美人鱼发光杆菌美人鱼亚种dly基因缺失株构建及其生物学特性研究

美人鱼发光杆菌美人鱼亚种(Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae, PDD)是广泛分布于全球海洋环境中的一种致病菌。本研究以实验室保存的一株高致病性PDD菌株(PDD1608)作为对象,初步探究毒力基因dly对PDD菌株的生物学特性和致病力的影响。利用λRed重组技术成功构建毒力基因dly缺失株Δdly PDD1608::Cm,比较野生株和缺失株的生长、涌动性、药物敏感性、生理生化特性、生物被膜形成能力、菌株及胞外产物(extracellular products, ECP)的溶血性和磷脂酶活性等生物学特性。选用海水青鳉鱼(Oryzias melastigma)作为实验动物,通过人工感染实验测定野生株和缺失株及其ECP对海水青鳉鱼的致病性。结果显示,毒力基因dly缺失后导致PDD菌株生长变慢,涌动性、溶血性和磷脂酶活性均降低;野生株和缺失株的药物敏感性和生理生化特性未产生变化;与野生株相比,缺失株的生物被膜形成能力有显著差异(P<0.05);人工感染实验表明,缺失株及其ECP对海水青鳉鱼的致病性降低。毒力基因dly影响PDD菌株的生长、涌动性、溶血性和磷脂酶活性等多种生物学特性,并且与PDD菌株及其ECP的致病力强弱密切相关。     

美人鱼发光杆菌病

美人鱼发光杆菌病又称为类结节病,以前称为巴斯德氏杆菌病,病原为美人鱼发光杆菌Photobacteriumdamselae（革兰阴性,短杆状或球杆菌）。美人鱼发光杆菌有两个亚种,     

三种植物精油对美人鱼发光杆菌美人鱼亚种的抑菌效果及其毒力基因表达的影响

为研究百里香精油、牛至精油和肉桂精油对海水养殖重要致病菌美人鱼发光杆菌美人鱼亚种（Photobacterium damselae subsp．damselae,PDD）的抑菌作用,采用二倍稀释法分别测定3种植物精油对6株不同致病力PDD菌株的最小抑菌质量浓度（MIC）和最小杀菌质量浓度（MBC）。采用分光光度计法检测添加精油后6株PDD生长曲线的变化;以2株高致病性PDD菌株为研究对象,分析不同浓度精油对PDD毒力基因表达量及胞外产物（extracellular products,ECP）活性的影响;分析了3种精油存储不同时间后以及在金属离子影响下的药效稳定性。结果显示,这3种精油对6株PDD菌株均具有较好的抑菌及杀菌作用,MIC为32～128 μg/mL,MBC为64～192 μg/mL;3种精油对2株高致病性PDD菌株的毒力基因表达及ECP的磷脂酶活性和溶血活性均有抑制作用,其中低浓度精油对PDD主要毒力基因的抑制作用最明显。3种精油于室温下避光存储35 d,对实验菌株的杀菌率均大于99%,显示其良好的药物稳定性;水环境中不同浓度Na+、Mg2+、Ca2+、K+等对3种精油的杀菌效果无明显影响。研究表明,3种精油均适宜开发为防治水产动物细菌性疾病的新型渔药或饲料添加剂。本研究可为拓展芳香类植物精油在水产疾病防控上的应用提供借鉴与参考。     

杀鲑气单胞菌一新亚种的生物学特性及系统发育学分析

从石鲽（Kareius bicoloratus L．）细菌性败血感染症的病鱼（濒死及死亡不久）中分离到相应病原菌，进行形态特征、理化特性等较系统的表观分类学指征鉴定及代表菌株DNA中G＋Ct001％的测定。同时，选择代表菌株进行16S rRNA基因的分子鉴定，测定16S rRNA基因序列、分析相关细菌相应序列的同源性，构建系统发生树。结果表明，分离鉴定的60株菌为杀鲑气单胞菌的一个新亚种（subsp．nov．），定名为杀鲑气单胞菌杀鲽亚种（Aeromonas salmonicida subsp．flounderacia subsp．nov．）。代表菌株HQ010320-1及HQ010320-5的16S rRNA基因序列与GenBank数据库中的杀鲑气单胞菌的同源性在99％和100％。     

卵形鲳鲹美人鱼发光杆菌杀鱼亚种的分离鉴定

2006年海南省凌水网箱养殖卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)出现大批死亡。肉眼观察病鱼体表完好,部分病鱼内脏稍肿大,病理组织研究显示脾脏和肝脏有灰白色结节。从病鱼的脾脏分离到1株明显优势菌,命名为TOS1,人工感染确认TOS1对卵形鲳鲹有强致病性,其半数致死量为1.1×106CFU/g,组织病理研究显示相同症状,因此确定TOS1为本次流行病的病原菌。经API鉴定系统和16SrDNA序列分析结合常规生化指标,将TOS1鉴定为美人鱼发光杆菌杀鱼亚种(Photobacterium damselae subsp.piscicida)。该菌具有很强的溶血性和较强的蛋白酶活性,对多种抗生素和中草药均具抗性,仅对诺氟沙星、环丙沙星、氯霉素、庆大霉素等敏感,对中草药番石榴(Psidium guajava)和苍术(Atractylodes lancea)高度敏感。以上敏感药物可作为该病预防或治疗的参考用药。     

条石鲷(Oplegnathus fasciatus)源美人鱼发光杆菌杀鱼亚种(Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida)的分离鉴定

2013年浙江省舟山市某网箱养殖条石鲷(Oplegnathus fasciatus)暴发了一种严重的疾病,病鱼主要症状为脾、肾出现1-2 mm的白色类结节.从患病鱼内脏处分离得到1株优势菌OF-1,经人工感染实验证实为此次引起条石鲷死亡的致病菌,半数致死量为5.93×104 CFU/g.形态学观察结果显示,菌株OF-1为革兰氏阴性、短杆状,在TCBS培养基上不生长.API 20E细菌鉴定系统、16S rRNA系统发育树分析结果证实,该菌株为美人鱼发光杆菌杀鱼亚种(Photobacterium damselae subsp.piscicida).该菌对庆大霉素、青霉素、氟哌酸、氧氟沙星、氨苄青霉素等药物高度敏感,对红霉素、链霉素、卡那霉素、苯唑青霉素等药物具有抗性.     

云龙石斑鱼与云纹石斑鱼、珍珠龙胆石斑鱼的生长性状及对比分析

为了对云纹石斑鱼与鞍带石斑鱼的杂交种云龙石斑鱼生长特性进行分析,本研究对工厂化养殖条件下云龙石斑鱼与云纹石斑鱼、珍珠龙胆石斑鱼的生长特性进行了对比。通过云龙石斑鱼家系与云纹石斑鱼家系建立和培育,对不同家系的受精率、正常发育率和畸形率进行统计;分别对45~245日龄的云龙石斑鱼与云纹石斑鱼的生长性状进行了测量;分别对云龙石斑鱼与珍珠龙胆石斑鱼在生长时间跨度为2~13月龄的生长性状进行测量,并于13月龄时统计成活率(苗种为2016年繁育);利用单因素方差分析法和多重比较分析对测定的生长性状进行比较分析,同时利用Excel软件拟合云龙石斑鱼、云纹石斑鱼的生长曲线。结果显示,杂交种云龙石斑鱼受精率平均为55.5%±26.7%,正常发育率平均为33.9%±23.6%,畸形率平均为8.3%±0.9%。至245日龄时云龙石斑鱼体长、体质量的平均值分别为(22.5±1.7) cm、(316.7±57.3) g,云纹石斑鱼的体长与体质量的平均值分别为(16.8±1.3) cm、(123.2±30.2) g,云龙石斑鱼比云纹石斑鱼生长快,云龙石斑鱼的体长为云纹石斑鱼的1.3倍,体质量为云纹石斑鱼的2.6倍。云龙石斑鱼在45~245日龄阶段的生长曲线为W=0.039 2L^{2.891 2}(R²=0.986 9),云纹石斑鱼生长曲线为W=0.025 5L^{3.021 6} (R²=0.990 8),在本阶段云龙石斑鱼为异速生长型,云纹石斑鱼为等速生长型。经过12个月的对比养殖,云龙石斑鱼成活率为97.2%,珍珠龙胆石斑鱼的成活率为93.2%~94.5%,云龙石斑鱼全长与体质量平均值分别为(35.3±4.1) cm、(700.0±247.2) g,珍珠龙胆石斑鱼全长与体质量平均值分别为(28.6±3.5) cm、(550.0±224.8) g,云龙石斑鱼体质量是珍珠龙胆石斑鱼的1.3倍,全长为1.2倍。研究表明,云纹石斑鱼(♀)×鞍带石斑鱼(♂)是一个比较理想的杂交组合,杂交后代云龙石斑鱼具有生长快、畸形率低、成活率高的杂交优势,为杂种优势的研究提供了基础材料,同时也为新品种云龙石斑鱼的推广提供了科学依据。     

