利用基因工程进行番茄品种特性改良的研究现状

番茄作为一种蔬菜作物,在基因工程拓宽种质资源上得到了极大的发展。迄今为止,利用基因工程进行番茄品种特性改良的研究取得了很大的进展,已经获得形式多样的转基因番茄。本文概述了利用基因工程进行番茄品种特性改良的研究现状。 1.转基因抗病毒番茄的研究 Powell和Nelson将TMV外壳蛋白基因转入番茄,获得能稳定遗传的抗病毒植株。SanderTMV-CP基因和T0MV-CP基因分别导入番茄,获得高抗TMV植株。Whitham等将烟草抗TMV的N基因转入番茄。产生抗性反应,表明与N基因抗性表达有关的因子均存在于番茄中。赵淑珍利用CMV卫星RNA-1…     

我国高类黄酮(红皮与红肉)苹果育种取得突破性进展

“医食同源,吃营养,吃健康”已经成为人们的共识。针对我国苹果产业品种单一、特色多样化品种严重不足、主栽品种’红富士'果实着色、风味品质及结果习性等性状需要进一步改良、苹果育种特别是红肉苹果育种周期长、缺乏优异种质等问题,系统介绍了以“高类黄酮(红皮与红肉)”为主线,以新疆红肉苹果挖掘与创新利用为研究重点,在品质形成与芽变机理、红肉苹果优异种质创制、高效育种技术创建、特色多样化新品种培育及其配套高效栽培技术创新等方面取得的最新研究进展及其成果,旨在为其他野生果树资源的评价挖掘与创新利用提供参考。     

基于种间渐渗的甜瓜属野生优异基因发掘研究

作物近缘野生种中含有诸多栽培作物中所迫切需要的优异基因,通过种间杂交发掘利用这些基因是作物遗传改良的重要途径。本文回顾了栽培黄瓜种间杂交研究相关历史背景,介绍了近年来特异资源创制取得的进展,着重阐述了基于种间渐渗途经发掘野生优异基因所涉及的科学问题和方法,展望了对黄瓜基因组研究和品种改良的巨大前景。本文对葫芦科其他作物基因发掘具有重要的借鉴和指导意义。     

中国野生毛葡萄芪合酶基因VqSTS11和VqSTS23调控抗白粉病的研究

利用同源克隆法得到抗白粉病的中国野生毛葡萄‘丹凤–2’芪合酶基因VqSTS11和VqSTS23的开放阅读框,并构建过表达载体;通过器官发生途径诱导不抗白粉病的欧洲葡萄‘无核白’分生愈伤组织并采用农杆菌介导法对其进行转化;经过PCR检测和Western blot鉴定,获得了5株VqSTS11超量表达植株和3株VqSTS23超量表达植株;人工接种白粉菌发现,转基因植株中白粉菌菌丝生长速度慢,孢子萌发受到一定的抑制,并且转基因植株中芪合酶基因相对表达量升高,抗病相关基因表达上调,芪类物质含量积累增多。本研究结果进一步证明中国野生毛葡萄‘丹凤–2’芪合酶基因VqSTS11和VqSTS23对白粉菌具有抗性,‘丹凤–2’可以为改良欧洲葡萄品种抗病性提供抗病基因,作为抗病育种的资源。     

野生番茄单片段渐渗系的创建及应用

 野生种质的自然变异是植物育种和品种改良的重要遗传资源, 标记辅助单片段渐渗系的构建为野生资源优良等位基因的有效利用提供了新的工具。本文综述了野生番茄单片段渐渗系的创建及其在基因精细定位、QTL遗传效应分析以及图位克隆中的应用。     

甘薯种质资源的创新与利用

甘薯为无性繁殖作物，种质资源材料的创新可通过3种途径实现，常规杂交为主要应用方法；通过无性系变异选择获得特定变异的种质材料有一定难度；通过原生质体融合导入近缘野生种的基因，或通过转基因技术导入外源基因，生物技术的应用在甘薯上取得了一些进展。目前甘薯的主要用途分为两大类，一是利用薯肉为桔红心和紫心的品种作为保健型鲜食品种，二是利用高产、高淀粉含量的淀粉型品种作为工业原料。     

