4种药剂对苜蓿常见害虫的田间防治效果研究

试验采用5.0%蚜虱净、0.6%虫螨光、4.5%高效氯氰菊酯、40%氧化乐果4种农药对田间虫害进行药效试验。结果表明:新型低毒农药蚜虱净、虫螨光对紫花苜蓿上的豌豆蚜、蓟马和盲蝽都有较好的防治效果。施药后7d,蚜虱净和虫螨光对豌豆蚜、蓟马和盲蝽的防效分别达到95%,86%和74%以上。与高效氯氰菊酯和氧化乐果等菊酯类和有机磷农药效果相似,可以替代该类药剂。     

3种杀虫剂对苜蓿蚜虫和蓟马的防效及其在苜蓿中的残留

为评价10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂、10%氯氰菊酯乳油和48%毒死蜱乳油对苜蓿蚜虫和蓟马的防治效果和安全性,采用田间喷雾法和气相色谱法测定了3种杀虫剂对苜蓿蚜虫和蓟马的防治效果及其在春季紫花苜蓿中的残留消解动态和最终残留量。结果表明,吡虫啉、氯氰菊酯和毒死蜱在剂量分别为35.7 g a.i. (g有效成分)/hm²、75.0 g a.i./hm²和480.0 g a.i./hm²时,药后1~7 d对苜蓿蚜虫的防效为80.83%~94.78%、79.29%~87.80%和90.93%~98.90%;对苜蓿蓟马的防效为78.33%~95.57%、78.56%~91.67%和92.78%~100.00%;在紫花苜蓿中的半衰期分别为4.78,3.69和2.48 d。按推荐使用量施药,吡虫啉和毒死蜱药后7 d在苜蓿中的残留量均低于0.5 mg/kg,氯氰菊酯药后14 d在苜蓿中的残留量均低于0.5 mg/kg。参照我国和国际食品法典委员会(CAC)农药残留限量要求,拟建议吡虫啉、氯氰菊酯和毒死蜱在紫花苜蓿的最高残留限量(MRL)分别为0.5,1.0和0.5 mg/kg,安全间隔期分别为7,14和7 d。     

苜蓿蓟马的研究

本文报道了我国苜蓿蓟马的种类、蓟马危害的症状、因蓟马危害造成苜蓿干草产量损失达20.1%。各种营养成分也有大幅度下降。并报道了优势种牛角花齿蓟马的生活史与发生规律。通过农药的筛选试验、筛选出1∶500—1∶1000倍的40%乐果乳剂是防治苜蓿蓟马的有效农药,并强调了抗虫育种工作应作为今后防治苜蓿蓟马的主要方法。     

不同施钾量对苜蓿碳水化合物含量及抗蓟马的影响

为了明确施钾是否能有效提高苜蓿对蓟马的抗性并研究相关生理变化,本试验以感蓟马苜蓿品种甘农3号和抗蓟马苜蓿品种甘农9号为材料,设0、6、9、12、15 (K₂O) g/m²等5个钾浓度水平,在大田蓟马为害高峰期,评价和测定了不同钾水平处理下苜蓿的受害指数、叶片钾含量、产量、碳水化合物含量;在苜蓿第二茬中,随着钾水平的升高,甘农3号和甘农9号老叶和心叶的钾含量、可溶性糖、淀粉和木质素含量升高,产量显著增加(P<0.05);受害指数均显著降低,且受害指数均在K₂水平下最低,分别较K₀水平降低了47.60%和46.11%;在第三茬中,甘农3号和甘农9号的受害指数、产量、钾含量、可溶性糖、淀粉和木质素含量的变化规律与第二茬相似,受害指数在K₂水平下分别较K₀水平降低了30.78%和23.27%。第二茬和第三茬中,在低于9 (K₂O) g/m²施钾水平下,苜蓿叶片钾含量与受害指数显著负相关(P<0.05);高于12 (K₂O) g/m²水平下,苜蓿叶片钾含量与受害指数无显著相关性(P>0.05)。钾元素可通过提高苜蓿碳水化合物的合成(尤其是可溶性糖和淀粉)及生长性能来提高苜蓿对蓟马的耐害性。施钾后甘农3号的受害指数均低于未施钾甘农9号的受害指数,因此,通过施钾管理来提高苜蓿对蓟马的耐害性是一种有效的措施。9 (K₂O) g/m²是本试验中最经济有效的施肥量。     

