采收成熟度对黄果西番莲常温贮藏品质和保鲜效果的影响

研究不同采收成熟度对黄果西番莲果实采后常温贮藏品质和保鲜效果的影响,以明确其采后生理特性、适宜采收成熟度,为生产上该品种的大面积推广提供技术支撑。以福建主栽 ‘黄金’西番莲果实为材料,研究3个采收成熟度果实在25℃常温贮藏过程中采后生理品质的变化规律,测定果实皱缩指数、呼吸强度、果皮色泽、果实可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、pH值、维生素C、可溶性总糖、失重率、好果率等指标。结果表明：随着果实贮藏时间的增加,西番莲果实皱缩指数、失重率、pH值逐渐增加,果实外观色泽由绿转黄,果实可溶性固形物、可滴定酸和好果率等逐渐下降。果实在采后贮藏第6天出现呼吸高峰,表现为呼吸跃变型果实。与采收成熟度II、III相比,采收成熟度I可以更好保持西番莲果实采后常温贮藏的果实营养品质的下降,保持较高的好果率和较长商品货架期。综合各项指标,采收成熟度I可作为较长距离贮运销售的适宜采收成熟度,采收成熟度II可作为短距离贮运销售或产地销售的适宜采收成熟度。     

有机与常规‘脐红’猕猴桃营养品质动态分析

通过对常规与有机‘脐红’猕猴桃,从刚采收的鲜果（可溶性固形物>6.5）在常温条件下贮存到腐烂,每间隔7天测定果实的硬度、可溶性固形物、总酸、固酸比和Vc含量,分析‘脐红’猕猴桃在后熟过程中营养品质变化动态,有利于指导人们在果实营养品质最佳时食用。结果显示,猕猴桃果实在从采收成熟度向生理成熟度过渡时,果实硬度和总酸都随时间的延长而下降,而可溶性固形物、固酸比和Vc含量先升高再降低;有机栽培果实的营养品质和贮藏品质都优于常规栽培。     

不同采收期对余甘果实品质和耐贮性的影响

以福建余甘主栽品种‘粉甘’果实为材料,研究不同采收期对余甘果实品质和耐贮性的影响。结果表明：随着采收期的延迟和果实成熟度的提高,余甘果皮颜色由青绿色逐渐变成黄绿色,果核颜色由深绿色变成棕褐色,果实重量和大小逐渐增加,果实可食率和营养品质提高。可用果实重量和大小、果形指数、果实可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、维生素C含量、果实可食率作为确定余甘果实采收成熟度的参数。同时,不同采收期对余甘果实的耐贮性影响不同,盛花期后179 d采收的果实耐贮性最好,在常温25±1℃下贮藏16 d后,好果率为91%,失重率为3.51%。     

采收期对‘彩云红’梨果实品质及生理特性的影响

以云南省安宁市‘彩云红’梨为试材,研究了不同采收期果实在常温贮藏条件下品质和生理特性的变化规律。结果表明,采期2（盛花后165 d）果实着色较好,可溶性固形物、维生素C含量和固酸比相对较高,果实酸度低,品质较佳。因此,云南安宁地区‘彩云红’梨适宜采期为8月20日前后,即果实生长发育期约为165 d左右采收为宜,其采收成熟度指标为：果皮底色为黄绿色,果实硬度不低于5.00 kg/cm2,可溶性固形物含量不低于13.00%。     

‘红美人’杂柑果实品质特性研究

为了更全面的了解‘红美人’果实品质特征,从其果实自身形态特征着手,研究了果实大小形态、着生方位、挂果时间及低温贮藏等因素对果实内部品质的影响。结果表明,糖酸比超过20、SSC超过14%的优质果实多分布在果重为150-240 g、果形指数小于1.0的区间。单个果实不同纬度的品质差异较大,从果梗到果顶部位,果皮厚度呈逐渐变薄的趋势, SSC依次升高,而TA 的含量则呈逐渐降低的趋势。不同树冠方位的果实品质均无显著差异。在果实的成熟期,可溶性固形物含量(SSC)随着成熟度的增加而不断提高,由初熟期的13.65%增长至完熟期的15.29%。可滴定酸含量(TA)则呈现一个降低再升高的过程。5+0.5℃的低温贮藏60 d,果实SSC和TA均呈现总体下降的趋势,在贮藏初期下降速率显著,后期的变化则较为平缓。     

黄芪对育肥绵羊生长及产肉性能的影响

为探寻育肥绵羊日粮中黄芪(Astargalus membranaceus)适宜的添加量,将36只3月龄体重相近广灵大尾羊公羔随机分成6组,对照组、I、II、III、IV和V处理组分别喂给基础日粮+0%,0.5%,1%,1.5%,2% 和3%黄芪。试验期70 d,考察其生长及产肉性能。结果显示:试验结束时II组活体重显著高于对照组、III组和IV组(P<0.05),极显著高于V组(P<0.01)。II组绵羊30 d和60 d日增重显著高于其他处理组和对照组(P<0.05),II组料重比极显著低于IV组和V组(P<0.01),显著低于C组和III组(P<0.05)。II组胴体重和净肉重极显著高于 IV组、V组和对照组(P<0.01),显著高于I组和III组(P<0.05);胴体分割后II组羊肋脊排和带臀腿重显著高于其他处理组和对照组(P<0.05)。育肥绵羊日粮中添加1%黄芪可显著提高日增重,提高饲料利用率,增加优质肉块的比例。     

温州瓯柑贮藏技术

瓯柑是浙江省温州市特有的地方传统品种。瓯柑耐贮性远远高于其他柑桔类品种 ,贮藏期可延长到次年 7月份 ,贮藏时间长达 2 5 0余天。现将温州市瓯柑农家贮藏技术总结如下。1　采前管理技术1 1　灌溉　果实采前半个月严格控制土壤水分 ,以增强果实贮藏性能 ,否则果实水分过多 ,贮藏期间失水严重 ,过早枯水萎蔫。1 2　施肥技术　多施氮肥虽能增大果实 ,提高产量 ,但果实着色迟 ,可溶性固形物含量下降 ,采收运输时易损伤腐烂。适当增施磷钾肥 ,能提高外观品质和果实贮藏性。1 3　采收技术　采收过早 ,果实未充分完熟 ,贮藏期间失水较大 ,果皮易…     

不同果袋颜色处理对‘金艳’果实外观、品质及采后贮藏性的影响

研究不同果袋颜色对种间杂交黄肉新品种‘金艳’果实品质的影响,为生产上提供可选的果袋,从而达到提质增效。选取5种不同颜色果袋对黄肉猕猴桃品种‘金艳’果实进行套袋,对采收与软熟时果实品质进行分析。结果表明,所有套袋处理较对CK均能显著提高果实光洁度、商品果率;软熟时可溶性固形物含量最高是JY-5处理,达到了17.15%,套袋能显著降低果实硬度,促进果实提前成熟,所有处理的硬度和可滴定酸在后熟阶段呈连续下降趋势;可溶性总糖在后熟过程中呈直线上升趋势,不同颜色套袋对果实的维生素C影响较大。综合果实品质及采后贮藏期间果实腐烂情况等因素,JY-5处理对‘金艳’猕猴桃果实套袋品质最好,JY-4处理果实品质最差,JY-2处理对果实在常温贮藏性表现最好。     

苹果渣代替麸皮饲喂肉鸭效果试验

选用60只樱桃谷鸭,随机分为4组,每组5只,设3个重复,每个重复5只,试验日粮分别用风干未发酵苹果渣粉(试验组II),半干发酵苹果渣粉(试验组III),膜发酵苹果渣粉(试验组IV)各5%替代基础日粮中5%的麸皮,试验期为6周,对照组(I)为基础日粮组,麸皮含量为5%。结果显示,6周龄平均体重及日增重II组略低于I组(P>0.05),III和IV组都显著高于I和II组(P<0.05);饲料转化率II、III、IV组高于I组,分别提高了1.4%,7.6%和19.36%。III、IV组高于II组,分别提高了6.12%和17.72%,其中,膜发酵处理的效果(试验组IV)较好。结果表明,膜发酵苹果渣对肉鸭生长发育有显著的促进效果。     

采收期对红香酥梨果实采后生理和常温贮藏品质的影响

以北京地区的‘红香酥梨’为试材,研究了3个采收期果实在20℃常温贮藏过程中呼吸强度、乙烯释放量、组织膜透性、果皮色泽、果肉硬度、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、Vc含量以及果实腐烂等指标的变化规律。结果表明：随着采收期推迟,果实呼吸强度和乙烯释放量的峰值出现的时间提前;采收越晚,果肉和果心的相对电导率越高。9月1日（盛花期后138天）采收的果实,果肉硬度、TA和Vc含量保持较高,但单果重低,果面着色差,果皮的膜透性强;9月19日（盛花期后156天）采收的果实,SSC和固酸比高,果皮颜色亮（L值高）、着色好,但贮藏后期,果实Vc含量下降明显,腐烂率较高,贮藏时间短。9月10日（盛花期后147天）采收的果实（种子颜色3/4左右变褐、SSC为 11.04%、果肉硬度6.36kg/cm2）,能保持果实相对较高的硬度、Vc含量和固酸比,口感较好,贮藏30天时,果实腐烂率相对较低,贮藏效果最好,商品性最高,可以作为红香酥梨长期贮藏最适宜的采收期。     

Studies of the influence of nutritional factors on the ruminal mucosa. 1. Structure and functional state of the ruminal mucosa after feeding of extreme rations and abrupt change in nutrition]

Different rations were used in successive experimental periods (Dried green feeds (I), fresh green feed from sugar beet tops (II), concentrates (III, IV), and maize silage (V), to test the effect they have on the structure and oxidative functions of the ruminal mucosa in cattle. Rations I, II, IV, and V were both energy and protein equivalent. Biopsy specimens from ruminal papillae were taken on the day when rations were suddenly changed and on the 21st and 22nd day of the feeding period; they were then investigated histologically and manometrically. It was found that some characteristics, (viz. the type and thickness of the stratum corneum, the thickness of epithelia, the size of cell nuclei in the stratum basale of the epitheliumas well as the state of the lamina propria and the oxygen uptake were subject to alterations depending on nutrition. Nutrition with energy-equivalent, but otherwise extremely different diets representing particular types of rations led to the development of different and quite specific functional states of the ruminal mucosa. All these functional states of the mucosa were found to be within the limits of normality but seemed to have a definitely more favourable functional effect in the case of rations I and IV than in the case of rations II and V. The feeding of concentrates (III, V) increased the energy intake to an amount of 6.6 kEFr, i.e. double that of the other rations, and brought about changes in quantitative parameters. These, in turn, indicated that proliferative and oxidative processes had been stimulated. Changes of this kind were accompanied by increases in the concentration of volatile fatty acids in the ruminal fluid which rose from a maximum of 9 mMol per 100 ml (ration IV) to 12.5 mMol per 100 ml (ration III). Immediately after any change in nutrition brought about by a change of rations, processes of adaptation occurred in the ruminal mucosa. A balanced state of the mucosa was again achieved after a period of not more than 3 weeks.     

“国峰7号”李子在山西的引种表现及栽培技术要点

‘国峰7号’是辽宁省果树科学研究所2005年以‘龙园秋李’和‘澳14’李杂交育成的新品种,2016年由山西农业大学果树研究所引进,具有极晚熟、抗寒、抗流胶病、耐贮运、风味浓郁等特点。果实扁圆形,果顶平,平均单果重70.445克,最大单果重88.34克,果实整齐度好,缝合线浅,两半对称;果皮底色黄绿,成熟时果皮紫黑色,不易剥离;果肉黄色,近皮红色,纤维细、少,果肉品质上;果实可食率98.64%。可溶性固形物含量21.28%,可溶性糖含量9.0%,可滴定酸含量1.6%,Vc含量6.0 mg/100g,花青素含量0.732mg/g,硬度10.8 kg/cm2;半离核,核倒卵圆形,核鲜重0.958g。在山西省晋中市8月中下旬成熟,果实发育期138d左右,适宜在晋中及周边地区栽培。     

舍温对獭兔繁殖性能的影响

选出体重、日龄、胎次相近的法系白色发情母獭兔75只,随机分成5个处理组,分别在人为控制舍温(Ⅰ组:1~15℃;Ⅱ组:8~20℃;Ⅲ组:12~25℃;Ⅳ组:16~28℃;Ⅴ组:19~32℃)的温度下交配妊娠,测定其繁殖力。结果表明:Ⅳ组母兔的产仔数显著高于Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅴ组,产活仔数显著高于其他4组(P<0.05),仔兔断奶个体重显著高于Ⅰ组,仔兔断奶日增重显著高于Ⅰ组;Ⅴ组仔兔断奶成活率最高,显著高于Ⅰ组、Ⅳ组(P<0.05),仔兔断奶个体重、断奶日增重均显著高于其他组。     

基于主成分分析综合评价11个杧果品种(系)果实品质

为深入了解杧果种质资源的多样性,测定了11个杧果品种(系)的果实品质指标,并对这7个指标进行了变异分析、聚类分析、主成分分析以及综合评价。果实变异分析结果显示：果实品质指标差异较大,其中Vc含量的变异系数最大,为35.99%;果实横径的变异系数最小,为7.55%。聚类分析结果显示：11个杧果品种(系)分为两类,其中第一类种质资源果实的Vc含量、粗纤维高于第二类,第二类种质资源果实的单果重、果形指数、可食率、可溶性固形物、总糖含量均高于第一类。主成分分析结果显示：前3个主成分的累积贡献率达到了73.99%,其中第1主成分贡献率最高,为27.38%,主要决定因子是：Vc含量。综合评价显示：金煌杧、黔山杧1号、热农1号3个种质果实品质优良。综上所述,杧果品种(系)的果实性状具有丰富的多样性,为改良品种以及鉴定新品系提供理论基础。     

The distribution of four trace elements (Fe,Mn, Cu,Zn) in forage and the relation to scrapie in Iceland

Background

Previous studies indicated that the iron (Fe)/manganese (Mn) ratio in forage of sheep was significantly higher on scrapie-afflicted farms than on farms in other scrapie categories. This study was conducted to examine whether Fe and Mn in forage of sheep varied in general according to the scrapie status of different areas in the country. Copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) were also included because of a possible relation to scrapie.

Methods

The country was subdivided into seven Areas (I-VII). Three Areas (I, IV, VII) were designated scrapie-free (never diagnosed or eradicated) and three as scrapie-endemic (II, III, VI); status of Area V was taken as unsettled. Of the harvest 2007 1552 samples were analysed from 344 farms all over the country, mostly grass silage from plastic bales (>90%) and from the first cut (70% or more). Results were expressed as mg kg^-1 dry matter.

Results

Fe varied enormously from less than 100 mg kg^-1 to 5000 mg kg^-1. Mn varied nearly thirtyfold (17-470 mg kg^-1). Fe concentration was significantly lower in Area I than in Areas II, V and VI. Mn concentration was significantly higher in Areas I, IV and VII than in Areas II, III, V and VI. The Fe/Mn ratio was significantly less in Area I than in the other areas (except Area IV). Mean Cu concentration was 6.6-8.3 mg kg^-1 and the mean Zn concentration was 24-29 mg kg^-1. They differed significantly in some areas.

Conclusions

1) Fe tended to be in lower amounts in sheep forage in scrapie-free than in endemic areas; 2) Mn was in higher amounts in forage in scrapie-free than endemic areas; 3) the Fe/Mn ratio was lower in scrapie-free than in endemic areas; 4) the Fe/Mn ratio may possibly be used as an indicator of scrapie status; 5) Cu and Zn in sheep forage were not related to scrapie; 6) further study on the role of Fe and Mn in the occurrence of scrapie in Iceland is needed.     

Effects of ammonium chloride-induced acidosis on oxidative metabolism in liver mitochondria of chicks

The present studies were undertaken to characterise oxidative metabolism with diverse substrates in hepatic mitochondria of acidotic chicks. Metabolic acidosis was experimentally induced by replacement of drinking water with ammonium chloride solution (15 g/l) for 5 d. State 3 oxidation rates in liver mitochondria were significantly reduced in acidotic chicks only for pyruvate and glutamate as substrates requiring complex I, III and IV of the electron transport chain, while they were not changed for either succinate-requiring complexes II, III and IV, ascorbate+TMPD-requiring complex IV, or alpha-ketoglutarate requiring complexes I, III and IV. It can be concluded that the impairment of oxidation rate was substrate-specific in liver mitochondria of acidotic animals and not associated with functional damage of the respiratory chain in mitochondria. Possible reasons for the reductions in oxidation rate with pyruvate and glutamate are discussed.     

叶面施钙对猕猴桃钙含量、品质及贮藏性的影响

为提高猕猴桃营养价值,改善果实品质和贮藏性。以“贵长”猕猴桃为试验材料,采收前对叶面喷施不同钙,比较不同处理果实钙含量、品质及贮藏性指标。结果表明,叶面施钙能提高猕猴桃果实钙含量,提升猕猴桃综合品质,其中Ca(NO3)2 处理的猕猴桃平均单果重、果形指数和维生素C均大于其它处理,分别达87.49g、 1.72和213.54mg/100g;叶面喷施Ca(C6H11O7)2 的果实糖酸比达11.42;叶面施钙能降低猕猴桃维生素C和可滴定酸含量的下降速度,推迟可溶性固形物和可溶性总糖含量的峰值期,延缓猕猴桃软化。试验表明,叶面施钙能提高猕猴桃营养价值,提高品质和贮藏性,提升商品性。     

复方中药“禽康散”对人工感染新城疫病毒肉鸡血清免疫球蛋白及新城疫抗体效价的影响

10日龄的健康艾维茵肉仔鸡250只,随机分为5组。21日龄时除阴性对照组（Ⅳ组）外均用新城疫病毒（Newcastle disease,virus,NDV）强毒株攻毒,各治疗组（Ⅰ～Ⅲ组）在22～25日龄饲料中分别添加0．5％、1.0％、2．0％的复方中药“禽康散”,第Ⅳ、Ⅴ组（阳性对照组）不用药。在攻毒前1d和攻毒后1、3（用药后2d）、7（停药后2d）、15（停药后10d）d观察血清免疫球蛋白及新城疫抗体效价的变化。结果显示：Ⅴ、Ⅱ组血清IgG在攻毒15d（停药10d）时与Ⅲ、Ⅳ、V组差异极显著（P〈O．01）;Ⅰ～Ⅲ组血清IgA浓度在攻毒后3、7d均明显高于第V组（P〈0．05或0．01）,以1％治疗组效果最佳;各组之间血清中IgM含量无显著差异（P〉0．05）。Ⅴ～Ⅲ组新城疫抗体效价在攻毒7d后各阶段均高于阳性对照组（P〈0．05或0．01）,以第Ⅲ组最佳。结果表明,日粮添加1．0％～2．0％质量分数的“禽康散”能明显增加血清中IgG、IgA含量和新城疫抗体效价,从而提高机体体液免疫功能,达到提高机体抗NDV的能力。     

