Fertilization via carbonated water and mineral concentrations in a tomato crop

Abstract

In our experiments, application of carbonated water (CW) modified the nutritional status of a field‐grown tomato crop. Fruit concentrations of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn) were initially increased by CW, after which they were similar to the controls (Zn and Mn) or lower (Cu and Fe). Leaf concentrations of the same group of elements were also increased in the later growth stages. Calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) in the earlier stages showed diminished concentrations in all plant parts in response to CW treatment; later on, a slightly higher Ca content was found in the fruit and lower in the leaves, while the fruit Mg content was decreased. Higher cation contents were found in the plant in response to the higher irrigation frequency and interaction with CW effect was detected in most of the cases. In the first period, leaf and fruit contents of all elements, except for Mg in the fruit were increased by daily irrigation. In the second one, leaf content of all nutrients was also increased; the fruit content of Mg, Ca and Zn was increased, while that of Cu, Fe, and Mn was decreased.     

Soil solarization: Effects on soil properties,crop fertilization and plant growth

Summer solarization of six wet field soils of four different textures raised soil temperatures by 10–12°C at 15cm depth. Soil solarization increased concentrations of NO^?₃N and NH⁺₄N up to six times those in nontreated soils. Concentrations of P, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and electrical conductivity (EC) increased in some of the solarized soils. Solarization did not consistently affect available K⁺, Fe³⁺, Mn²⁺, Zn²⁺, Cu²⁺, Cl^? concentrations, soil pH or total organic matter. Concentrations of mineral nutrients in wet soil covered by transparent polyethylene film, but insulated against solar heating, were the same as those in nontreated soil. Increases in NO^?₃N plus NH⁺₄N were no longer detected in fallowed soils 9 months after solarization. No significant correlation between mineral-nutrient concentration in plant tissue and plant growth was found. Fresh and dry weights of radish, pepper and Chinese cabbage plants usually were greater when grown in solarized soils than in nontreated soils. Fertilization of solarized soils sometimes resulted in greater plant growth responses than observed in solarized but nonfertilized soils.     

Variations in mineral element concentrations of poultry manure biochar obtained at different pyrolysis temperatures,and their effects on crop growth and mineral nutrition

The effect of pyrolysis temperature on the nutritional quality of agricultural biochar is unclear, so better understanding of its properties and how it affects soil nutrient availability and plant growth is needed. Biochars obtained at different pyrolysis temperatures (250, 300, 350 and 400 °C) were characterized by thermogravimetric analyser and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Biochars were applied at a rate of 10 g/kg to find out their effects on the mineral nutrition and growth of lettuce. The experimental results suggested that high biochar temperatures caused oxidation of the mineral elements, breaking of C–C and C–H bonds and removal of aliphatic and peptide groups from the pyrolysed materials. The total concentrations of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn) and boron (B) were increased by increasing pyrolysis temperatures, although water‐soluble concentrations of those elements were greatly reduced (with the exception of K and B). Compared to the control, dry weights of lettuce and maize crops were significantly increased by the biochar treatments obtained at 300 and 350 °C. Biochar treatments significantly increased the P and K concentrations of both plants compared to the control, while concentrations of Ca and Mg in lettuce plants were decreased. Iron, Mn and B concentration of the lettuce plants were reduced and Zn concentration of maize increased by the biochar treatments. It was concluded that in terms of an agricultural product, biochars produced at low temperature are better.     

Influence of nitrogen,phosphorus, and potassium fertilization on the mineral concentrations in Medicago sativa L. I. Seasonal changes

Abstract

An established stand of Ranger alfalfa was topdressed with equal rates, but different combinations, of N, P, and K. Five harvests were taken and the material analyzed for cation concentrations.

Phosphorus application significantly increased P concentrations in alfalfa, but had little influence on concentration of other ions. Potassium applications showed striking effects by significantly increasing K levels of the forage while decreasing Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, Al, and Mo levels.

Significant differences occurred among harvest dates for 14 of the 16 cations analyzed. Seasonal trends were evident for SiO₂, Zn, Al, Co, and Na.

Applied N, P, and K and available soil P and K were associated with cation concentration of alfalfa and these interrelationships are discussed.     

施肥模式对菜-稻轮作周年氮素吸收及产量的影响

为探明不同施肥模式对菜-稻轮作体系周年氮素吸收及其产量的影响,以长期定位试验中菜-菜-稻轮作和菜-菜-菜轮作各季作物为研究对象进行田间试验。2种轮作体系分别采用推荐施肥和习惯施肥2种施肥模式,于2020—2022年对各季作物氮含量和产量进行测定,研究不同施肥模式和轮作下各季作物周年氮素吸收积累量、氮肥偏生产力及其对产量效益的影响。结果表明,2个轮作周年内菜-菜-稻轮作方式下推荐施肥模式第二季作物(芥菜)和第三季作物(水稻)氮素年均吸收积累量为415.71 kg/hm²,显著高于习惯施肥模式(381.43 kg/hm²)。第一和第二轮作周年,不同轮作施肥方式下四季豆作物的氮素收获指数为0.61~0.65,各处理之间无显著差异;推荐施肥处理水稻作物氮素收获指数分别为0.72和0.73,显著高于习惯施肥处理(0.62和0.62)。通过各季作物氮素吸收量与产量的相关分析表明推荐施肥处理能够提高作物氮素吸收利用率。菜-菜-稻轮作结合推荐施肥处理的年均产投比(1.79)高于习惯施肥处理(1.47),菜-菜-菜轮作结合推荐施肥处理的年均产投比(1.56)高于习惯施肥处理(1.36)。因此,推荐施肥处理作物的周年氮素吸收积累量和产量均高于习惯施肥,该施肥模式有利于菜-菜-稻轮作方式实现作物高产和氮肥高效利用,可获得较好的经济效益。     

不同有机肥施用量对宁南旱区土壤养分、酶活性及作物生产力的影响

为了给有机培肥技术体系的建立提供依据,在宁南旱区4年有机培肥定位试验中,以不施有机肥作为对照（CK）,设置了3种有机肥施用量处理（高:90 000 kg/hm2、中:60 000 kg/hm2、低:30 000 kg/hm2）,对不同处理条件下的土壤养分、酶活性、作物产量及水分利用效率进行了研究。结果表明,在2010年冬小麦收获后,各处理060 cm土层土壤养分含量、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶活性大小顺序均为:高、中量有机肥＞低量有机肥＞不施有机肥,各施肥处理较CK差异显著（P0.05）。随有机肥施肥量由高到低,产量分别较CK提高35.05%、20.77%和11.51%;作物水分利用效率分别较CK提高38.26%、22.61%和11.88%,差异均极显著。说明在宁南半干旱区长期施用有机肥对提高土壤养分、酶活性、冬小麦的产量和水分利用效率有显著效果。     

长期施肥对红壤pH、作物产量及氮、磷、钾养分吸收的影响*

在湖南祁阳典型红壤上进行不同施肥长期定位试验18年,观测了土壤pH、作物产量和氮、磷、钾养分吸收量的变化。结果表明,长期施用化学氮肥（单施氮肥、氮磷配施和氮磷钾配施）红壤pH明显下降,其中以单施氮肥降幅最大,18年降低了1.5个单位; pH降低主要发生在施肥的前8～10年,当pH下降到4.5时,其下降速度趋于缓慢并相对稳定。施用有机肥（化学肥料配施有机肥和单施有机肥）,土壤pH保持稳定或较试验开始有所升高,以单施有机肥处理pH升幅最大,升高1.0个单位。不施肥和施用化学氮肥的作物产量随着施肥年限均显著降低,其中小麦产量平均每年下降11～104 kg/hm2,玉米产量平均每年下降 24～210 kg/hm2; 而施用有机肥的作物产量保持稳定或稳定增加,其中化学肥料配施有机肥的玉米产量平均每年增加 101 kg/hm2。施用化学氮肥处理（除氮磷钾配施处理的玉米外）作物产量和氮、磷、钾养分吸收量与土壤pH均存在极显著正相关。可见,pH降低是作物产量和氮、磷、钾养分吸收降低的主要原因之一; 而施用有机肥能改善红壤酸度,尤其是化学肥料配施有机肥能获得持续高产,是红壤区的最佳施肥模式。     

长期施用化肥和农家肥对土壤化学性质和作物产量的影响

A long-term fertiliztion experiment was carried out in an experimental field in Lyczyn near Warsaw,Poland.Application ofmineral fertilizers ,especially Nfertilizer with and without farmyard manure accel-erated the eacidification process of the soil.Application of 1.6 t CaO ha^-1 every four years was essential to maintenance of the soil pHKCl at 5.5-6.6 and base saturation degree above 60% Application of 50 t farmyard manur ha^-1 every 4 years,whih contained 46 kg P and 240 kg K,was sufficient to maintain boh the K and P fertility of the soil.Besides,it was beneficial to alleviating soil acidifcation. As a result of long-term unbalanced fertilization,yield responses to N,P and K fertilizers incereased significantly with time.the efficiency of N from farmyard manure was found to be comparable to that of N fertilizer during 1988-1991.     

Effects of crop residue incorporation and inorganic potassium fertilization on soil potassium supply power

Crop residues can be used as an effective replacement for inorganic potassium (K) fertilizers. However, the impact of the type and quantity of crop residue on soil K supply capacity in different soil types remains poorly known. To investigate the effects of crop residue incorporation rate and inorganic K fertilization on apparent K balance and soil K supply capacity in cotton-wheat cropping system, we conducted two, six-year field experiments on two soil types in Nanjing and Dafeng, China. At both sites, crop residue incorporation ameliorated the negative K balance and improved the soil water-soluble, exchangeable, and non-exchangeable K (WSK, EK, and NEK) contents. The soil WSK, EK and NEK contents were positively correlated with the net K accumulation at both sites across two soil layers. However, the correlations between net K accumulation and quantity-intensity related parameters varied with the soil types. Treatment with wheat straw (9000 kg ha^?1) + cotton residue (7500 kg ha^?1) at both sites performed better than the 300 kg K₂O ha^?1 treatment in terms of balancing soil K depletion and keeping adequate K fertility status. Incorporation of adequate crop residues performed similarly to inorganic potash in improving the soil K supply power.     

宁南旱区有机培肥对土壤水分和作物生产力影响的研究

通过对宁南旱区连续两年的有机肥定位试验,研究了不同肥力梯度下有机培肥对土壤水分及作物生产力的影响。结果表明,施肥量为高、中、低处理下,第1年种胡麻,成熟期的贮水量在0—100 cm土层分别比对照处理高13%、10%和0.9%,胡麻产量分别比对照处理高11%、10%和5%,土壤水分利用效率分别比对照处理高30%、29%和11%;在第2年种冬小麦,成熟期的贮水量在0—100 cm土层分别比对照处理高16%、14%和7%,冬小麦产量比对照处理高18%、25%、和13%,土壤水分利用效率分别比对照处理高14%、15%和6%。2年结果看出,施用有机肥可提高土壤含水量,利于土壤的扩蓄增容,且对提高作物产量和土壤水分利用效率有显著效果。     

Assessment of mineral nutrient concentrations of lettuce in response to cultivar selection and fertilization in greenhouse production

Mineral nutrient contents in vegetable-based foods are a concern in human diets, and depleted soil fertility and high-yielding cultivars are associated with low nutrient contents. This study explored if mineral nutrient concentrations of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) can be increased though selection of cultivars and nutritional regimes in greenhouse production. Cultivars including butterhead, romaine, and loose-leaf phenotypes of heritage and modern origins were studied. Hoagland solution, a commercial inorganic fertilizer, and a commercial organic fertilizer were the nutrient regimes. Heritage cultivars had about 10% higher phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and zinc (P, K, Ca, Mg, and Zn) concentrations than modern cultivars. Differences in elemental concentrations occurred among phenotypes and nutritional regimes but with no consistent trend among elements for phenotypes or regimes. Some cultivars had twice the concentrations of nutrients of other cultivars. This work suggests that cultivars can be selected for production of mineral nutrient-rich lettuce.     

Effects of nitrogen fertilization on development,flowering, and mineral nutrition of potted Costus productus Gleason ex Maas

Due to the lack of information on mineral nutrition of ornamental plants, especially tropical species, we aimed to evaluate the effects of nitrogen fertilization on development, flowering, and mineral nutrition of potted Costus productus. Plants were cultivated along 1 year under protection in Ubatuba, São Paulo State, Brazil, and submitted to five treatments that corresponded to increasing nitrogen doses (0.0, 1.2, 2.4, 3.6, and 4.8 g N plant^?1). Evaluated plant variables were potted development, height, dry matter of aerial part, number of inflorescences, and nutritional status. Analysis of variance and linear and polynomial regressions were performed for definition of the best adjustments according to the combination of significance and greater determination coefficient. The nitrogen fertilization positively influenced development, flowering, and mineral nutrition of potted C. productus plants, and the dose of 4.8 g N plant^?1 promoted best results     

红壤施氮对玉米水分胁迫指数的影响

为了探讨干旱条件下红壤水氮管理措施,在田间遮雨小区设置连续0～32 d不灌水的7个干旱水平和N 0、140、280 kg/hm23个施氮水平的试验,研究了氮肥对夏玉米作物水分胁迫指数(Crop water stress index,CWSI)的影响。结果表明,CWSI可以指示红壤干旱时玉米水分胁迫状况,但增施氮肥后,CWSI与产量的关系发生了偏移。在CWSI低于0.20时,增施氮肥对CWSI无明显影响;在CWSI大于0.20时,增施氮肥使玉米产量下降,高量氮肥还使CWSI上升,作物受旱加剧。说明增施氮肥对CWSI的影响因玉米干旱胁迫程度和施氮量而异。     

长期施肥对黄土旱塬区土壤—植物系统中氮、磷养分的影响

对1984年建立的长期试验田,分析了2005年小麦产量、养分吸收及土壤养分变化。结果表明,单施磷肥增产25.6%,单施氮肥增产48.1%,其吸氮、磷量也相应增加,但收获指数显著低于对照;氮磷配施增产幅度为101.3%3～02.8%,养分吸收量增加显著,最佳施肥量为N2P2(N.90.kg/hm2、P.56.4.kg/hm2)。施肥明显改变了耕层土壤养分的含量,也影响了养分在土壤剖面的分布。氮磷配施是培肥土壤的有效途径,耕层土壤全磷增加了8.3%～45.2%,速效磷增加54.8%9～17.8%。中等施氮(N.90.kg/hm2)水平下,随着磷的增加,耕层土壤全磷累积和施磷量的关系为y=0.002x-0.112。速效磷含量增加和磷肥用量的关系为y=9.6537Ln(x)-35.371,施肥对60.cm以下磷素影响较小。     

Effects of repeated straw incorporation on crop fertilizer nitrogen requirements, soil mineral nitrogen and nitrate leaching losses

Abstract. The effects of straw disposal by burning and incorporation on soil and crop nitrogen (N) supply, were investigated on two light textured soils in central (ADAS Gleadthorpe) and eastern England (Morley Research Centre) over the period 1984 to 1995. Nitrogen balance calculations showed that after 11 years of contrasting straw incorporation versus burn treatments, the cumulative N returns in straw were c . 570kg/ha at Gleadthorpe and c . 330 kg/ha at Morley However, these N returns via straw incorporation were not reflected in increased total soil N levels in autumn 1994. There were no differences ( P > 0.05) between straw disposal treatments in autumn soil mineral N supply, readily mineralizable N or organic carbon. Similarly, there were no consistent differences between the treatments in terms of crop yield, crop N uptake or optimum fertilizer N rates. Fertilizer N applications of 200 kg N/ha/y increased topsoil organic carbon from 1.18 to 1.28% and total N content from 0.091 to 0.102% on the loamy sand textured soil at ADAS Gleadthorpe, but not at Morley. Previous fertilizer N applications increased the quantity of nitrate-N leached in drainage water by c . 20 kg/ha at Gleadthorpe and c . 60 kg/ha at Morley overwinter 1994/95, and by 10–20 kg/ha at both sites overwinter 1995/96. There was some indication overwinter 1994/95 that straw incorporation reduced nitrate-N leaching by 10–25 kg/ha, but there were no differences between treatments overwinter 1995/96.     

Effect of organic and conventional crop rotation, fertilization, and crop protection practices on metal contents in wheat (Triticum aestivum)

The effects of organic versus conventional crop management practices (crop rotation, crop protection, and fertility management strategies) on wheat yields and grain metal (Al, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) concentrations were investigated in a long-term field trial. The interactions between crop management practices and the season that the crop was grown were investigated using univariate and redundancy analysis approaches. Grain yields were highest where conventional fertility management and crop protection practices were used, but growing wheat after a previous crop of grass/clover was shown to partially compensate for yield reductions due to the use of organic fertility management. All metals except for Pb were significantly affected by crop management practices and the year that the wheat was grown. Grain Cd and Cu levels were higher on average when conventional fertility management practices were used. Al and Cu were higher on average when conventional crop protection practices were used. The results demonstrate that there is potential to manage metal concentrations in the diet by adopting specific crop management practices shown to affect crop uptake of metals.     

Impact of long-term application of manure,crop residue,and mineral fertilizer on organic carbon pools and crop yields in a Mollisol

Purpose

While the influence of integrated fertility management systems on yield and N cycling in Mollisols is documented, its effect on soil C sequestration remains to be determined. We examined the response of organic C pools and crop yields to 21 years’ organic amendments applied at relatively low rates in a high-C Mollisol to optimize win–win management practices that balance agronomic and environmental interests.

Materials and methods

This study was based on five treatments: CK (unfertilized control), NPK (chemical fertilizer alone), NPKS₁ (NPK plus crop residues), NPKS₂ (NPK plus double amounts of crop residues), and NPKM (NPK plus pig manure). Crop yield was determined by harvesting a defined area. Organic C was quantified by dry combustion. A two-step acid hydrolysis technique was used to quantify hydrolysable and non-hydrolysable C fractions.

Results and discussion

All organic-treated plots produced significantly higher crop yields than the NPK plots, but only the manure treatment resulted in a significant increase in SOC compared with the NPK treatment after 21 years of experiment. It seems that the effects of organic amendments on SOC depend primarily on the type of organic materials when the application rates were relatively low. This indicated that organic amendments offer relatively short-term soil benefits for plant growth. The pig manure builds SOC over the long term, which provides secondary benefits while also sequestering C.

Conclusions

Overall, manure integrated with mineral fertilizer should be recommended to maintain the SOC content and increase crop yield in the Mollisols.     

长期施肥对河西绿洲灌漠土作物产量及土壤养分自然供给能力的影响

为提高甘肃河西绿洲粮食高产、稳产、高效生产能力及土壤养分资源管理水平,通过设置于甘肃河西绿洲长达25年(19822~006年)的长期肥料定位试验,研究长期施肥对作物产量及土壤养分供给能力的影响。结果表明:连续25年不施用任何肥料或单施氮肥,会导致农田土壤生产能力严重衰退;氮、磷或氮、磷、钾肥配合施用能使作物持续高产、稳产;随试验年限的延续,磷肥、有机肥增产效应逐渐积累,并表现出良好的渐进性和持续性;钾肥在试验开始后最初6年(19821~987年)无显著增产效应,中期具有一定的增产作用(19881~992年),后期14年(19932~006年)显著增产。土壤磷素自然供给能力随试验年限的延续逐渐减小,而钾素的自然供给能力相对稳定。     