南移仿刺参美人鱼发光杆菌病病原分离鉴定与药敏分析

2020 年 11 月, 福建霞浦海域养殖仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)出现较大面积发病情况, 为确定其病原并筛选可用药物, 本研究分离了南移仿刺参腐皮综合征病原并对其理化因子、毒力因子和药敏特性进行了分析。结果显示, 从体表病灶部位分离得到 1 株优势菌株 XP-11, 经人工感染试验结果显示, 菌株 XP-11 对仿刺参有明显的致病作用, 感染后也出现体表溃疡等与自然发病相同症状。基于形态观察、Biolog 自动微生物鉴定, 以及 16S rRNA、 看家基因 gyrB 基因和尿素酶 C (ure C)基因序列分析结果, 确定菌株 XP-11 为美人鱼发光杆菌美人鱼亚种(Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae)。毒力基因检测结果显示, 菌株 XP-11 含有溶血素相关基因 hlyAch 和磷脂酶活性相关基因 plpV 两种美人鱼发光杆菌典型毒力基因。药敏分析结果显示, 菌株 XP-11 对四环素、恩诺沙星、复方新诺明等 8 种抗生素敏感, 进一步采用微量法进行 MIC 值测定结果显示, 恩诺沙星、硫酸新霉素、甲砜霉素、氟苯尼考、盐酸多西环素、氟甲喹、磺胺间甲嘧啶钠、磺胺甲 唑+甲氧苄啶等水产可用药对菌株 XP-11 的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)分别为 0.08、2、1、1、0.06、0.125、4、1.2/0.06 μg/mL。研究结果表明, 美人鱼发光杆菌美人鱼亚种是仿刺参腐皮综合征的病原菌, 其对仿刺参的半致死浓度(LD₅₀)为 1.08×10⁵ CFU/g 体重。     

云纹石斑鱼生物学特性及人工繁育技术研究进展

云纹石斑鱼(Epinephelus moara)具有耐受性强、生长速度快、质量优、价格高等特点,是温带海域养殖的理想品种。本文简要概括了云纹石斑鱼的生物学特性,以及近几年的人工繁育技术的研究现状,重点在亲鱼选择与强化培育、催产与受精卵孵化以及仔稚鱼培育方面取得的研究进展及就其发展前景进行分析,旨在为我国云纹石斑鱼的苗种规模化繁育技术研发提供参考。     

美洲黑石斑鱼的生物学特性与养殖潜力

美洲黑石斑[C entropristis striata(Linnaeus,1758)]的中文学名为条纹锯鮨或黑锯鮨,属鮨科(Serranidae)、石斑鱼亚科(Serraninae)、锯鮨属(C entropristis),英文名为B lack seabass,中译名为美洲黑石斑或黑石斑,商品名为翡翠斑或珍珠斑。黑石斑原产于加拿大东南和美国东岸近海及墨西哥湾水域,是生长快,抗逆性强的养殖鱼种,其优良性状非常适于在我国温带、亚热带海域养殖。目前,黑石斑已被成功引进和驯化,并突破了人工繁殖技术,创建了大规模育苗工艺流程,2006年生产商品苗160万尾以上。1美洲黑石斑的引进和人工育苗技术1.1引进和驯养青岛…     

Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae, an emerging pathogen in Danish rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), mariculture

A selection of 16 field isolates of Photobacterium damselae from marine rainbow trout farms in Denmark was subjected to phenotypic and genotypic characterization and pathogenicity to fish. All isolates belonged to the subspecies damselae , being positive for haemolysis, motility and urease. There were considerable differences in haemolytic properties, some isolates presenting a broad zone of haemolysis and others only a narrow zone. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis revealed a high diversity indicating that P. damselae subsp. damselae is an opportunistic, not clonal pathogen in Danish marine rainbow trout. Virulence of the strains to rainbow trout was highly variable with LD₅₀ values ranging from 3.9 × 10³ to 1.5 × 10⁸ cfu at 20 °C. The virulence was significantly higher at 20 °C than at 13 °C. The strains with the strongest haemolytic properties were the most virulent suggesting a strong involvement of haemolysin in the pathogenesis. The pathological changes were consistent with a bacterial septicaemia and the haemorrhages were more pronounced than for most other bacterial infections.     

