分分析、聚类分析等方法进行了遗传多样性分析,以期筛选出优良种质,为新麦草育种提供可靠的依据。结果表明:1)新麦草种质间表型性状变异程度较高,变异系数范围为14.6%-68.0%,其中小花数最大,叶片宽度最小;2)10个表型性状可归为3个主成分因子,累计贡献率达到83.34%,最大程度上反映了11份新麦草的形态特征,其中小穗长、小花数、颖长度和植株高度是影响新麦草表型性状变异的主要性状;3)10个表型性状间存在显著或极显著的正相关和负相关;4)采用欧氏距离系统聚类法将11份新麦草材料分为3大类。本研究主要揭示了新麦草的形态遗传多样性,可为新麦草资源的收集、鉴定、评价、保存和资源创新利用奠定理论基础。     

内蒙古不同生态区野生山韭表型性状遗传多样性分析

对内蒙古不同生态区收集的22份野生山韭的株高、株丛直径、叶长、叶宽、单株叶片数、花序高度、花序宽度、小花数目、花葶长度、花梗长度、种子长、种子宽、种子厚和种子千粒重等14个表型性状进行观测,采用方差分析、主成分分析、聚类分析等方法进行了遗传多样性分析,以期筛选出适合内蒙古地区推广应用的优良种质,为山韭育种提供依据。结果如下:1)山韭种质表型性状变异程度较高,变异系数范围为11.9%~41.8%,其中叶片宽变异系数最大,种子厚最小,14个表型性状材料间的差异除叶片宽和单株叶片数达到显著(P0.05)水平,其余差异不显著;2)14个表型性状可归为5个主成分因子,累计贡献率达81.360%,可以反映14个表型性状的绝大部分相关信息,其中株高、种子长、种子宽、种子千粒重、叶片宽和单株叶片数等性状是造成表型性状差异的主要因素;3)14个表型性状间存在显著或极显著的相关性。4)采用欧氏距离系统聚类法可将22份山韭材料分为4大类,地理类别和性状相似的种质大部分能够聚为一类。     

广西省芒野生居群表型多样性研究

通过方差、聚类和相关分析等方法对分布在我国广西省芒的13个野生居群的18个叶片、茎秆、花序和小穗的表型性状进行居群内和居群间的遗传多样性研究。结果表明,18个表型性状在居群内和居群间均存在极显著差异,说明芒种群内表型性状变异较丰富且遗传多样性较高。表型分化系数的变幅为17.99%～47.21%,其中,叶片、茎秆、花序和小穗性状分别为38.01%,29.80%,32.84%和27.14%,所有性状均值为32.05%,说明芒表型性状的变异主要来源于居群内。UPGMA聚类结果表明,在阈值5.388处可以将13个居群分为4个类群,聚类结果表明,聚成一类的居群在地理位置上并不靠近。表型性状与地理因子的相关性分析表明,部分表型性状的变化与地理因子呈显著或极显著相关性。本研究结果为我国芒属能源植物在遗传改良以及野生资源的保护与利用等方面提供了可参考的理论依据。     

柠条锦鸡儿表型多样性研究

根据柠条锦鸡儿(Caragana korshinskii Kom.)资源分布状况,对内蒙古高原和黄土高原的10个柠条锦鸡儿天然居群进行表型多样性分析。结果表明:柠条锦鸡儿表型性状无论在居群间还是在居群内均表现出显著或极显著差异(P<0.05或P<0.01);叶片、荚果、种子等11个表型性状的分化系数为0.195,居群内的表型变异占80.5%,是柠条锦鸡儿的主要变异来源;柠条锦鸡儿表型性状与地理生态因子的相关不显著;通过聚类分析将10个柠条锦鸡儿居群分为4类;判别分析显示,千粒重、荚果宽和叶长3个性状是造成柠条锦鸡儿表型变异的主要因素。     

不同生境小花山桃草自然种群表型变异与协变

小花山桃草自然种群的表型特征是其对自然生境适应的结果,不同生境种群间表型特征的比较可为揭示其表型变异产生的原因及变异规律提供重要线索。本研究以分布于不同生境的5个小花山桃草自然种群为研究对象,研究了16个表型性状的变化特点。研究结果表明,小花山桃草表型多样性较为丰富,表型性状的平均变异系数为36.30%。表型分化系数在26.85%~96.98%之间,平均为73.03%,表明种群间变异是小花山桃草表型变异的主要来源。不同性状对环境变化的反应不同,其中株高、茎粗、单株果数和比叶面积在种群内的差异不显著,而在种群间的差异达到极显著水平,表型分化系数达82%以上;节间距、叶宽、主根长、分枝数、果长和果宽在种群间和种群内的差异均达极显著水平;单果种子数和单果重在种群内和种群间的差异均不显著。株高、茎粗、叶长、叶宽、茎重、叶重、主根重和单株果数表现出一致的协变格局,生理功能性状之间的这种整合特性有助于小花山桃草适应多样的生境。聚类分析显示,5个种群可按生境条件的好坏分为两大类,进一步表明小花山桃草的表型特征受种群间环境条件(水、肥)强烈影响。绝大多数表型性状与生境因子存在显著或极显著的相关关系,但果实性状(包括果宽、单果重和单果种子数)与生境因子相关性低,进一步表明繁殖性状不易受环境条件影响。     