生物技术在蔬菜育种中的应用

生物技术在蔬菜育种上的应用主要有作物组织培养技术、体细胞杂交技术、转基因育种技术、分子标记育种技术等,其中转基因技术主要应用于蔬菜品质改良和抗性育种,分子标记技术主要应用于蔬菜作物构建遗传图谱、种质资源研究、基因定位、分子标记辅助选择和品种纯度鉴定等方面。     

我国转基因蔬菜研究的成绩及存在问题

转基因蔬菜是指把分离的基因经过或不经过修饰，利用农杆菌介导或基因枪轰击等技术把它导入某一种蔬菜，通过改良其抗性或品质等属性而培育出的蔬菜新品种。转基因技术的最大特点是能最大限度地利用人们感兴趣的外源基因，使育种工作具有更强的针对性。本文将介绍我国转基因蔬菜研究取得的主要成绩及存在的问题。一、我国转基因蔬菜研究取得的主要成绩1.抗病转基因蔬菜 转基因蔬菜育种中，以抗病毒基因工程进展最快，已取得了令人瞩目的成绩。如北京大学未名生物工程公司以陈章良教授为首的科研小组培育的抗黄瓜花叶病毒（CMV）的转基因…     

为遗传资源的蕃茄野生种与抗病育种

寄生在番茄上的病虫害非常多,仅病害就有20多种,已成生产上的严重问题。一般说来,防治病虫害最有效的办法之一是增加抗病性品种的利用。野生蕃茄作为各种基因的供体极为重要。在这些抗性品种育种中,被利用的多数抗性是通过种间杂交,由野生蕃茄导入的。所以正因为具有抗性的野生种的存在,才可以进行所谓的抗性育种。而野生蕃茄作为抗性,基因供体正好担当了这个任务。     

转新疆野生樱桃李psoRPM1基因烟草抵抗南方根结线虫

正从新疆野生樱桃李(Prunus sogdiana)抗南方根结线虫单株中分离克隆得到一个能响应南方根结线虫侵染的抗病基因psoRPM1,利用农杆菌介导方法将其导入烟草中,并对其抗性进行了鉴定。结果显示,构建的pCAMBA1305.1表达载体能成功地将psoRPM1基因导入高度感病的烟草‘W38'中,并获得了9株转基因单株。对转基因单株进行抗性鉴定,结果显示转入psoRPM1基因后使烟草‘W38'对南方根结     

柿野生雄性资源调查及其遗传多样性研究

柿（Diospyros kaki Thunb.）雄性种质资源非常稀缺,系统收集和梳理国内外现有雄性资源,阐明其遗传多样性并揭示其与主栽甜、涩柿品种及近缘种的亲缘关系,对雄性种质资源的高效利用有重要意义。在全国范围内开展柿野生种质资源调查,在湖北、广西、江苏等地发现野生雄性种质资源共计90余份。利用15对SSR引物对47份柿完全雄性资源、2份雄全同株资源和11份中国雌雄同株资源进行遗传多样性分析,以67份完全雌性资源、38份日本资源（其中包括25份雌雄同株资源）以及28份近缘种为对照。结果表明：15对引物共获得144个等位基因和316个基因型,平均每个引物获得9.60个等位基因和21.07个基因型,其中位点ssrDK11/DQ097479 遗传变异程度最高。从地理分布来看,柿雄性资源在适生的野外山区普遍存在,其中湖北木兰山来源的雄性资源遗传多样性最高,陕西省来源的雄性资源遗传多样性最低。UPGMA和ME聚类方法分别将193份资源分为16组和12组,两种聚类结果反映的总体规律类似：（1）各来源地间的野生雄性资源存在着一定程度的遗传隔离;（2）湖北木兰山野生雄性资源被分为遗传关系较远的两类,一类与江西、江苏、湖南野柿及‘火晶’等主栽涩柿品种和‘耀县五花柿’等雌雄同株涩柿品种亲缘关系较近,另一类与云架山雄性资源和罗田甜柿（包括‘甜宝盖’）亲缘关系较近;（3）大部分日本来源的柿资源可被单独聚为一类。     

黄瓜种质资源遗传多样性及其亲缘关系的AFLP分析

 采用AFLP分子标记技术，对中国黄瓜种质资源遗传多样性及其与外来种质的关系进行了分析， 结果表明8对AFLP引物在70份黄瓜种质中共扩增出425条带，多态性带的比例为66％。供试黄瓜种质的平 均期望杂合度为0．376，中国种质的平均期望杂合度为0．387，明显高于国外种质的n 291。西双版纳黄瓜和印度野生黄瓜具有一些栽培种质没有的特异位点，中国栽培种质的特异位点多于外来栽培种质，后者也有一些中国栽培种质没有的特异位点。聚类分析将70份种质分为三大组群，即西双版纳黄瓜(Cucumis sativus L.vaF．xishuangbannanesis Qi et Yuan)组群，e sativus var．hardwickii野生黄瓜组群和栽培黄瓜组群。西双版纳黄瓜与栽培黄瓜的距离最远，与野生黄瓜次之。按一定的遗传距离可以将中国和外来栽培种质分开。大多数 华南型和华北型种质归属于不同的亚组。这些结果有助于有目的地利用这些变异拓宽育种材料的遗传背景。     

Research advances on the genetic relationships of kiwifruit (Actinidia Lindl.)北大核心CSCD

Kiwifruit is an important fruit tree resource, and is one of the most successful fruit tree species for large-scale commercial cultivation worldwide. The natural distribution of kiwifruit is very extensive, but most of its taxa are mainly concentrated in the area south of the Qinling Mountains and east of the Hengduan Mountains. Chinese kiwifruit is not only a variety, but also different ecological habits. Chinese kiwifruit is rich in germplasm resources, contains a large number of wild resources, and has high genetic diversity, which can provide rich genetic basis and material conditions for the breeding of high- quality cultivars. Germplasm resources research has always been the most important foundation for fruit tree research, especially for breeding. The research on genetic relationship has become the core content of the research and utilization of fruit tree germplasm resources, which can provide a scientific basis for further exploration of species origin and evolution, systematic classification, germplasm conservation and utilization, and fruit tree breeding. Domestic and foreign scholars have studied the genetic relationship of kiwifruit germplasm resources from morphology, palynology, cytology, biochemical analysis to DNA molecular markers, from macroscopic level to microscopic level. The micromorphological characteristics, body size, cell structure and density of the leaf epidermal hair of the kiwifruit were-high polymorphism, which can be used as evidence for species identification. At present, the classification system of kiwifruit plants is mainly based on the type and degree of the indumentum of the fruit and leaves, the spots on the surface of the fruit and the morphology of the medulla of branches, and also giving consideration to the geographical distribution and other factors, as well as the combination of quantitative classification and computer processing methods. Liang C. F. divided the Chinese kiwifruit germplasms into four sections: Sect. Maculatae, Sect. Leiocarpae, Sect. Stellatae and Sect. Strigosae. The Sect. Leiocarpae can be divided into the Ser. Lamellatae and the Ser. Solidae, and the Sect. Stellatae can be divided into the Ser. Imperfectae and the Ser. Perfectae, which constitutes the current taxonomic system of four groups and four systems of Actinidia. However, the morphological characteristics of plants are susceptible to environmental conditions, and there are many subjective factors, which may lead to the divergence of taxonomic opinions. The morphological characteristics of kiwi pollen are controlled by genotypes, which are highly genetic conservation and are not affected by external conditions and carry a large amount of information. Related researchers used scanning electron microscopy to observe the pollen morphology of different species of kiwifruit. They found that the outer wall of the kiwi pollen has a large difference and has a significant polymorphism. They believe that the pollen grains of the genus have 3-colporate or 3-like colporate, which can be used as an important basis for packet classification. Kiwifruit has a wide range of chromosomal ploidy variations. Under natural conditions, diploid, tetraploid, hexaploid, octaploid and even dodecaploid occur, and the distribution pattern is reticulate the intraspecific and interspecific, as well as the sympatric distribution of multi species to various degrees. These make interspecific hybridization and gene introgression frequent, resulting in a series of rich genetic variations. Therefore, in-depth study on the interspecific and intraspecific genetic relationship of kiwifruit plants provides an important basis for breeding new varieties. The karyotype analysis of different ploidy revealed that the chromosome base of kiwifruit was 29, but there is still no clear conclusion about its chromosome origin. The research on the isozyme level shows that the kiwifruit has high genetic diversity at the level of cultivars and species, and there is a high degree of genetic heterozygosity and multiple alleles heterozygosity at its isozyme sites. At the DNA level, researchers used various methods of DNA molecular markers to detect different kiwi germplasm resources. The results showed that kiwifruit species or cultivars had rich genetic diversity, and there were high genetic diversity among different geographical regions. The genetic distance between kiwifruit cultivars was related to geographical distribution. In addition, studies on microsatellite showed that most kiwifruits showed higher heterozygosity, and polyploid kiwifruit had more genetic diversity. In addition to studying nuclear DNA, chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) have also received attention in kiwifruit research. The results show that the cpDNA of kiwifruit plants has strict paternal inheritance, and mtDNA has strict maternal inheritance. This rare genetic model complicates the genetic relationship between kiwifruit plants to a certain extent. In general, the research on the genetic relationship of kiwifruit has made great progress, especially the continuous improvement and mutual compensation of various molecular markers in recent years, making the research and analysis of genetic relationship more accurate and reliable. However, there are still many problems to be solved in the study of the genetic relationship of kiwifruit germplasm resources. In the future research, with the continuous innovation of research methods and the deepening of research content, the research on kiwifruit germplasm resources, especially the genetic relationship research, will surely achieve more results. It is of great scientific significance and application value for the rational utilization of abundant kiwifruit germplasm resources in China, especially the exploitation and utilization of a large number of excellent wild or semi-wild resources, and the breeding and industrial development of new kiwifruit varieties. © 2019 Journal of Fruit Science     