宁夏地区26个主栽苜蓿品种的抗蓟马能力评价

运用为害指数法,对宁夏地区主栽的26个苜蓿品种进行了室内蓟马抗性评价试验。田间蓟马种类以牛角花齿蓟马(Odontothrips loti)为主,占混合种群数量的75%,室内试虫群体结构与大田相仿。结果表明:供试26个苜蓿品种中,先行者、甘农9号、WL298HQ、耐盐之星、三得利5个品种的为害指数小于25.00%,对蓟马表现出较强的抗性;而皇后、盐宝、阿迪娜、WL354HQ 4个品种为害指数大于40.00%,对蓟马表现出较弱的抗性。同时从株高、分枝数及干草产量等方面对不同苜蓿品种抗性进行了初步研究。试验表明,蓟马为害后,抗性较强的苜蓿品种其株高绝对增长率、分枝相对增长率及干草产量损失率均高于抗性较弱的苜蓿品种。     

吉林省“公农1号”紫花苜蓿高效根瘤菌株的筛选

在吉林省4个生态类型地区采集了74株不同建植年限苜蓿的根瘤,调查了＂公农1号＂紫花苜蓿根瘤菌株的分布情况。结果表明,苜蓿根瘤多数分布在根部10cm以下的须根;根瘤数量、重量受苜蓿建植年限、不同生态类型及土壤类型的影响较大。分离纯化所得的81株根瘤分离物经＂公农1号＂苜蓿水培回接结瘤试验,得到bc8,gzl59和da80等8个优良根瘤菌株;在温室条件下,对回接试验筛选出的8个菌株进行土壤盆栽复筛试验,以期筛选出适合＂公农1号＂苜蓿生长的高效根瘤菌株。结果表明,根瘤分布在植株根部10～30cm处;在所有供试菌株中,菌株bc18、yj34、bc94和gzl59表现较为优良。菌株yj34和bc94对茎长和叶片数影响最大,茎长分别增加60.17%和59.86%,叶片数分别增加97.92%和95.92%;菌株gzl59对根长影响最大,根长增加64.32%;菌株gzl59和bc94对提高植株干重贡献最大,其中,菌株gzl59比对照增产288.24%;供试菌株对根瘤数的影响也很显著,接种菌株yj34的苜蓿根瘤数相比其他菌株较高,达104.24%。综合分析,发现根瘤菌株gzl59、bc94和yj34较其他菌株表现突出,是吉林省＂公农1号＂苜蓿的高效根瘤菌株。     

PEG-6000干旱胁迫下15个苜蓿品种种子萌发抗旱性评价

为了筛选出适宜科尔沁半干旱地区种植的抗旱性强的苜蓿品种,试验以15个苜蓿品种为材料,采用浓度为15%的聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)溶液模拟干旱胁迫条件,测定了干旱胁迫与非干旱条件下15个苜蓿品种种子萌发期的根长、芽长,计算根芽比、发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数等指标并进行了综合评价。结果表明:15%的PEG-6000溶液对苜蓿的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、根芽比都有一定的抑制作用,其中对发芽势和发芽指数抑制作用较大;15%PEG-6000胁迫下苜蓿的发芽率与发芽指数间存在极显著正相关(P0.01),发芽势与发芽指数间存在显著正相关(P0.05),芽长与根芽比间存在极显著负相关(P0.01);15个苜蓿品种的抗旱性强弱为威神骑士T英斯特敖汉苜蓿巨能MT 3015农菁8号32 IQ公农1号北极熊挑战者乐寒Dryland宁苜1号黄花苜蓿Spyder。说明威神、骑士T、英斯特的抗旱性较强,适宜在科尔沁半干旱地区种植。     