柠檬种质资源表型性状遗传多样性分析

采用单因素方差分析、相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析等统计学方法对13份柠檬种质资源的26个表型性状的多样性进行分析。结果表明：1)26个表型性状变异系数为9.77%～105.44%之间,表现出广泛的变异性;2)表型性状间呈极显著和显著相关性的分别有184对和36对,各性状间存在复杂的相互关系;3)单果重、果实横径、果实纵径等16个性状含有丰富的遗传信息,可作为柠檬优先鉴定内容和重要的评价指标;4)通过聚类分析分为3个组群,其中第1组群可作为选育高品质柠檬品种的亲本,第3组群可作为选育特大果型柠檬品种的亲本。     

四川省甘孜州野生白三叶居群分布特征与表型变异分析

2019～2020年实地调研四川省甘孜州野生白三叶资源的分布状况,按居群采样策略广泛收集种质,并研究其表型变异,以发掘野生白三叶的优质种质资源。结果表明：四川省甘孜州野生白三叶在海拔740～4254 m区域均有分布,分布地海拔高度上移;居群主要分布于高山山地、河滩草地、灌丛草地,除形成单一优势种群外,群落伴生植物还包括禾本科植物、菊科蒿属植物及其他杂类植物,以白三叶+禾本科植物群落居多;7个居群100份白三叶材料表型性状变异系数表现为叶面积（30.47%）>株高（25.40%）>叶长（18.31%）>叶宽（17.10%）。ANOSIM分析及Mantel检验表明,供试白三叶表型变异主要来源于居群间,株高、叶长、叶宽与海拔高度极显著相关（P<0.01）。聚类分析表明,甘孜州野生白三叶7个居群可分为4类。     

中国结缕草居群形态变异分析

对我国结缕草种质资源典型自然分布区19个野生居群和1个栽培居群进行了生态学特性、生境类型和居群变异的研究,结果表明:结缕草主要分布在海拔5～385m之间,土壤pH范围6.5～8.3,其中60%为微碱性。生境类型可分为丘陵山地型、平原草甸型、滨海滩涂型和农林间隙地草地型四种类型;不同地理居群结缕草的匍匐茎长、小穗数和叶舌长等12个表型性状均存在着变异,不同的表型性状其变异幅度和变异来源各不相同,即各表型性状受环境影响的程度各异,其中匍匐茎的长度和直径、穗长、穗宽、叶长、叶宽等随纬度的降低而增加;而小穗数、匍匐茎中部节间长、叶舌长度等则随纬度增加表现出增加的趋势。主成分分析和聚类分析的结果显示,匍匐茎长、穗长、匍匐茎中部节间长这3个性状是造成结缕草各居群表型差异的主要因素,可将20个居群分为8类,聚类结果与材料的地理分布基本一致,其中2、3、11和12号居群可作为结缕草的适宜育种材料。     

短芒披碱草异位保护群体的表型多样性研究

为揭示采集自川西北高原的短芒披碱草野生异位保存群体的表型变异规律,采用变异系数、巢式方差分析、主成分分析、聚类等方法,对川西北短芒披碱草种质资源共7个居群84个单株的32种表型性状进行多样性分析。结果表明,短芒披碱草表型性状在种群间和种群内存在极其丰富的多样性,种群间表型分化系数均值为41.66%,小于种群内变异(58.33%);茎秆、叶片、花序、小穗、颖片和内外稃的表型分化系数均值分别为55.92%,63.18%,38.62%,43.73%,31.45%和33.08%。穗部性状的稳定性较高。除第一颖长和外稃脉数外,其余性状与各地理生态因子间的相关性均不显著。利用群体间欧氏距离进行的UPGMA聚类分析结果表明,7个短芒披碱草野生群体可以划分为4类。Mantel相关分析表明地理距离与种群表型距离(欧氏距离)间相关不显著(r=0.334,P=0.083)。     

中国结缕草居群形态变异分析

对我国结缕草种质资源典型自然分布区19个野生居群和1个栽培居群进行了生态学特性、生境类型和居群变异的研究，结果表明：结缕草主要分布在海拔5～385m之间，土壤pH范围6．5～8．3，其中60％为微碱性。生境类型可分为丘陵山地型、平原草甸型、滨海滩涂型和农林间隙地草地型四种类型；不同地理居群结缕草的匍匐茎长、小穗数和叶舌长等12个表型性状均存在着变异，不同的表型性状其变异幅度和变异来源各不相同，即各表型性状受环境影响的程度各异．其中匍匐茎的长度和直径、穗长、穗宽、叶长、叶宽等随纬度的降低而增加；而小穗数、匍匐茎中部节间长、叶舌长度等则随纬度增加表现出增加的趋势。主成分分析和聚类分析的结果显示．匍匐茎长、穗长、匍匐茎中部节间长这3个性状是造成结缕草各居群表型差异的主要因素，可将20个居群分为8类．聚类结果与材料的地理分布基本一致，其中2、3、11和12号居群可作为结缕草的适宜育种材料。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -