对十一届全国人大四次会议第9315号建议的答复

宋心仿代表： 您提出的关于“禁止和慎行飞机喷洒农药”的建议收悉,现答复如下： 美国白蛾是一种危险性极高的外来有害生物,也是一种世界性的检疫害虫。该虫1979年传人我国辽宁丹东市,相继扩散至山东、陕西、上海、河北、天津、北京、河南、吉林和江苏等省。因其具有繁殖力强、传播快、食量大、寄主范围广以及疫情暴发危害大的特点,目前...     

苜蓿黄萎病菌的检疫与防控

苜蓿黄萎病菌属半知菌亚门丝孢纲轮枝霉属的黑白轮枝菌,是被列入我国进境植物检疫性有害生物名录及全国农业植物检疫性有害生物名单的一类病原真菌,对重要饲料作物——苜蓿危害较大。本文主要从该病原菌在当前世界范围内的分布、在中国的适生性分析、当前检测手段、防控措施和建议五个方面进行分析,进而为我国在该有害生物的检疫及防控方面提供指导。     

饲料

<正>进口美国苜蓿草中检出有害寄生虫质检总局发布风险预警8月25日,国家质量监督检验检疫总局消息称,近日,宁波检验检疫局从两批进境美国苜蓿草中检出检疫性有害生物——鳞球茎茎线虫,为全国口岸首次从美国苜蓿草中截获该有害生物。据悉,鳞球茎茎线虫是极具毁灭性的植物寄生线虫之一。该有害生物广泛分布温带地区,它的寄主达500     

林业有害生物防治的内容与意义

林业的有害生物灾害包括林业有害生物引起的病虫灾害,危害大,损失惨重,而林业的有害生物品种数不胜数。据报道,我国林业有害生物达到8000多种,危害大的生物也在300种以上。林业生态环境不仅受到外在因素的影响,内在因素也会影响其环境生态系统,如生物的多样性、气候的变化以及人类破坏等因素,并且有一定的规律性,分暴发性、突发性、周期性三种特征。而林业的防治可以分为前期预防、灾后救治两个部分。预防主要是通过监测林分的健康状况,及时处理危险性有害生物,封锁有害生物生存环境,调节生态环境,阻止或减轻病虫灾害的发生。救治是通过科学有效的方法阻止灾害进一步扩散,将损失降到最低。     

甘草跗粗角萤叶甲的危害与防治

在齐齐哈尔市省种畜场对甘草跗粗角萤叶甲危害进行调查研究。结果表明：甘草跗粗角萤叶甲在齐齐哈尔地区一年发生3次代，以幼虫取食甘草叶片为害，成虫在甘草根际及土缝等处越冬，用化学药剂防治和农业技术防治相结合是防治甘草跗粗角萤叶甲理想的措施。     

蔗扁蛾的发生与与综合治理对策

蔗扁蛾是近年来从国外传入我国的一种危险性有害生物,浙江西南山区的景宁县在2004年疫情普查时发现了该有害生物.主要寄主是巴西木、发财树以及甘蔗、玉米、马铃薯、香蕉等,人为调运是远距离传播的主要途径,小气候适宜,食料丰富,繁殖力强,防治不力是蔗扁蛾扩散蔓延的主要原因.该有害生物属完全变态害虫,以幼虫在巴西木、发财树的肉质皮层上下蛀食,在浙江省景宁县1年发生3代,能在室内安全越冬.     

蔗扁蛾的发生与综合治理对策

蔗扁蛾是近年来从国外传入我国的一种危险性有害生物．浙江西南山区的景宁县在2004年疫情普查时发现了该有害生物。主要寄主是巴西木、发财树以及甘蔗、玉米、马铃薯、香蕉等．人为调运是远距离传播的主要途径，小气候适宜，食料丰富，繁殖力强，防治不力是蔗扁蛾扩散蔓延的主要原因。该有害生物属完全变态害虫．以幼虫在巴西木、发财树的肉质皮层上下蛀食。在浙江省景宁县1年发生3代，能在室内安全越冬。     

动物布鲁氏菌病风险评估框架的建立

【目的】实现对动物布鲁氏菌病发生的风险评估,为制定科学有效的控制策略提供依据。【方法】通过进行动物布鲁氏菌病流行病学调查和风险因素分析,以及查阅动物疫病防治历史资料和档案,筛选确定动物布鲁氏菌病发生的风险因素;利用专家评分法确定各风险因素的权重;应用多指标综合评价法计算评估结果。【结果】建立了由评估指标体系、风险因素量化评价标准、指标权重、综合评分方法组成的动物布鲁氏菌病发生风险评估框架。【结论】利用该风险评估框架可进行风险因素的综合分析,实现对动物布鲁氏菌病疫情发生风险的定量评估。     

弥渡县设立9个核桃有害生物测报站

本刊讯(特约通讯员柏斌)笔者从云南省大理白族自治州弥渡县森防站获悉,为迅速建立健全全县核桃有害生物测报网络,为核桃有害生物防治、检疫提供科学依据,确保核桃产业健康安全地发展,该县继成立县级核桃有害生物测报站之后,最近又     

华山松大小蠹虫的防治方法

湖北省2008年首次发现华山松大小蠹虫危害,近几年,以神龙架为中心,逐渐向鄂西北地区扩散。由于防治难度大,致死率高,已成为仅次于松材线虫的林业有害生物。为了了解防治此虫的方法,湖北省森防总站派技术人员摸清鄂西北的地区的华山松大小蠹发生面积,并对此种进行科学研究,了解其虫体特征、发生规律,并研究防治方法。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein