臭氧处理对草莓贮期果实品质的影响

以优质草莓为试材,研究了臭氧处理对草莓贮藏期间品质变化的影响。结果表明,草莓在(2.0±1.0)℃下贮藏,每隔3 d采用质量浓度300 mg/m3的O3处理0.5 h,能有效保持果实可溶性固形物含量和可滴定酸含量,降低果实呼吸强度和腐烂率,较好地保持果实硬度。适宜的臭氧处理对草莓有良好的保鲜效果。     

臭氧处理对草莓保鲜效果的影响

为探索臭氧处理对草莓的保鲜效果,分别研究处理浓度为15 mg/m3、20 mg/m3、25 mg/m3、30 mg/m3;处理时间为1 min、5 min、10 min、15 min;处理次数为2天1次、4天1次、6天1次、不处理的臭氧对‘丰香’草莓0℃、30天贮藏期间果实腐烂和主要品质指标变化的影响。发现臭氧处理能够有效抑制草莓的腐烂,延缓草莓VC含量、硬度和可溶性固形物的下降。试验结果表明臭氧处理对草莓保鲜有一定作用,且最佳臭氧浓度为20 mg/m3。处理时间和处理次数对草莓的保鲜效果影响较小。     

京郊半基质栽培条件下不同草莓品种果实品质分析

为适应草莓产业从追求产量向追求风味品质的转型,针对京郊不同规模农户筛选出优质高产的草莓品种,通过基质栽培试验充分发挥出其最大经济潜力。以‘黛颜’、‘红颜’、‘圣安德瑞斯’、‘越心’、‘京藏香’、‘桃熏’、‘隋珠’、‘百丽’、‘圣诞红’、‘章姬’为试验材料,在半基质栽培条件下,对外观性状、果实品质、矿质营养、抗病性等指标进行分析,以期为农户科学选择品种提供指导。结果表明：与其他品种相比,‘隋珠’、‘章姬’、‘圣诞红’成熟较早,草莓外观鲜艳,耐储运,果实中维生素C和可溶性固形物含量较高,果浆中钙铁锌含量丰富;‘红颜’果浆中维生素C、钾、镁和锌和可溶性固形物均为最高,口感较好,产量较高,能够获得较高的经济效益,适宜推荐农户和合作社种植;‘京藏香’、‘黛颜’口感酸甜,果型美观,果浆中矿质营养适中,产量较高,抗病性较好,适宜做加工草莓种植;‘桃熏’果形扁球形,有桃味儿,‘越心’果实短圆锥形,口感适中,适宜观光园区种植。     

Chilling-induced oxidative stress and antioxidant responses in mume (Prunus mume) fruit during low temperature storage

Mume (Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc.) fruit are harvested and consumed at the mature green stage and have a short storage life at ambient temperature. While cold temperature extends their storage life, improper refrigeration causes severe chilling injury (CI), with fruit suffering more severe CI at of 5–6 °C than at 1 °C. The objective of this research was to determine the involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant systems in fruit under chilling stress. ‘Nankou’ fruit were stored at 1 °C or 6 °C for 15 days. Hydrogen peroxide, a preventive ROS, decreased at a slower rate at 6 °C than 1 °C during storage. Malondialdehyde (MDA), an indicator of lipid peroxidation caused by ROS, increased during storage and the contents were higher in fruit stored at 6 °C than at 1 °C. On the other hand, fruit stored at 6 °C had a lower total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and lower activities of antioxidant-related enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) than at 1 °C. These results indicate that the fruit at 6 °C had more oxidative stress; thus the fruit had more severe CI symptoms than at 1 °C.     

基质栽培草莓优化施肥套餐设计与试验验证

在基质栽培下,探究设计的优化施肥套餐对草莓生长状况、产量和品质的影响。以“红颜”草莓为试验材料,以农户传统为对照,测定基质栽培条件下优化施肥套餐对草莓缓苗率、株高、茎粗、叶面积、开花现蕾率、产量、品质和经济效益的影响。与农户传统相比,优化施肥套餐(控释肥育苗、苗期和花期24-8-18+TE水溶肥、果期18-6-31+TE水溶肥)使草莓缓苗时间缩短5-8天,提高缓苗率43.3%,茎粗提高20.4%,叶面积显著增加77.1%;优化施肥套餐显著提高草莓的单果重和果数,显著提高草莓产量40.9%,平均提高每茬果草莓糖酸比15.8%,提高草莓经济效益35795元/667m2。优化施肥套餐能促进草莓的缓苗和生长,显著提高产量,提升草莓品质和经济效益。     

不同促成栽培草莓果实品质及采后生理的研究

以不同促成栽培草莓品种果实为试材,测定其品质和果实采后生理变化,为引进新品种和延长草莓货架期提供理论依据。结果表明, “甜查理”品质和适应性最好,耐贮藏。随着贮藏时间的延长,果实硬度逐渐下降,腐烂指数逐渐增大,各品种果实呼吸速率第3d后明显增强（P<0.05）, Vc含量与SOD活性总体呈先上升后下降的变化趋势, MDA含量以及O2&#8226;-代谢速率与腐烂指数呈线性正相关,这也表明了果实腐烂与O2&#8226;-以及MDA积累有密切关系。     

电子鼻检测冻藏草莓品质研究

采用德国Airsense公司生产的PEN3型电子鼻系统对冻藏不同时间草莓进行检测研究,通过对传感器响应值进行PCA、LDA方法的分析,实现了不同冻藏时间草莓样品的区分。当采用PCA方法分析时,电子鼻可以100%区分冻藏不同时间的草莓。采用LDA方法分析时,草莓冻藏10、30、90天芳香速率变化非常不显著,从90天到150天,其芳香速率距离变化较大,产生这种变化规律是因为随着冻藏时间的延长,草莓果实芳香成分含量下降,品质变化急剧下降。此外,采用Loadings分析方法得知,传感器W1W、W6S、w2S在检测中作用最大,对区分不同冻藏时间下的草莓样品的贡献率最大。其次是传感器W5S、W2W,这些试验证明草莓果实挥发物可以作为冻藏草莓的冻藏时间的标志。     

几种水溶肥喷施对草莓产量及品质的影响

为了筛选适合于苏南丘陵地区草莓上喷洒的水溶肥。本试验在句容李家桥村实施，以草莓（‘红颊’）为材料，设5个处理：（1）：常规对照(CK1)，（2）：清水对照(CK2)，（3）：含腐植酸水溶肥料（易民），（4）：中量元素水溶肥料（易民），（5）：含腐植酸水溶肥料（劲力）。结果表明：含腐殖酸水溶肥能提高草莓单果重，促进草莓增产，提高草莓抗病能力，草莓生长前期单果重、产量及抗病能力，处理5表现最佳，处理4次之，与对照（处理1）比，处理5、处理4分别增产11.28%、5.10%；而中量元素水溶肥则可提高草莓品质，促进草莓可溶性固形物含量的增加，草莓整个生产过程中，处理4一直表现较好，处理5次之，与清水对照（处理2）比，处理4、处理5分别提高0.5、0.1个百分点。因此，在草莓生产中喷施含腐殖酸水溶肥可以提高草莓产量，增强草莓抗病能力，改善草莓品质，研究结果可以为当地农户草莓生产用肥提供理论参考依据。     

Differential fruit gene expression in two strawberry cultivars in response to elevated CO2 during storage revealed by a heterologous fruit microarray approach

The use of a heterologous fruit microarray system to identify differentially expressed genes between strawberry cultivars with different responses to 20 kPa CO₂ (balance air) during storage has been evaluated. Specifically, a tomato cDNA microarray containing approximately 12,000 ESTs (representing 8700 unigenes) was hybridized with strawberry cDNA populations to compare gene expression differences between two cultivars: ‘Jewel’, a cultivar that accumulates acetaldehyde and ethanol in response to elevated CO₂ during storage, and ‘Cavendish’ that does not accumulate these compounds under the same storage conditions. A set of 80 tomato gene sequences gave differential hybridization signals between the two strawberry cultivar probes when they were stored in CO₂ for 48 h, suggesting homologous strawberry genes with differential expression. Within each cultivar, when RNA from fruit stored in air was compared with that from fruit stored in CO₂, 168 sequences suggested differential expression in ‘Jewel’, but only 51 were differentially expressed in ‘Cavendish’ fruit. Strawberry genes with putative homologies to enzymes involved in cell wall metabolism, ethylene action and stress were implicated by the tomato array. This research not only demonstrates the usefulness of using a heterologous microarray platform from a model species (tomato) to study a complex process in strawberry, a crop of economic importance, for which genomic resources are still limited, but also provides a foundation for investigating the molecular basis of responses to elevated CO₂ during strawberry postharvest storage.     

1-MCP处理对菊黄桃采后生理变化和相关酶活性影响的研究

以菊黄桃为试材,研究常温下用3种不同浓度的1-MCP处理后的果实在（1±0．5）℃、RH85％～90％条件下的贮藏效果。结果表明,用0．5μL/LI—MCP处理桃果实,可降低冷藏期间菊黄桃果实乙烯的生物合成和呼吸强度,推迟呼吸高峰的出现;维持细胞膜的完整,降低PPO和POD活性,延缓果实的衰老褐变;并可有效地抑制PG、CX的活性,有利于保持果实硬度,维持细胞的正常代谢,贮藏期间没有发生果实絮败现象。     

壳寡糖处理对草莓贮藏品质的影响

以草莓为试材,果实采后,分别用质量分数为1.0%,1.5%,2.0%的壳寡糖溶液浸泡处理草莓果实1min,研究壳寡糖处理对草莓贮藏品质的影响。结果表明,壳寡糖处理能较好地保持贮藏草莓的感官品质、风味品质、营养品质;能有效调节、控制果肉细胞的成熟与衰老,从而延长果实贮藏期。质量分数1.5%壳寡糖处理果实的各项品质指标均优于其他处理组,是有效延长草莓果实贮藏时间的最佳浓度。     

生物有机肥和菌剂对土壤肥力及草莓生长品质的影响

为了探究生物有机肥和复合微生物菌剂联用对土壤理化性质、草莓营养生长和果实品质的影响,以草莓‘红颊’为试验材料,设置普通有机肥底肥(T0);普通有机肥底肥+菌剂追肥(T1);生物有机肥底肥(T2);生物有机肥底肥+菌剂追肥(T3);灭活生物有机肥底肥+灭活菌剂追肥(T4)跟踪调查不同处理下的土壤理化性质、草莓营养生长、果实产量及品质。结果显示：生物有机肥底肥和菌剂追施可以明显改善土壤酸化,提高土壤有机质及速效养分,并降低土壤电导率。该措施对草莓的营养生长和果实品质同样也有显著积极作用。通过对比现蕾期到成熟期的变化率,T3处理的草莓株高、株幅以及叶绿素较T0处理分别依次增加了2.53%、3.62%和18.99%。此外比对T3与T0的植株质量表明,T3的地上部分生物质和干物质量分别提高了20.05%、5.09%,而地下部分生物质和干物质量提高了2.69%、5.05%。此外,T3处理增加各代果实单果重和挂果数,草莓产量达(30.10±3.87)t/hm²。其对果实品质改善也有显著的积极作用,各代果实的可溶性固形物提高2.08%~5.32%,可滴定酸降低了5.15%~18.76%,维生素C提高了5.67%~10.22%。综上所述,添加生物有机肥作为底肥,并辅以菌剂追施,可提高土壤肥力,并对草莓生长、产量和果实品质有显著的积极影响,本研究为设施草莓栽培提供技术依据和理论支撑。     

Analysis of the ozone effect on soybean in the Mediterranean region: II. The consequences on growth, yield and water use efficiency

Soybean plants were subjected, during their growing seasons, to well-watered and water-stressed conditions, and three levels of ozone concentration (zero, low and high) in open top chambers (OTCs). At the end of the soybean growing season accumulated AOT40 values were zero, 3400 and 9000 ppb h for the filtered (control), low and high levels of ozone concentration, respectively.

In well-watered conditions, an increase in ozone concentration led to a reduction in leaf area, dry matter and reproductive organs. Whereas, an increase in ozone had no effect on plants in water-stressed conditions. At a high level of ozone concentration, there was a 47% reduction in yield and a 25% reduction in WUE in comparison with the control treatment. The reduction in yield was due to a lower number of pods per plant and 1000-grain weight. Despite changes in the grain yield, the yield quality was not altered by ozone.

During the 3-year study, AOT40 was significantly correlated with the leaf area and the final above-ground dry matter. The latter was less sensitive to ozone than leaf area. These results were reliable and would be useful in soybean yield-prediction models.

Finally, the conclusion highlights the reliability of the approach adopted, which was to make observations on various time scales (hourly, daily and entire crop cycle).     

海藻多酚处理对采后草莓腐烂与贮藏品质的影响

以鼠尾藻为原料提取多酚,研究海藻多酚处理对采后草莓腐烂的控制与贮藏品质的影响。结果表明,鼠尾藻海藻多酚单体组成主要为儿茶素、表儿茶素、儿茶酚、阿魏酸和芦丁,其质量浓度分别为1.95,9.60,43.98,0.63,0.23 mg/mL。总酚质量浓度为16 mg/mL的鼠尾藻提取物可100%抑制草莓灰霉菌(Botrytis cinerea)的生长。新鲜草莓经质量浓度10 mg/mL的海藻多酚处理并于(2±1)℃,90%~95%RH贮藏12 d后,其腐烂率和腐烂指数分别比对照低61.6%和52.5%,草莓硬度、可溶性固形物及VC含量均明显高于对照(p<0.05)。在常温刺伤接种和冷藏不接种Botrytis cinerea 2种条件下,海藻多酚处理的草莓苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性均明显高于对照(p<0.05)。结果表明,海藻多酚不但具有直接抗菌活性,可控制草莓的采后腐烂,而且能诱导草莓的采后抗病性,提高抗病相关酶活性,从而降低草莓果实的腐烂,保持草莓品质。     

The viability and storage of strawberry pollen

Investigations were carried out in 1990 and 1991 to estimate the pollen viability of five strawberry genotypes and their suitability for storage. Pollen viability was assessed by acetocarmine staining, in vitro germination, and in vivo assays. Pollen was stored in darkness at ?18°C for 1 year, and pollen viability was estimated every 4 months during storage. The highest percentage of stained and in vitro germinated pollen grains, respectively, was shown by fresh pollen of cv. ‘Dukat’ (91 and 45%). The lowest values of these characteristics were observed in pollen of cv. ‘Paula’ (48% and 20%, respectively). The best response to storage at ?18°C occurred in pollen of the breeding clone ‘B-302’ and the cv. ‘Redgauntlet’. ‘Paula’ pollen responded least favourably to this. Pollen of the cvs. ‘Dukaf’. ‘Senga Sengana’, and clone ‘B-302’ after storage for 4 months, still had sufficient capacity for fruit set after cross-pollinations.     

Distribution center and retail conditions affect the sensory and compositional quality of bulk and packaged slicing cucumbers