啶虫脒和吡蚜酮对苜蓿蚜虫和蓟马的防效及残留

为评价20%啶虫脒可溶性液剂和50%吡蚜酮可湿性粉剂对苜蓿蚜虫和蓟马的防效和安全性,采用田间喷雾法和高效液相色谱法测定了两种杀虫剂对苜蓿蚜虫和蓟马的防效及在春季紫花苜蓿中的残留消解动态及最终残留。结果表明,啶虫脒和吡蚜酮在剂量分别为25.0g.a.i/hm~2和187.5g.a.i./hm~2时,药后1~7d对苜蓿蚜虫的防效分别为68.13%~88.72%和87.50%~94.76%,对苜蓿蓟马的防效分别为93.21%~98.33%和78.51%~93.45%,在紫花苜蓿中的半衰期分别为5.36d和2.25d,按推荐使用量施药,药后7d在苜蓿中的残留量均低于0.10mg/kg。     

钾元素对苜蓿碳水化合物的分配及抗蓟马的影响

为了探索施钾对苜蓿（Medicago sativa）叶茎根碳水化合物的分配与苜蓿抗蓟马的关系，本试验以紫花苜蓿‘甘农3号’和‘甘农9号’为材料，以牛角花齿蓟马（Odontothrips loti）为研究对象，在网室盆栽条件下，评价不同钾水平下苜蓿的受害程度，并测定了叶茎根中可溶性糖和淀粉含量。结果表明：施钾后，苜蓿的受害指数下降，各器官中的可溶性糖与淀粉含量及其根冠比均升高。随着受害时间的持续，各钾水平下苜蓿叶中可溶性糖含量在受害10 d时最高，茎中可溶性糖含量在受害15 d时最高，根中可溶性糖含量及各器官中淀粉含量均持续增加；可溶性糖的叶茎比在受害10 d时最高，淀粉的叶茎比变化不显著，可溶性糖和淀粉的根冠比均持续升高。施钾提高了苜蓿的碳水化合物含量，并调控其在苜蓿各器官中的合理分配，进而增强了苜蓿对蓟马的耐害性。‘甘农9号’抗性表现较‘甘农3号’好，本试验中最适施钾量为0.6 g·（10 kg）^-1土。     

蓟马取食诱导对紫花苜蓿次生代谢物含量及防御酶活性的影响

以抗蓟马苜蓿品种甘农 9 号(Medicago sativa cv. Gannong No. 9)、感蓟马苜蓿品种甘农 3 号 (Medicago sativa cv. Gannong No. 3)和高感蓟马苜蓿品种 WL363HQ(Medicago sativa cv. WL363HQ) 为试验材料,紫花苜蓿苗期接种不同头数(0、4、5、6 头/枝条)的蓟马成虫,取食 5 d 后比较不同抗性苜蓿品种叶片中次生代谢物质(黄酮、单宁、木质素)含量和防御酶(过氧化物酶(POD)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶 (PAL)、多酚氧化酶(PPO))活性的变化。结果表明：随着蓟马头数的增加,供试苜蓿品种的黄酮、单宁和木质素含量均显著高于 CK(P＜0. 05)。5、6 头/枝条处理时,甘农 9 号的单宁含量分别较甘农 3 号显著提高了 53. 49%,47. 70%;较 WL363HQ 分别显著增加了 71. 52%,58. 60%(P＜0. 05)。甘农 9 号的木质素含量在 5、6 头/枝条处理下均显著高于甘农 3 号和 WL363HQ,增幅分别为 5. 60%,3. 50% 和 6. 13%,3. 96%(P＜0. 05)。蓟马取食胁迫显著提高了供试苜蓿品种的 POD 和 PAL 活性,显著降低了 PPO 活性(P＜0. 05)。甘农 9 号的 POD 和 PAL 活性在 5 头/枝条处理下较甘农 3 号分别显著增加了 2. 60%,1. 09%;较 WL363HQ 分别显著提高了 1. 36%,3. 54%;6 头/枝条处理后甘农 9 号的 POD 和 PAL 活性均显著高于甘农 3 号(5. 19%,9. 36%)和 WL363HQ(2. 58%,11. 18%)(P＜0. 05)。     

植物源药剂对苜蓿蓟马的防效研究

选取7种植物源药剂与1种化学药剂(2.5%溴氰菊脂)对苜蓿蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis进行防治比较.结果表明,7种植物源药剂对苜蓿蓟马均有显著的防治效果,其中0.3%印楝素乳油、2.5%烟碱-楝素乳油、10%柠檬草乳油防效突出,与2.5%溴氰菊脂相比无显著差异,药后3 d的防效分别达到76.18%、63.42%和90.59%.此外0.3%印楝素乳油的药效持续时间长而10%柠檬草乳油的起效快.     

几种农药对荔枝蒂蛀虫的室内毒力和田间防效

目前,荔枝蒂蛀虫的防治主要以化学防治为主,但由于药剂的不规范使用,导致施药次数增加,防治难度加大。为筛选对荔枝蒂蛀虫有高效防控作用的药剂,本研究采用药膜法测定了4种药剂对荔枝蒂蛀虫的室内毒力,并进行了田间效果评价。研究结果表明：4种药剂中1.5%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐乳油对荔枝蒂蛀虫成虫的LC50为7.34 mg/kg,具有较高的毒力,5%氯虫苯甲酰胺悬浮剂、13%高效氯氰菊酯?三唑磷乳油和15%高效氯氰菊酯?毒死蜱乳油的毒力则相对较差。田间药效试验中,以上4种药剂对荔枝蒂蛀虫的田间防效均在90%以上。本研究表明,1.5%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐乳油、5%氯虫苯甲酰胺悬浮剂、13%高效氯氰菊酯?三唑磷乳油和15%高效氯氰菊酯?毒死蜱乳油对荔枝蒂蛀虫具有较好的防治效果,可在荔枝产区继续推广使用。     

Control of horn flies on cattle with insecticide pellets fired from a CO2-operated pistol

A method is needed to control pyrethroid-resistant horn flies (Haematobia irritans) which would involve the intermittent application of insecticides to cattle without their confinement for treatment. Our objective was to test a CO2 gas-operated pistol, designed to shoot marking pellets, to determine the number of pellet applications required to obtain season-long control. Also, since horn fly resistance to pyrethroid insecticides is widespread, we tested ten other insecticides as concentrates in pellets. Six pellet pistol applications of 38% permethrin provided 84% control of horn flies for 15 weeks. Single pellet applications of ten non-pyrethroid insecticides indicated that none of these insecticides, at the concentrations tested, were as effective as permethrin for control of pyrethroid-resistant horn flies. Our field evaluation of the pellet-pistol method indicates that it has sufficient merit to justify further testing for horn fly control.     

桑树天牛类害虫防治试验

经试验,筛选出8310(10％)、8302(20％)两种防治桑树蛀干害虫的专用乳剂,采用50—100倍的稀释药液,对桑天牛的防治效果分别达到90％和80％以上。     

Application of an electrometric method for measurement of blood cholinesterase activities in sheep, goats and cattle treated with organophosphate insecticides

A modified electrometric cholinesterase method has been described for use in ruminants exposed to organophosphate insecticides. The method was used to measure cholinesterase activities in the plasma and erythrocytes of sheep, goats and cattle treated with organophosphate insecticides under field conditions. The animals were treated topically to control ectoparasites with malathion (0.05%) or diazinon (0.06%). The treated animals did not suffer from adverse effects related to cholinesterase inhibition. However, 2 h after treatments, plasma and erythrocyte cholinesterase activities significantly decreased in sheep by 20% and 39% and in goats by 18% and 30%, respectively, when compared with respective untreated control values. Diazinon did not significantly affect plasma and erythrocyte cholinesterase activities in the cattle. The results suggest that the described electrometric method could be efficiently used for detecting cholinesterase inhibition in ruminants exposed to organophosphate insecticides.     

