Transmission of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Colletotrichum coccodes via</Emphasis> tomato seeds

Anthracnose of tomato caused by Colletotrichum coccodes is a devastating disease of ripe fruits. This pathogen may also infect tomato roots, stems and leaves. In the present study, C. coccodes is shown to be capable of contaminating seeds collected from artificially inoculated tomato fruits. Seedlings germinating from these infected seeds exhibited disease symptoms and therefore may transmit the pathogen to the next crop. The proportion of infected seeds ranged between 20% and 63% in all C. coccodes isolates tested and correlated with the aggressiveness of the isolates to tomato fruits. Fungicidal treatment of the collected seeds reduced, but did not eliminate, seed infection. A transgenic C. coccodes isolate expressing green fluorescent protein was used to visualize the pathogen. Mycelium was observed both on surfaces of the seed coat and within 1% of the embryos.     

Further characterization of celery latent virus

Celery latent virus has been isolated from plants of celeriac (Apium graveolens var.rapaceum).Chenopodium amaranticolor andC. quinoa are good assay plants. Celery (A. graveolens var.dulce) and celeriac (13 cultivars tested) did not react with visible symptoms.Fourteen new artificial hosts were found. New systemic symptomless hosts areAnthriscus cerefolium, Nicotiana megalosiphon, Pisum sativum, Spinacia oleracea andTrifolium incarnatum. Systemic symptoms were caused in the pea cultivars Cicero and Dark Skin Perfection.Five aphid species, includingCavariella aegopodii, four of which not tested with the virus before, were unable to transmit the virus.Seed transmission was confirmed in celeriac (up to 34%) and inC. quinoa (up to 67%) and detected for the first time inAmaranthus caudatus. Detection is easier in seedlings and germinated seeds than in dry seeds.Results of purification were erratic but best at high pH (8 or 9). Sedimentation coefficient was 161 S.An antiserum reacted with purified virus in micro-precipitin tests (titer 256) but, especially at high salt concentrations also in agar gel (titer 64), presumably because of easy degradation of virus protein. Reactions in agar gel also occurred with crude extracts from virus-infectedC. quinoa and celeriac.With the electron microscope flexuous virus particles were found in low concentration in crude sap and in high concentration in purified preparations. Particle measurements revealed an average length of 885 nm (in one preparation 940 nm).Light microscopy did not show inclusion bodies in epidermal strips nor did electron microscopy of ultrathin sections reveal pinwheels and other structures typical of the potyvirus group. The virus evidently belongs to a new morphological group, possibly together with some other viruses hitherto insufficiently studied.The virus seems of potential economic importance only, but it is advised to use virus-free mother plants of celery for seed production.participating in the investigations from August 20th to December 19th 1972, supported by a fellowship of the Fundacion Juan March, Madrid, Spain.     

Parsley latent virus,a new and prevalent seed-transmitted,but possibly harmless virus of Petroselinum crispum