During distribution and retail display, fruits and vegetables are often exposed to undesirable temperature and humidity conditions which often result in increased waste due to weight loss and objectionable appearance. Unwaxed fresh-market slicing cucumbers (cv. Calypso) were harvested from a commercial operation and shipped to a distribution center (DC) in Florida. At the DC, 2 d after harvest, cucumbers were sorted and either commercially machine packaged in expanded polystyrene trays covered with a polyvinylchloride film or remained unpackaged for bulk retail display. Cucumbers were transported the next day by truck to a retail store in Gainesville, collected from the store, and stored under optimum (10 °C and 90% RH) or simulated retail display conditions (4 °C or 14 °C and 90–92% RH). Sensory (visual and instrumental color, firmness, shriveling, chilling injury and decay) and compositional quality (pH, titratable acidity, soluble solids and chlorophyll contents) were evaluated initially at the DC and after a 4-d simulated retail display period. Overall, bulk cucumbers were softer, appeared more shriveled, and were more affected by pitting and decay than packaged cucumbers. Bulk cucumbers also appeared lighter green and more yellowish than packaged fruit. Hue angle was less in bulk than in packaged cucumbers, but no consistent differences were observed in the L*, chroma, and hue values between the different temperatures. Small variations in the L*, hue, and chroma values compared to significant losses in chlorophyll content suggest that insufficient chlorophyll degradation occurred to cause major visual color changes. The greater weight loss in bulk cucumbers compared to packaged fruit was associated with accelerated chlorophyll degradation, lower acidity, and lower soluble solids content. Although packaged cucumbers had better visual quality than bulk cucumbers, there was higher RH inside the packages and greater development of decay on packaged fruit. Overall, after the 4-d simulated retail display, the appearance of the cucumbers used in this study was considered to be objectionable due to either yellowing, loss of firmness, shriveling or decay, regardless of the treatment. Results from this study demonstrate the importance of using an appropriate protective package in addition to maintaining the optimum temperature during distribution and retail display. Moreover, initial quality evaluation should be performed upon reception at the DC, and before cucumbers are displayed at the retail store, in order to estimate the remaining shelf life before this product becomes unacceptable for sale.     

温度波动对草莓贮藏和货架期品质的影响

以草莓"红颜"为试验材料,通过对草莓果实恒温冷藏和温度波动贮藏对比试验,研究温度波动对草莓贮藏期和货架期品质的影响。结果表明,在温度波动冷藏环境下,贮藏24 h和货架期12 h,草莓果实的品质显著差于恒定温度冷藏。温度波动不利于保持草莓果实贮藏期和货架期的品质。     

Low dose gamma irradiation does not affect the quality,proximate or nutritional profile of ‘Brigitta’ blueberry and ‘Maravilla’ raspberry fruit

Blueberry (Northern Highbush, cv ‘Brigitta’) and raspberry (cv ‘Maravilla’) fruit were subject to low dose gamma irradiation (0, 150, 400 and 1000 Gy) and stored at 0 °C for three or ten days (blueberry) and two or seven days (raspberry) to determine the effects of irradiation on fruit quality and nutritional and proximate contents. In general, none of the irradiation doses (≤1000 Gy) significantly affected blueberry or raspberry fruit quality (overall fruit quality, colour, firmness, weight loss, TSS, TA levels or TSS/TA ratio), or the nutritional or proximate content (ash, carbohydrate, dietary fibre, energy, moisture, protein, sodium, potassium, total sugars, fructose, ascorbic acid, monomeric anthocyanin, citric and malic acids). The length of time in storage affected some fruit quality and nutritional and proximate content parameters (such as overall fruit quality, firmness, weight loss, TA levels, dietary fibre, potassium, ascorbic acid, citric and malic acids), with longer storage periods resulting in lower quality fruit, irrespective of irradiation treatment. No interaction was detected between the effects of irradiation treatment and storage time, indicating that the storage effect was consistent for all irradiation doses on both blueberry and raspberry fruit quality.     

不同保鲜剂组合处理对草莓保鲜效果的影响

以全明星草莓为试验材料,研究CaCl2、植酸、柠檬酸和山梨酸钾不同浓度的复配组合及其结合壳聚糖涂膜处理对常温（20～25℃）条件下贮藏7d草莓果实品质的影响。结果表明,对在常温条件下草莓采后保鲜的最佳复配组合为：1％CaCl2＋0．15％植酸＋2％柠檬酸＋0．1％山梨酸钾。该复配保鲜剂再与l％壳聚糖制成涂膜,在抑制草莓果实腐烂,保持果实硬度,延缓可溶性固形物和VC含量下降方面的作用效果好于单纯复配保鲜剂。     

栽培密度对草莓产量和品质的影响

以草莓品种‘明宝’为试材,研究不同栽培密度对草莓产量和品质的影响。结果表明,在15 cm株距栽培密度下,草莓平均单果重达到11.23 g,单株平均产量达到223.18 g,平均产量最高达到29.46 t/hm2,其果实品质显著高于10 cm的常规栽培密度,且与25 cm和20 cm 2个低密度差异不显著。因此在大田生产中适宜推广15 cm株距的栽培密度。