Monitoring chromosome mutations in large-scale breeding operations

The frequency of chromosomal aberrations and exchanges of sister chromatids (SCEs) in peripheral lymphocytes was studied in 65 pigs from five large breeding herds. Four groups comprised fattened pigs and the fifth group consisted of sows from a large multiplier breeding herd. During the investigation, the dust from the sites was analyzed for the presence of zinc, lead, cadmium, mercury, aflatoxin B1, PCB, DDT, and lindane. The average frequency of aberrant cells (AB.B) in the pigs of group I was 3.85 +/- 1.60%, in group II 2.10 +/- 1.52%, in group III 5.01 +/- 2.1%, in group IV 3.50 +/- 1.58%, and in group V 6.20 +/- 3.21%. The cytogenetic finding corresponded to the differences in the amount of foreign substances found in the dust on the premises where the animals of all groups were kept. The average frequency of the SCEs was 7.00 +/- 1.10 (I), 6.51 +/- 0.89 (II), 6.92 +/- 0.72 (III), 7.10 +/- 0.85 (IV) and 7.06 +/- 1.47 (V) per one cell. Statistically significant differences in the numbers of AB.B. were recorded between groups II and I, II and IV, I and III, IV and V (p less than 0.05) and between groups II and III, II and V (p less than 0.01). There was no statistically significant difference in the frequency of SCEs. The determination of the frequency of chromosomal aberrations can be used for the hygienic control of the degree of exposure of pigs to mutagens.     

Tiefgefrierkonservierung von Kaninchensperma. Einfluβ eines oberflächenaktiven Präparates auf die Befruchtungsfähigkeit

Inhalt: Zur Klärung, ob die im früheren Versuch beobachtete kopfkappenschützende Wirkung eines Na-Lauyl-Sulphat enthaltenden Präparates (OEP) zu einer Erhöhung der Fruchtbarkeitsraten beim tiefgefrorenen (TG) Kaninchensperma beiträgt, wurden 19 Ejakulate nach Verdünnung mit 4,5% (Franktion I) und 9,0% (Fraktion III) Dimithyl-Sulphbxyd (DMSO) enthaftenden TRIS-Verdünnern, jeweils ohne und mit Zugabe von 0,2 % OEP (Fraktionen II u. IV), in 0,25 ml “Minitübs” eingefroren. OEP zeigte keinen Einfluβ auf die Motilität (MOT), bewirkte aber eine signifikante Erhöhung intakter Kopfkappen (NAR) im Vergleich beider 9,0% DMSO Fraktionen. Pro TG-Sperma-Fraktion wurden 50 Häsinnen besamt. Als Kontrolle dienten ebenfalls 50 Besamungen mit Frischsperma (Fraktion V). Die ausgewerteten Konzeptionsraten (I=42%; II=34,7%; III=18%; IV=28%; V=52%), sowie auch die Wurfgröβe (I=6,0; II=4,8; III=3,3; (V=2,5; V=6,2) lassen erkennen, daβ die kopfkappenschützende Wirkung von OEP nicht oder nur bedingt mit einer Steigerung der Konzeptionsrate einhergeht. Eine Minderung der Befruchtungsfähigkeit des Spermas durch Zugabe von OEP konnte statistisch nicht abgesichert werden. Contents: Deep freezing of rabbit. Effect of a surfactant on fertilizing capacity. In order to clear, if the protective effect of a Na-lauyl-sulphat containing product (OEP) on acrosomes would increase the fertilyzing capacity of frozen rabbit semen, 19 ejaculates were frozen after dilutiun with TRIS-extenders containing 4,5% (fraction I), 9,0% (fraction III) dimethyl-sulphoxyde (DMSO) without and with 0,2% OEP (fractions II and IV). Semen was frozen in 0,25 straws. OEP did'nt have any effect on motility (MOT) of thawed semen, but had a significant effect on acrosome integrity (NAR), compairing both 9,0% DMSO fractions. 50 does were inseminated with each frozen semen fraction and another 50 with fresh semen as controls (fraction V). Conception rates (I=42%, II=34.7%, III=18%, IV=28%, V=52%) and litter size (I=6.0, II=4.8, III=3.3, IV=2.5, V=6.2) indicate that the protective effect of OEP on acrosomes does not or only conditionally increases the conception rates. A negative effect of OEP on fertilizing capacity of sperm could not be stated.