Parsley latent virus, a hitherto undescribed virus, was isolated from 38 out of 54 samples of seed of parsley (Petroselinum crispum) of 17 out of 24 cultivars and from all five European countries tested, but not from some samples from the USA. It could easily be detected in seedlings and also in seeds germinated on moist filter paper, but not in dry seeds or in seeds soaked in water. Strawberry latent ringspot virus was detected in five samples. The parsley virus is symptomless in parsley and caused latent systemic infection inGomphrena globosa, three cultivars ofSpinacia oleracea and weak and often transient systemic symptoms inChenopodium amaranticolor, C. giganteum, C. glaucum andC. quinoa, but did not infect any other species out of all 32 species of seven plant families tested in total.The virus could easily be transmitted mechanically but not by seven aphid species in the non-persistent manner. Dilution end-point was between 100 and 1000, thermal inactivation between 55 and 60°C and ageing in vitro between 7 and 10 days.Purification yielded a single infectious component. The particles were spherical, ca. 27 nm in diameter, with a sedimentation coefficient of 127.5 S, a buoyant density of 1.449 g/ml, an RNA content of 36% and one type of protein with a relative molecular mass of 22×10³. Purificition without Triton and urea resulted in preparations with aggregates each consisting of 12 particles in icosahedral array.The virus differs from all viruses described so far and did not show clear serological affinity with antisera to any of 34 widely differing viruses tested. It does not seem of direct practical importance and may be easily overlooked.Samenvatting In zaailingen van peterselie (Petroselinum crispum) werd een nog niet eerder beschreven virus aangetroffen. Het virus kon niet worden aangetoond door toetsing van droge of in water geweekte zaden opChenopodium quinoa maar wel in op filtreerpapier gekiemde zaden en vooral in zaailingen. Het werd aangetroffen in 38 van de 54 getoetste herkomsten, in 17 van de 24 getoetste rassen en in zaad vermeerderd in alle zes hierop onderzochte Europese landen maar niet in enkele zaadmonsters uit de USA. In sommige monsters bevatten nagenoeg alle zaden het virus. In vijf herkomsten werd eveneens het nog niet eerder in peterselie gerapporteerde latente aardbeikringvlekkenvirus geconstateerd. Dit virus kan bij toetsing gemakkelijk worden herkend door systemische symptomen inC. amaranticolor en komkommer.In geïnfecteerde peterselieplanten zijn geen afwijkingen waargenomen. Het virus kon niet op non-persistente wijze worden overgebracht met zeven bladluissoorten maar wel gemakkelijk met sap. Van 32 getoetste plantesoorten van zeven families, waaronder vier schermbloemigen, kon het virus slechts worden overgebracht op vierChenopodium-soorten,Gomphrena globosa en alle drie getoetste spinazierassen. AllenC. quinoa (Fig. 1),C. giganteum, C. glaucum en soms ookC. amaranticolor (Fig. 2) reageerden met vaak voorbijgaande systemische symptomen. Een lokalelesietoetsplant werd niet gevonden. Zaadovergang bijC. quinoa kon niet worden aangetoond.Voor de houdbaarheid van het infectievermogen werden de volgende waarden gevonden: verdunningseindpunt 100–1000, thermaal inactiveringspunt 55–60°C en houdbaarheid in vitro 7–10 dagen.Zuivering door homogenisatie in fosfaatcitroenzuurbuffer, behandeling met Triton X-100 en ureum en differentiële en daarna dichtheidsgradiëntultracentrifugering leverde preparaten op met uniforme deeltjes van ca. 27 nm diameter (Fig. 3B), een sedimentatiecoëfficiënt van 127,5 S, een zweefdichtheid van 1,449 g/ml, een RNA-gehalte van 36% en een relatieve moleculaire massa van de eiwitondereenheid van 22×10³. Bij zuivering zonder toepassing van Triton en ureum werd een extra zone verkregen met aggregaten van 12 deeltjes in icosaëdrische rangschikking (Fig. 4). In ruw plantesap waren slechts met grote moeite enkele deeltjes met behulp van de elektronenmicroscoop te vinden.Het virus reageerde niet met antisera tegen 33 bolvormige virussen en luzernemozaïekvirus (Tabel 1). Of de zwakke reactie verkregen met één antiserum tegen het tomate-aspermievirus een verre serologische verwantschap inhoudt, dan wel het gevolg is van een verontreiniging, werd niet vastgesteld.Het virus wordt beschouwd als een geheel nieuw virus waarvoor de naamlatent peterselievirus wordt voorgesteld. Het lijkt door zijn beperkte waardplantenreeks en symptoomloosheid in de vatbaar bevonden soorten, behalve in enkele als toetsplant te gebruikenChenopodium-soorten, nauwelijks van praktische betekenis.     

Saponaria vaccaria ‘Pink Beauty’, a new test plant for carnation mottle virus

Saponaria vaccaria Pink Beauty was found to be a test plant for carnation mottle virus. Its value was compared with that ofChenopodium amaranticolor for indexing for the virus, and this bioassay was compared with a serological diagnosis. Serological double-diffusion tests gave the quickest reactions, but proved to be the least sensitive; addition of 1M urea did not increase sensitivity. Local lesions resulting from infectivity tests on detached leaves ofC. amaranticolor in a climate room could be counted after 1 week and these tests were about equally sensitive as those on leaves on intact plants of this species in the glasshouse, which were read after about 10 days. Infectivity tests onSaponaria vaccaria Pink Beauty resulted in systemic symptoms 10 to 14 days after inoculation; this method appeared to be the most sensitive.Samenvatting Na de ontdekking, datSaponaria vaccaria Pink Beauty gevoelig is voor het vlekkerigheidsvirus van anjer, werd de waarde van de toetsplantenmethoden met deze en andere indicatorplanten onderling vergeleken en met de gebruikelijke serologische toets voor dit virus. De serologische dubbel-diffusiemethode leverde het snelst resultaten op, maar was het minst gevoelig. Ook toevoeging van 1M ureum aan het medium vergrootte deze gevoeligheid niet. Inoculatie van losse bladeren vanChenopodium amaranticolor in een klimaatkamer leverde lokale lesies op, welke na een week konden worden geteld. Deze methode was vrijwel even betrouwbaar als toetsing op bladeren aan intacte planten van dezelfde soort in de kas, welke reacties na 10 dagen afgelezen konden worden. De traagste, maar gevoeligste methode was de infectietoets metS. vaccaria Pink Beauty die ook waarde heeft voor het aantonen van enkele virussen, waarvoorC. amaranticolor niet vatbaar is.Stationed at the Experiment Station for Floriculture in the Netherlands, Aalsmeer, the Netherlands.This work was carried out during a stay of the student Miss van Olphen at the Experiment Station at Aalsmeer, the Netherlands.     

我国部分地区常见农作物上黄瓜花叶病毒分离物核酸多样性分析

为明确我国黄瓜花叶病毒株系分化及系统进化基本情况,从湖南、新疆、青海和海南4省区采集1 367个样品对其进行酶联免疫和RT-PCR检测,并对分离获得的15个黄瓜花叶病毒(Cucumber mosaic virus,CMV)纯化分离物CP、MP、2b核苷酸序列进行相似性和进化树分析及生物学性状比较。结果表明,辣椒、龙葵和黄瓜的CMV阳性检出率较高,分别为54.13%、29.19%和18.46%。进化树分析显示CMV-Q5与CMV亚组II的亲缘性较高;CMV-N7为新发现的重组株系,其CP、2b基因属于CMV亚组IB,MP基因却属于CMV亚组II;其余13个分离物均属于CMV亚组IB。CMV-N7和CMV-Q5在系统寄主心叶烟和枯斑寄主苋色藜上引发的症状相似,但比对照株系CMV-P3613(IB)的发病时间要晚1~2 d,系统花叶较温和,枯斑较小。表明在以上4省区常见农作物上广泛流行的CMV存在分子变异。     

New potyvirus isolated from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cryptotaenia japonica</Emphasis>

 A potyvirus, for which the name Japanese hornwort mosaic virus (JHMV) is proposed, was isolated from Japanese hornwort plants (Cryptotaenia japonica) with mosaic disease symptoms. The virus was used to inoculate mechanically 34 plants belonging to 33 species of 10 families. Of these species seven from two families were infected. Faint chlorotic spots appeared on the inoculated leaves of Chenopodium quinoa and C. amaranticolor, but no systemic infection occurred in these plants. JHMV systemically infected only Umbelliferae plants; they did not infect 26 other species in eight families. JHMV was transmitted in a nonpersistent manner by aphids (Myzus persicae). The virus was a flexuous rod-shaped particle about 750 nm in length. Sequencing the nucleotides in the 3′ terminal region of JHMV revealed that the coat protein contains 280 amino acids with a molecular mass of 32.2 kDa. The nucleotide sequence of the coat protein of JHMV had the highest similarity with that of Zantedeschia mosaic virus (83.3%) compared to those of other potyviruses (57.0%–64.9%). An antiserum against JHMV reacted strongly with JHMV and weakly with Potato virus Y. These results indicate that JHMV is a new potyvirus. Received: September 9, 2002 / Accepted: November 7, 2002 RID="*" ID="*" The nucleotide sequence determined in this work appears in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank nucleotide sequence databases with the accession number AB081518     

Linear-motion tattoo machine and prefabricated needle sets for the delivery of plant viruses by vascular puncture inoculation

Vascular puncture inoculation (VPI) of plant viruses previously has been conducted either manually or by use of a commercial engraving tool and laboratory-fabricated needle arrays. In an effort to improve this technique, a linear-motion tattoo machine driving industry-standard needle arrays was tested as a means of delivering plant viruses into maize and small grain seed embryos. The new method was applied in the successful transmission of maize rayado fino virus (MRFV), the type member of the genus Marafivirus, from an archived sample to maize. Subsequent transfer of MRFV from the sap of an infected plant using the method produced an average infection rate in maize of 70% (range 39–93%). Maize, oat, and triticale were successfully infected with oat blue dwarf virus (OBDV) using the method; similar infection rates were observed between maize seeds inoculated with the tattoo machine and those inoculated with the engraving machine when using prefabricated needle arrays. No infection was obtained in repeated tests with barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV-PAV) or cereal yellow dwarf virus (CYDV-RPV) using either sap or RNA from infectious cloned cDNA. Replacement of the original engraving-tool with a linear-motion tattoo machine in VPI provides greater flexibility and convenience in a quiet, readily-available instrument, while improving reproducibility through the use of prefabricated needle arrays.     

Variability of some plant species from different origins and their suitability for virus work

Plants of four species obtained from various sources were raised and compared for their suitability as test plants for a number of viruses. The species comprisedChenopodium amaranticolor (local lesion host of red clover mottle virus),Nicotiana glutinosa (local lesion host of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)),N. rustica (systemic host of TMV, cucumber mosaic virus and tomato spotted wilt virus) andN. tabacum ‘White Burley’ (systemic host of TMV). Some sources proved to be more attractive as test plants or experimental hosts because of, e.g., production of more local lesions per unit of leaf area (C. amaranticolor andN. glutinosa), distinctness of lesions (C. amaranticolor), development of more pronounced systemic symptoms (N. rustica andN. tabacum ‘White Burley’), better growth characteristics (particularlyC. amaranticolor andN. rustica), smoother leaves being easier to rub (N. glutinosa) or more and bigger leaf formation (particularlyN. rustica). The implications for the interpretation of host range studies and the quest for propagation and assays hosts are discussed.     

Effect of Figaren, an Antiviral Protein from Cucumis figarei, on Cucumber mosaic virus Infection

Local lesion formation on cowpea leaves was more than 50% inhibited by treatment with a 23 kDa RNase-like glycoprotein from Cucumis figarei, figaren, from 24 hr before to 1 hr after inoculation with Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). CMV accumulation detected by ELISA in tobacco leaves treated with figaren 6 or 0 hr before inoculation with CMV was suppressed. When upper leaves of tobacco plants were treated with figaren and inoculated 10 min later with CMV, mosaic symptoms were delayed for 5–7 days on most of the tobacco plants, and some plants remained asymptomatic. From fluorescence in situ hybridization, infection sites were present in figaren-treated cowpea or melon leaves after inoculation with CMV, though the sites were reduced in number and size compared with those in water-treated control leaves. The amount of CMV RNAs and CMV antigen in melon protoplasts inoculated with CMV and subsequently incubated with figaren similarly increased with time as did that in the control. ELISA and local lesion assays indicated that CMV infection on the upper surfaces of the leaves of tobacco, melon, cowpea and C. amaranticolor whose lower surfaces had been treated with figaren 5–10 min before CMV inoculation was almost completely inhibited. Figaren did not inhibit CMV infection on the opposite untreated leaf halves of melon, cowpea and C. amaranticolor, whereas it almost completely inhibited CMV infection on the untreated halves of leaves of tobacco. CMV infection was not inhibited in the untreated upper or lower leaves of the four plants. These data suggest that figaren does not completely prevent CMV invasion but does inhibit the initial infection processes. It may also induce localized acquired resistance in host plants. Received 10 October 2000/ Accepted in revised form 6 February 2001     

A model system for plant-virus interaction—infectivity and seed transmission of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cherry leaf roll virus</Emphasis> (CLRV) in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Arabidopsis thaliana</Emphasis>

The wide natural incidence of Cherry leaf roll virus (CLRV) in deciduous forest trees and nurseries in northern Europe is believed to have occurred, apart from occasional mechanical spread and transmission through grafting, mainly by seed transmission. The mode of the vertical transmission and its role in the epidemiology of the virus has not been investigated, basically due to the inconvenient host-pathogen combinations studied to date. With the aim of obtaining an appropriate system for identification of viral genes and products participating in infection processes and seed transmission of CLRV, we performed infection and seed transmissibility tests with CLRV in Arabidopsis thaliana plants. Two phylogenetically and serologically different CLRV isolates were tested. Both of them were found able to infect A. thaliana plants, exhibited clear symptoms of the infection and spread systemically in the plants. Infection of the seeds and of a remarkable number of seedlings generated from infected seeds was possible for two consecutive generations. These results, for first time, report seed transmission of CLRV in the model plant A. thaliana and allow the assumption to be made of embryo invasion during seed transmission. Furthermore, first indications are given that genetically diverse CLRV isolates exhibit different abilities for vertical transmission in A. thaliana. The CLRV-A. thaliana model system is suitable for investigating viral invasion of developing plant organs and meristematic tissue, a prerequisite for successful virus dissemination via vertical transmission through seed.     

Evaluation of the Endophyte Enterobacter cloacae SM10 Isolated from Spinach Roots for Biological Control against Fusarium Wilt of Spinach

Six hundred sixty-three isolates of microorganisms, including fungi and bacteria, were collected from surface-sterilized roots of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) growing in commercial greenhouses in Kyoto Prefecture. These isolates were screened for their ability to control Fusarium wilt of spinach caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae. In primary screening, spinach seeds were treated with the isolates, sown in pots containing sterilized soil, and then challenge-inoculated with the pathogen. Nine bacteria were effective in reducing disease incidence. Subsequently, spinach seeds were treated with the selected isolates, then sown in an infested field and grown from June to July 1998. Four bacteria reduced disease incidence. One of these four, designated as SM10, significantly suppressed the disease. Based on bacteriological properties, SM10 was identified as a strain of Enterobacter cloacae. SM10 was observed within xylem vessels of spinach roots using light and immunoelectron microscopy, indicating E. cloacae SM10 was an endophytic bacterium of spinach. Received 4 July 2000/ Accepted in revised form 13 September 2000     

Tobacco streak virus in sunflower (Helianthus annuus)

Tobacco streak virus (TSV) was isolated from a plant of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) showing severe necrosis and chlorosis in the leaves. The virus was identified as TSV by serology and, to some extent, by host range. The type of symptoms varied with the host plant in which the virus had been propagated in successive transfers. Test plants inoculated with the virus propagated inNicotiana rustica produced symptoms which very much differed from those brought about by the virus from eitherN. clevelandii orChenopodium amaranticolor.The significance of the host-mediated variation in symptoms is discussed.Samenvatting Tabaksstrepenvirus (TSV) werd geïsoleerd uit zonnebloem (Helianthus annuus) die sterke necrose en chlorose van de bladeren vertoonde. De identiteit van het virus werd vastgesteld op grond van serologische reacties en, tot op zekere hoogte, de symptomatologie. Het type symptoom op de toetsplanten bleek echter sterk afhankelijk te zijn van de plant waarvan het inoculum afkomstig was. Was het virus verschillende malen achtereen vermeerderd inNicotiana rustica dan waren de symptomen op de toetsplanten zeer verschillend van die, welke werden veroorzaakt door virus vermeerderd inN. clevelandii ofChenopodium amaranticolor. De betekenis van deze door de waardplant bewerkstelligde variatie in symptomen wordt besproken.     

Spinach latent virus,a new ilarvirus seed-borne in Spinacia oleracea

During 1977 and 1978 an apparently new virus was isolated from samples of 12 out of 142 lots of spinach seed from a number of countries which did not produce symptoms in spinach. In one sample seed infection was over 50%. The virus was later found to be identical with a virus encoded GE36, earlier presumed to have been isolated from apple and pear (Van der Meer, 1968; Maat and Vink, 1971). It has now been further characterized and named spinach latent virus.Seventeen out of 36 plant species tested were susceptible, most without producing symptoms.Myzus persicae did not transmit the virus, but rates of seed transmission in artificial hosts were high: 53% inCelosia cristata, over 90% inChenopodium quinoa, 30% inNicotiana rustica, 72% inN. tabacum Samsun, 90% in White Burley and 94% in Xanthi. Infection is in the embryo. The virus can also be detected in dry seeds.Purified virus contained three components sedimenting at 87, 98 and 108 S. In the electron microscope the virus particles were irregularly spherical and c. 27 nm in diameter. They were hard to detect in crude plant sap. Some particles were bacilliform. The buoyant density in cesium sulphate was 1.269×10³ kg.m^–3. Five RNA components were detected having relative molecular masses of 1.30, 1.18, 0.91, 0.35 and 0.27×10⁶, respectively. To induce infection the three largest components are required plus the two smallest components or the coat protein. Molecular mass of the coat protein subunit was 28000. These characters are typical of ilarviruses.The virus proved weakly immunogenic. An antiserum with a titre of 64 was produced. No serological differences could be found between the type isolate from spinach and GE36. The virus did not react with antisera to any of 36 spherical viruses and alfalfa mosaic virus.Samenvatting In 1977 kon uit 5 van de 43 en in 1978 uit 7 van de 99 getoetste partijen spinaziezaad afkomstig uit een aantal landen een klaarblijkelijk nieuw virus worden geïsoleerd zonder dat in de uit zulk zaad opgekweekte planten afwijkingen konden worden geconstateerd. Eén zaadherkomst was voor meer dan 50% geïnfecteerd. Het virus werd aangetoond in zaad van in totaal 12 verschillende spinazierassen. Tevens werd in enkele zaadmonsters komkommermozaïekvirus en in één het tabaksratelvirus aangetroffen.Biologisch, biofysisch en serologisch onderzoek heeft aangetoond dat het virus identiek is aan een eerder onder de code-naam GE36 beschreven virus, dat naar eerst werd vermoed, via toetsplanten was geïsoleerd uit appel en peer. Dit virus is nu vooral aan de hand van het spinazie-isolaat Sp20-9 uitvoerig gekarakteriseerd en beschreven als hetlatente spinazievirus (spinach latent virus). Zeventien van de 36 getoetste plantesoorten bleken vatbaar, de meeste echter symptoomloos. InChenopodium amaranticolor ontstonden karakteristieke, voornamelijk droge puntlesies en op de primaire bladeren vanPhaseolus vulgaris Bataaf opvallende necrotische lokale lesies, terwijl inC. quinoa de systemische reactie meer opviel dan de lokale. Ook bieteblad reageerde soms met lokale symptomen.De houdbaarheid van het infectievermogen in uitgeperst plantesap was bij verdunning 10³–10⁴, bij verhitting 60–65°C, en bij bewaring 4–5 dagen en éénmaal zelfs langer dan 13 dagen.MetMyzus persicae kon het virus niet op non-persistente wijze worden overgebracht. Zaadoverdracht werd ook aangetoond bij vier van de zes hierop onderzochte kunstmatige waardplanten. BijC. quinoa enN. tabacum White Burley en Xanthi bedroeg dit percentage zaadoverdracht zelfs meer dan 90. GE36 ging minder gemakkelijk over met zaad.Zuivering door butanol-klaring, differnetiële en dichtheidsgradiëntcentrifugering leverde aanvankelijk nog met celbestanddelen verontreinigd virus op. Afzondering van de viruszone, concentrering en verdere dichtheidsgradiëntcentrifugering verschafte echter zeer zuiver virus. Dit virus sedimenteerde in een suikergradiënt in twee zones en bij lage concentratie in drie zones. De drie componenten hadden sedimentatiecoëfficienten van 87, 98 en 108 S. De zweefdichtheid van het virus in een cesiumsulfaatgradiënt bedroeg 1,269×10³ kg. m^–3.Bij polyacrylamidegel-elektroforese ontstonden vijf nucleïnezuurbanden, elk bestaand uit RNA met een relatieve moleculaire massa van respectievelijk 1,30, 1,18, 0,91, 0,35 en 0,27 × 10⁶. De moleculaire massa van het eiwit bedroeg 28000. Intacte deeltjes verplaatsten zich in 2,5% polyacrylamide-gel als twee banden.Met de elektronenmicroscoop konden virusdeeltjes met moeite in ruw sap worden waargenomen, wel echter iets beter na fixatie en gemakkelijk in gezuiverde preparaten. De deeltjes waren onregelmatig van vorm, c. 27 nm in diameter, en soms bacilvormig.Bij infectieproeven met de verschillende groepen RNA-componenten en viruseiwit verkregen na SDS-afbraak bleek dat voor infectie de componenten 1, 2 en 3 nodig zijn tezamen met de componenten 4 en 5 òf het eiwit.Het virus bleek slechts zwak immunogeen (antiserumtiter 64) en in agargel vormden zich tenminste twee lijnen, indien de agar was bereid in een fysiologische zoutoplossing, doch slechts één lijn indien de agar was bereid in 0,05 M fosfaat-citroenzuurbuffer pH 7. Het bleek serologisch identiek aan GE36 en was niet verwant aan 36 verschillende bolvormige plantevirussen en aan luzernemozaïekvirus.De relatieve moleculaire massa's van de RNA-componenten, de uniforme zweefdichtheid in cesiumsulfaat, de aantoonbaarheid van meer dan één component in polyacrylamide-gel en bij suikergradiëntcentrifugering, het tripartite genoom en de eiwitafhankelijkheid ervan voor infectie, alsmede de onregelmatige deeltjesvorm en de kleine aantallen bacilvormige deeltjes rechtvaardigen plaatsing van het virus in de ilarvirusgroep.     