Development of a real‐time PCR assay for rapid detection and quantification of Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida in fish tissues

The availability of a rapid and accurate method for the diagnosis of Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida (Phdp), able to discriminate its strictly correlated subsp. damselae (Phdd), formally known as Vibrio damsela, is essential for managing fish pasteurellosis outbreaks in farmed fish. A single‐step, high‐sensitivity real‐time PCR assay for simultaneous detection and quantification of P. damselae was designed targeting partial of the sequence of the bamB gene and tested for specificity and sensitivity on laboratory‐generated samples as well as on experimentally infected seabream tissue samples. With a limit of detection (LOD) of one copy in pure bacterial DNA, the sensitivity was higher than all methods previously reported. Validation in target and non‐target bacterial species proved the assay was able to discriminate Phdd‐Phdp subspecies from diverse hosts/geographical origins and between non‐target species. In addition, two SNPs in the target amplicon region determine two distinctive qPCR dissociation curves distinguishing between Phdp‐Phdd. This is the first time that a molecular method for P. damselae diagnosis combines detection, quantification and subspecies identification in one step. The assay holds the potential to improve the knowledge of infection dynamics and the development of better strategies to control an important fish disease.     

Genotypic diversity,and molecular and pathogenic characterization of Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida isolated from different fish species in Taiwan

Photobacteriosis, caused by Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida (Phdp), is a serious disease in marine fish species worldwide. To date, the epidemiological characterization of this pathogen in Taiwan remains limited. In this study, we collected 39 Phdp isolates obtained from different farmed fish for phenotypic and genotypic analysis. Phenotype bioassays using API-20E and API-20NE systems showed that the Phdp is a homogeneous group. However, genotyping using the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) technique revealed genetic variability among Phdp isolates when 13 and 11 different PFGE band patterns were obtained with SmaI and NotI as restriction enzymes, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis using 16S rDNA and the Fur gene clustered Taiwanese isolates and other species of P. damselae in the same clade. In contrast, the ToxR phylogenetic tree, a powerful discriminatory marker, separated the two subspecies. Furthermore, the virulence-associated genes, AIP56, P55, PDP_0080, Sod and Irp1, were detected from all isolates. Virulence testing with nine representative isolates in cobia (Rachycentron canadum) and Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer) showed that some were highly pathogenic with 80%–100% mortality rates. This study provides epidemiological data of Phdp infections in farmed fish in Taiwan, which is necessary to develop comprehensive prevention and control strategies for the disease.     

A novel research on isolation and characterization of Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae from Pacific white shrimp,Penaeus vannamei,displaying black gill disease cultured in China

In June 2019, massive mortalities of cultured Penaeus vannamei occurred in a local farm in Hainan Province, China. The diseased shrimp displayed evident black gills. Three bacterial strains 20190611001, 20190611007 and 20190611022 were isolated from hepatopancreas and gills of the diseased shrimp and identified as Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae based on the sequence analysis of 16S rRNA and toxR genes. These three isolates showed haemolytic activities. Of them, strain 20190611022 isolated from hepatopancreas was selected and processed for pathogenic analysis. The calculated median lethal dose (LD₅₀) was 9.75 ± 4.29 × 10⁵CFU/g (body weight) by challenging P. vannameivia reverse gavage. The diseased shrimp displayed enlarged hepatopancreatic tubules and sloughing of epithelial cells in tubular lumens. The strain 20190611022 was also characterized by the testing of API 20NE systems and antibiotic susceptibility. The results of disc diffusion test showed that strain 20190611022 was sensitive to chloramphenicol, compound sulfamethoxazole, cefoperazone, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime and cefuroxime. To our knowledge, this is the first report of isolation and characterization of Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae from natural diseased P. vannamei. Our findings can serve as a basis for further studies of its pathogenicity and provide technological support for disease controlling in shrimp aquaculture.     

Fish photobacteriosis—The importance of rapid and accurate identification of Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida

MALDI‐TOF MS was tested for the identification of Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida on isolates grown on two media, cultured at three incubation times and applied on the target plate by the direct sample spotting (DS), by the on‐target extraction (OTE) and by the full extraction (FE) method, in triplicates. The identification of samples grown on blood agar (BA) outperformed identification on tryptic soya agar (TSA) by 0.64% for DS and OTE. The OTE gave the highest scores in both culture media, all incubation times and replicates. Reliable 24‐hr species identification was 61.54%, 84.61% and 53.85% for samples grown on TSA and identified by DS, OTE and FE, respectively. For isolates grown on BA, they were 76.92%, 96.15% and 30.77%, respectively. When identified by OTE, the 48‐hr identification was 93.58%, but for 72 hr declined to 71.79%. The reliable identification with the highest score from the first measurement was 100% only for OTE from BA (24 hr), whereas OTE from TSA gave 84.61% (24 hr), 76.92% (48 hr) and 84.61% (72 hr). The reliable MALDI‐TOF MS identification of Ph. damselae subsp. piscicida is incubation time, media, target plate preparation and replicate‐dependent.