大田常用农药对家蚕的熏蒸毒性测试

为减少粮桑混栽地区大田使用农药不当对蚕桑生产造成的损失,采用密闭熏蒸法测定了7种大田常用农药对家蚕的熏蒸毒性。在30℃环境中经过24 h,对2龄起蚕的LC50:敌敌畏0.1860 mg/m3,敌畏.毒1.3241 mg/m3,毒死蜱48.4111 mg/m3,氟腈.唑磷139.8818 mg/m3,三唑磷161.1514 mg/m3,氟虫腈208.330 mg/m3,吡虫啉333.330mg/m3时2龄起蚕仍无中毒症状。在25℃下经过24 h,对2龄起蚕的LC50:敌敌畏0.2020 mg/m3,敌畏.毒3.7282mg/m3,毒死蜱91.3669 mg/m3。结果表明:农药对家蚕的熏蒸毒性随着温度的升高而增强;敌敌畏、敌畏.毒对家蚕的熏蒸毒性最强,毒死蜱有一定的熏蒸毒性,三唑磷、氟腈.唑磷、氟虫腈、吡虫啉对家蚕的熏蒸毒性较小。     

The efficacy of insecticides against the screw-worm fly (Chrysomya bezziana)

A number of insecticides used for ectoparasite control in the livestock industry were screened for their efficacy against larvae of the screw-worm fly, Chrysomya bezziana, using in vivo and laboratory tests. Proprietary screw-worm fly treatments (after exposure to outdoor conditions for up to 10 days) were also tested against eggs and adults of C bezziana. Three of these were also evaluated on naturally acquired screw-worm infestations. Residual protection was generally of short duration. Among the organophosphorus compounds, the most effective formulations contained relatively high concentrations (3 to 4% al) of coumaphos, 2.5% fenchlorphos or low concentrations (0.05 to 0.5% al) of diazinon, chlorfenvinphos and fenthion methyl. Two chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides containing 3% lindane and 5% dieldrin were very effective but are now prohibited for use in Australia. Preparations had serious deficiencies when used under field conditions, especially for treating large, deepseated myiases for which systemic insecticides are recommended. A comparison of methods demonstrated that a laboratory test could supersede live animal experimentation, at least for the initial screening of potential insecticides.     

Horn fly (Diptera: Muscidae) resistance to organophosphate insecticides

Insecticidal ear tags impregnated with organophosphate (OP) insecticides were used each year from 1989 to 1998 at Rosepine, LA. Weekly fly counts were conducted to evaluate control efficacy of the treatments, and bioassays were conducted at least twice per year to measure fly susceptibility to OP and pyrethroid insecticides. Between 1989 and 1992, the efficacy of 20% diazinon-impregnated ear tags was reduced from >20 to just 1 week of control. A high risk of control failure was observed when a resistance frequency of approximately 5% was measured in pre-season bioassays. Resistance to diazinon, fenthion, ethion, pirimiphos-methyl, and tetrachlorvinphos was observed. Esterase activity toward alpha-naphthyl acetate was significantly higher in flies collected at Rosepine in 1997 than in flies from a laboratory colony and from a susceptible field population.     

杀虫剂亚致死剂量对多异瓢虫忌避作用和拒食反应的影响

为了解农药对天敌昆虫的毒害作用,给化学杀虫剂的合理施用提供科学的理论依据,试验以10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂、2%阿维菌素乳油和4.5%高效氯氰菊酯微乳剂分别对多异瓢虫(Hippodamia variegate)和对豌豆蚜(Acyrthosiphon pisum)的亚致死剂量LC20,测定了3种杀虫剂对多异瓢虫忌避、拒食行为的影响。结果表明:多异瓢虫对吡虫啉和阿维菌素的LC20表现出一定的忌避作用,48h忌避率分别为43.60%和36.67%;而对高效氯氰菊酯忌避率为-23.97%,未表现出明显忌避的行为。3种杀虫剂的亚致死剂量均使多异瓢虫产生一定的拒食作用,其中,选择性拒食效果以吡虫啉最显著,12h和24h拒食率分别为22.08%和28.97%;非选择性拒食以高效氯氰菊酯最显著,12h和24h拒食率分别为24.73%和29.45%。因此,3种杀虫剂的亚致死剂量对多异瓢虫的取食具有抑制作用。