New host for raspberry bushy dwarf virus: arctic bramble (Rubus arcticus)

Raspberry bushy dwarf virus (RBDV) was detected in three new host plants inRubus species,i.e., arctic bramble (R. arcticus ssp.arcticus), Alaskan arctic bramble (R. arcticus ssp.stellatus) and their hybrid (R. arcticus L. nothosubsp.stellarcticus G. Larsson). The virus was identified as RBDV by the symptoms elicited in the test plantsChenopodium quinoa andC. amaranticolor, by sedimentation profile in sucrose density gradient, by RNA banding pattern in agarose gel electrophoresis, by protein analysis of the purified viruses in SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and by Western blotting. There was a high incidence of RBDV-infected plants in the experimental plots. The presence of the virus in arctic bramble did not always induce foliar symptoms. However, yellowing of the leaves around central and lateral veins was quite frequently observed, especially in spring and autumn.     

Detection of Diplodia sapinea in Corsican pine seeds

Diplodia sapinea is one of the major pathogens of pines worldwide. Despite the putative critical importance of seed infection in the epidemiology of the disease, this aspect of the biology of the fungus is poorly known. Here, biological and molecular methods were developed for the detection of the fungus and applied to assess D. sapinea infection in Corsican pine seeds. A buffered medium containing tannic acid and malt extract as a nutrient base was the most efficient and selective for D. sapinea recovery. A molecular method based on DNA extraction with a commercial kit and specific amplification, including an internal amplification control, was developed. A high percentage of infection (57% positive isolations) was observed in seeds obtained from fallen cones in a Corsican pine stand with no apparent symptoms of D. sapinea. Seeds collected from trees in a seed orchard showing severe symptoms of dieback caused by D. sapinea had comparatively lower infection (38%). Moreover, very low infection levels (1–5%) were observed after the standard treatment used for seed extraction, which included heating at 40°C. Diplodia sapinea was not recovered from seedlings grown from infected seed lots submitted to water stress. Overall, results suggest that the risk of disease transmission by commercial seeds is probably low, but could be further reduced by thermotherapy.     

发生在我国的小麦黄花叶病毒病

本文对山东荣成流行的一种小麦病毒病进行了鉴定。提纯的病毒颗粒为长线状,13×100—300nm及13×350—650nm。汁液接种感染小麦,但不感染烟草、苋色藜等植物。病土、病根以及含有禾谷类多粘菌(POlymyxa graminis)游动孢子的浸液可以传毒于小麦、大麦及黑麦。此病毒与大麦黄花叶病毒(BYMV)、小麦梭条花叶病毒(WSSMV)有血清学关系,与小麦土传花叶病毒(WSBMV)无血清学关系。病叶表皮细胞中有无定形内含体。超薄切片可见风轮状内含体。实验结果表明,荣城地区发生的这种小麦病毒病是小麦黄花叶病毒所致。     