云南蔷薇属部分种质资源的SSR遗传多样性研究

利用简单重复序列SSR（Simple Sequence Repeat）标记技术对42份蔷薇属（Rosa L.）种质资源（包括13份野生种、变种、变型及29份栽培品种）的遗传多样性进行了研究。用筛选出的18对SSR引物对42份材料DNA进行PCR扩增,在18个位点共检测到148个等位基因,每一位点的等位基因变幅为6~14个,平均8.2个。材料间遗传相似系数变化范围为0.282~0.892,表明在分子水平上云南省蔷薇属植物具有丰富的遗传多样性。本研究发现,在相似系数为0.456时,基于SSR标记的聚类分析可以将 13个蔷薇野生种明显分为5个组,这与植物形态学分类结果大体一致。在遗传相似系数为0.43水平上,聚类分析将42份供试材料分为5大组群;同时初步探讨了野生种之间以及野生种与栽培品种之间的遗传亲缘关系。     

菠菜种质资源研究进展

菠菜是主要蔬菜种类之一,菠菜种质资源研究有利于发掘优良基因,加快育种效率,从而进一步促进菠菜产业的发展。该研究从菠菜的起源、传播、收集保存及遗传多样性研究与育种现状等方面进行了综述,并提出了菠菜种质资源研究存在的问题及展望,以期为菠菜种质资源的研究及育种工作提供借鉴。     

梨品种资源遗传差异的RAPD分析

明确种质间的遗传差异,对杂交育种中亲本的选择和搭配具有重要意义。利用随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)技术,从40个随机引物中筛选出了33个多态性好的引物,在21个品种间进行了分析,最终得到339个清晰稳定的扩增位点,其中多态性位点为292个,占86.1%。利用UPGMA(非加权配对算术平均)法进行了品种间相似系数的计算以及聚类分析,揭示了这些品种间遗传上的差异程度。     

辣椒分子育种研究进展

近年来辣椒常规育种取得了很大的成就,但随着种质资源的不断利用,新品种选育越来越需要借助分子育种手段来提高育种效率,创造常规方法难以实现的新种质。至今辣椒的分子育种已经取得了重要进展。对辣椒分子连锁图谱构建、质量性状分子标记、数量性状QTL分析、分子标记辅助选择、从辣椒中分离的基因和转基因等方面的研究成果和最新进展进行了综述,并指出了当前分子育种中存在的问题及今后的研究方向。     

莲属植物资源和育种研究进展

介绍了莲属植物的分布及分类，探讨了莲的生态型及栽培品种类型的划分，总结了野生莲和莲栽培品种的遗传多样性研究进展；介绍了莲属植物的资源和育种研究，资源收集、保存及品种选育现状；梳理了莲在组学、遗传图谱构建及基因挖掘等方面的研究进展；对今后莲属植物资源收集、保护和利用提出建议，认为品种的优质、多样化和专用化是莲属植物的育种方向。