相同HMW-GS组合小麦品种的主要品质指标分析

为了研究具有相同高分子量谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)组合的小麦品种间是否存在品质差异,采用SDS-PAGE电泳技术从200多份黄淮冬麦区新育成的小麦品种(系)中筛选鉴定出12个具有1/7 9/2 12 HMW-GS组合的小麦品种(系),并对其主要品质性状进行分析.结果表明,12个具有相同HMW-GS组合(1/7 9/2 12)小麦品种的面粉蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量和Zeleny沉淀值均存在差异,其中蛋白质含量和湿面筋含量差异不大,但Zeleny沉淀值差异较大(平均为30.2 mL,变幅为23.3～45.9 mL,变异系数为22.4%).在面团流变学特性中除吸水率外,形成时间、稳定时间和评价值均有较大变异,形成时间平均为3.7min,变幅为2.2～7.4 min,变异系数为36.9%;评价值平均为57.9,变幅为36～149,变异系数为53.0%;稳定时间变异最大,平均为3.7 min,变幅为1.6～15.1 min,变异系数为99.8%.表明具有相同HMW-GS组合的小麦品种的主要品质性状仍存在较大的差异.     

部分CIMMYT小麦种质材料的高分子量谷蛋白亚基分析

为了有效利用多年来引自CIMMYT的小麦种质材料,采用SDS-PAGE技术对63份CIMMYT小麦材料的高分子量谷蛋白亚基（HMW—GS）组成进行了分析。结果表明,参试材料中共有8种HMW—GS类型,Glu—A1位点上有Null、1、2#,以2#亚基为主要类型（占52．4％）;Glu—B1位点上有7＋9、7＋8、17＋18,以7＋9为主要类型（占74．6％）;Glu—D1位点上只有5＋10和2＋12两种类型,其中5＋10亚基的频率高达77．8％,是山东近期育成小麦品种的5．85倍。CIMMYT小麦品种的亚基组合类型共有12种,其中主要亚基组合为“2#,7＋9,5＋10”,占39．68％。     

Ta1小麦不同轮选世代不育株的HMW-GS组成与分析

为了给Ta1小麦轮选育种提供一定的参考．利用SDS—PAGE方法对Ta1小麦轮选群体C2、C5世代不育株及亲本的HMW—GS组成与变异进行分析。结果表明；（1）C2世代不育株的HMW-GS变异十分广泛。变异系数高速94．2％。31种亚基组合中“1，7＋8，2＋12”出现频率最高。Glu—B1位点亚基变异最丰富，有15种类型，而且产生了7、22、13＋16等亲本中不存在的亚基；Glu—D1位点优质亚基5＋10仅占18．0％，2＋12亚基仍占明显优势。（2）C5世代不育株的HMW—GS变异较亲本广泛，29种亚基组合中．杂合的“1，7＋8／14＋15，5＋10”出现频率最高（12．7％），其余皆小于7．0％；Glu—B1位点变异类型仅有9种，且多为杂合。C5世代优质亚基5＋10、14＋15出现频率提高至40．0％和32．0％，但变异系数降为80．7％，表明轮选效果明显，但C5世代群体的遗传异质性较C2世代呈下降趋势。     

黄淮麦区部分推广小麦品种高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基组成分析

为了解黄淮麦区小麦的品质状况，应用SDS—PAGE方法对黄淮麦区（南片）推广小麦品种的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基（HMW—GS）组成、变异厦出现频率进行了分析，并计算了参试品种的品质得分。结果表明，参试材料的Glu-1得分偏低，平均为7．0分，只有小偃94、豫麦34的评分为10分。总体而言，黄淮麦区参试小麦品种的HMW—GS构成欠佳，优质亚基组合类型单一，缺乏2^＊、17＋18等亚基，5＋10、14＋15亚基的频率也很低（分别为16．67％和8．33％）。     

国内外小麦种质材料高分子量谷蛋白亚基组成分析

为了给小麦品质遗传改良中亲本的选配提供参考依据,利用十二烷基硫酸钠聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（SDS-PAGE）对108个国内育成小麦品种（系）、40份国外引进小麦种质系和34个地方小麦品种的高分子量谷蛋白亚基组成（HMW—GS）进行了分析。结果表明,在分析的182份小麦材料中,共检测到Glu-A1位点编码的HMw—GS有三种类型,分别是Null、1和2#,其中Null出现频率较高（58．80％）;Glu-B1位点编码的HMw—GS有7＋8、7＋9、14＋15、6＋8、8、7、17＋18、13＋16、6、21共10种类型,其中7＋8和7＋9出现的频率较高,分别为38．47％和34．62％;Glu-D1位点编码的HMw—GS有2＋12、5＋10、5＋12、4＋12、2＋10和10共6种类型,其中2＋12出现的频率最高（70．33％）。共检测到41种HMW-GS组合变异类型,其中“NuU,7＋8,2＋12”、“NuU,7＋9,2＋12”、“1,7＋8,2＋12”和“1,7＋9．2＋12”出现频率较高,分别为20．33％、18．69％、9．34％和7．70％;且检测到多种优质亚基的聚合体。在分析的我国小麦材料中5＋10和2#亚基较少,但含有13＋16亚基;国外材料中的5＋10和2#亚基相对较多,且含有稀有的亚基组合类型。     