青海省和内蒙古草原蝗虫痘病毒自然资源调查

为了解我国草原蝗虫中昆虫痘病毒的自然分布情况,于2018年、2019年和2021年在青海省环青海湖地区和内蒙古自治区太仆寺旗共采集8种优势蝗虫,通过镜检手段、巢式PCR技术以及蔗糖梯度离心法鉴定、检测并提取昆虫痘病毒,并测定其对宿主的致死效果。结果表明,在青海省分布的白纹雏蝗Chorthippus albonemus、狭翅雏蝗Chorthippus dubius和在内蒙古自治区分布的毛足棒角蝗Dasyhippus barbipes、锡林蛛蝗Aeropedellus xilinensis四种蝗虫中检测到昆虫痘病毒,自然感染率在5.19%~34.65%之间;其中在毛足棒角蝗种群中检测到的昆虫痘病毒自然感染率最高,为34.65%;其次是采集自同一地区的锡林蛛蝗,昆虫痘病毒自然感染率为20.00%;青海省分布的狭翅雏蝗和白纹雏蝗种群中昆虫痘病毒自然感染率较低。从毛足棒角蝗中分离出有较高致病性的昆虫痘病毒,饲喂该病毒处理小麦叶片后10 d毛足棒角蝗4龄若虫的存活率低于10.00%,表明该病毒具有开发为蝗虫生物防治制剂的潜力。     

New insights into virus yellows distribution in Europe and effects of beet yellows virus,beet mild yellowing virus,and beet chlorosis virus on sugar beet yield following field inoculation

Beet yellows virus (BYV), beet mild yellowing virus (BMYV), beet chlorosis virus (BChV), and beet mosaic virus (BtMV) cause virus yellows (VY) disease in sugar beet. The main virus vector is the aphid Myzus persicae. Due to efficient vector control by neonicotinoid seed treatment over the last decades, there is no current knowledge regarding virus species distribution. Therefore, Europe-wide virus monitoring was carried out from 2017 to 2019, where neonicotinoids were banned in 2019. The monitoring showed that closterovirus BYV is currently widely spread in northern Europe. The poleroviruses BMYV and BChV were most frequently detected in the northern and western regions. The potyvirus BtMV was only sporadically detected. To study virus infestation and influence on yield, viruses were transmitted to sugar beet plants using viruliferous M. persicae in quadruplicate field plots with 10% inoculation density simulating natural infection. A plant-to-plant virus spread was observed within 4 weeks. A nearly complete infection of all plants was observed in all treatments at harvest. In accordance with these findings, a significant yield reduction was caused by BMYV and BChV (−23% and −24%) and only a moderate reduction in yield was observed for BYV (−10%). This study showed that inoculation at low densities mimics natural infection, and quick spreading induced representative yield effects. Within the background of a post-neonicotinoid era, this provides the basis to screen sugar beet genotypes for the selection of virus tolerance/resistance and to test the effectiveness of insecticides for the control of M. persicae with a manageable workload.     

Alfalfa mosaic virus in lucerne seed during seed maturation and storage, and in seedlings

The incidence of alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) in lucerne seed and pods during maturation, when monitored by sap transmission to Phaseolus (infective virus) and ELISA (AMV antigen), showed that infective virus incidence decreased rapidly with maturation, whereas antigen incidence declined slowly and was always higher than infective virus. Infective virus and antigen incidence were higher in mature seed of cv. Maris Kabul than cv. Europe because virus inactivation/degradation were more rapid in cv. Europe. Seed infection with virus originating from pollen, ovules or both was found in pods and seeds 12–15 days after pollination between healthy or AMV-infected plants; this was before maturation-associated virus inactivation. Ovule transmission was more frequent than pollen transmission. AMV antigen was present in embryos and testas of mature seed; infective virus only in embryos. Non-infective but ELISA-positive antigen in testa extracts accounted for the higher incidence of 'seed-borne AMV' compared with embryo-associated seed transmission to seedlings. Tests with dry mature seed either underestimated (infectivity tests) or overestimated (ELISA) eventual seedling infection. Infectivity and ELISA tests gave identical incidence values for 17 to 29-day-old seedlings.