Long-term fertilization, manure and liming effects on soil organic matter and crop yields

Yield decline or stagnation and its relationship with soil organic matter fractions in soybean (Glycine max L.)–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping system under long-term fertilizer use are not well understood. To understand this phenomenon, soil organic matter fractions and soil aggregate size distribution were studied in an Alfisol (Typic Haplustalf) at a long-term experiment at Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, India. For 30 years, the following fertilizer treatments were compared with undisturbed fallow plots (without crop and fertilizer management): unfertilized (control), 100% recommended rate of N, NP, NPK, NPK+ farmyard manure (FYM) and NPK + lime. Yield declined with time for soybean in control (30 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) and NP (21 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) treatments and for wheat in control (46 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) and N (25 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) treatments. However, yield increased with time for NPK + FYM and NPK + lime treatments in wheat. At a depth of 0–15 cm, small macroaggregates (0.25–2 mm) dominated soil (43–61%) followed by microaggregates (0.053–0.25 mm) with 13–28%. Soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC), nitrogen (SMBN) and acid hydrolysable carbohydrates (HCH) were greater in NPK + FYM and NPK + lime as compared to other treatments. With three decades of cultivation, C and N mineralization were greater in microaggregates than in small macroaggregates and relatively resistant mineral associated organic matter (silt + clay fraction). Particulate organic carbon (POC) and nitrogen (PON) decreased significantly in control, N and NP application over fallow. Results suggest that continuous use of NPK + FYM or NPK + lime would sustain yield in a soybean–wheat system without deteriorating soil quality.     

Potassium fertilization on sandy soils in relation to soil test,crop yield and K-leaching

To study the influence of potassium (K) fertilizer rate on soil test K values, crop yield, and K-leaching in sandy soils, four long-term fertilizer experiments (0–60–120–180 kg K ha^?1 a^?1) were initiated in 1988 in northern Germany on farmers fields. Clay content of the plow layer was about 4%, and organic matter between 2% and 5%. Plant available soil K was estimated with the double lactate (DL) method. Small grain cereals (rye and barley) did not respond to K fertilization in the 7-year period even though the soil test value of the K-0 plots decreased from ca. 90 to ca. 30 mg K_DL kg^?1 within 3 years. This value remained almost constant thereafter. Crop removal (including straw) of 75 kg K ha^?1 a^?1 was therefore apparently supplied from nonexchangeable K fractions. Compared to the optimum, no K application reduced the yield of potato by up to 21%, and that of white sugar yield up to 10%. Maximum potato yield was obtained by annually applying 60 kg K ha^?1 which resulted in a test value of 60 mg K_DL kg^?1 soil. Maximum potato yield was also obtained at 40 mg K_DL kg^?1 soil, however, with a single application of 200 kg K ha^?1. Similar results were obtained with sugar beet. This indicates that for maximum yield, even for K demanding crops, it is not necessary to maintain K_DL values above 40 mg K kg^?1 soil throughout the entire crop rotation. Soil test values increased roughly proportional to the K fertilizer level. About 120 kg fertilizer K ha^?1 a^?1, markedly more than crop K removal, was required to maintain the initial K_DL of 90 mg kg^?1. The K concentration of the soil solution in the top soil measured after harvest was increased exponentially by K fertilizer level and so was K leaching from the plow layer into the rooted subsoil. The leached quantity increased from 22 kg K ha_?1 a_?1 in the plot without K application to 42.79 and 133 kg Kha^?1 a^?1 in plots supplied with 60, 120 and 180 kg K ha^?1 a^?1 respectively. Soil test values around 100 mg K_DL kg^?1 on sandy soils, as often found in the plow layer of farmers fields, lead to K leaching below the root zone that may exceed the critical K concentration of 12 mg K T^?1 for drinking water.