四川南部和重庆地区小麦地方品种的高分子量谷蛋白亚基组成分析

为进一步发掘优异基因资源，为小麦品质遗传和育种改良提供基础材料，用十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（SDS-PAGE）方法，对分布于四川南部及重庆地区的49种地方小麦品种进行了高分子量谷蛋白亚基（HMW—GS）组成分析。结果表明，供试小麦材料的HMW—GS组成主要有3种类型，以“Null、7＋8．2＋12”亚基组合出现的频率最高，说明这些地区的小麦地方品种在HMW—GS的组成上具有较高的遗传相似性，这为小麦品种中国春源于四川白麦子的说法提供了有力证据。研究还发现地方品种“奉节罗汉麦”中的Glu-IDx的编码蛋白不表达，这在中国小麦自然群体中属首次报道；同时在“南江青杆麦”的Glu-B1位点上发现了仅存在于四倍体小麦中的23＋18亚基。     

宁夏引黄灌区冬小麦谷蛋白亚基组成和1BL/1RS易位分析及品质性状研究

为全面了解宁夏引黄灌区冬小麦品质概况,为冬小麦品质改良和粮食生产提供理论依据。选用冬小麦主栽品种、亲本材料和高代品系30份。用SDS-PAGE分析了其中18份材料的HMW—GS、LMW—GS组成和1BL／1RS易位系分布状况。并对23个冬小麦品种的营养与加工品质进行了研究。结果表明,2#、7＋9、2＋12、Glu-A3a、Glu-A3c、Glu-B3h和Glu—B3j在宁夏引黄灌区冬小麦中分布较广,1BL／1RS易位系分布相当普遍。分布频率为27．8％。参试品种的籽粒硬度、面粉PPO活性、SDS沉淀值、形成时间、稳定时间和评价值的变异范围较大,变异系数分别为25．37％、33．68％、21．42％、26．58％、43．95％和29．31％。多数冬小麦品种（系）的千粒重、出粉率和湿面筋含量低于对照宁春4号。而蛋白质含量、SDS沉淀值、吸水率和稳定时间优于宁春4号。供试品种（系）中。HMW-GS品质评分、籽粒硬度、蛋白质含量、SDS沉淀值均较高,并且不含1BL／1RS易位系的有烟优361、济麦20、鲁875067和923—9等,可用于宁夏引黄灌区冬麦品质改良。     

从小麦谷蛋白大聚合体与HMW GS的关系

为了探索小麦谷蛋白大聚合体对小麦品质的影响,采用SDSPAGE方法,分析了166个来自不同地区的小麦品种高分子量谷蛋白亚基（HMWGS）的组成,并对不同亚基与小麦谷蛋白大聚合体（GMP）的关系进行了分析。结果表明,所用小麦材料HMWGS的变异类型丰富,但亚基组合仍以N/7+9/2+12为主。HMWGS对面粉GMP含量有显著影响,GluA1位点亚基1>N,GluB1位点亚基13+16>7+9或7+8或14+15或17+18,GluD1位点亚基5+10>2+12,其他亚基差异不显著。说明含亚基1、13+16和5+10的品种能形成较多的GMP。HMWGS评分与面粉GMP含量的相关系数为0.288,达到极显著水平。     

氮肥运筹对小麦HMW GS形成与积累的影响

为给小麦优质栽培提供理论依据,以多穗型品种031085和大穗型品种山农91为试验材料,利用SDSPAGE电泳等分析技术,研究了氮肥运筹对不同类型小麦品种高分子量谷蛋白亚基（HMWGS）形成的影响。结果表明,小麦HMWGS出现的时间多在花后10~15 d,且多穗品种相对早于大穗品种;氮肥运筹对HMWGS出现时间影响不大;亚基组合1Bx7+1By9出现时间早于亚基1Dx2+1Dy12;不同施氮处理下,开花后各小麦品种HMWGS亚基的积累过程均呈三次曲线增长;各亚基积累量所占百分含量随时间变化较为平稳,受施氮影响较小,y型亚基百分含量高于x型亚基。     

春小麦品种高分子量谷蛋白亚基与品质的关系

选用甘肃省河西地区种植的57个春小麦品种。在已经分析HMW—GS组成的基础上。测定了这些品种的理化特性和面团流变学特性。对这些品种的HMW—GS和品质性状的变异情况、HMW—GS与品质性状之间的关系、具有不同HMW—GS的品种间品质的差异和同-HMW—GS品种间的品质差异进行了研究。结果表明,Glu-Ⅰ位点的亚基总评分与面筋指数、沉淀值、面团变形功、面团形成时间及稳定时间呈显著或极显著正相关;HMW—GS数目的多少与其品质优劣有关,亚基数目越多,面粉筋力越好;采用不同品质指标评价小麦HMW—GS对品质的贡献,结果表明以变形功的评价排序的意义更明确。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.