基于土壤剖面测定数据计算中国土壤有机碳贮量

Soil organic carbon (SOC) storage under different types of vegetations in China were estimated using measured data of 2 440 soil profiles to compare SOC density distribution between different estimates, to map the soil organic carbon stocks under different types of vegetation in China, and to analyze the relationships between soil organic carbon stocks and environmental variables using stepwise regression analyses. Soil organic carbon storage in China was estimated at 69.38 Gt (1015 g). There was a big difference in SOC densities for various vegetation types, with SOC distribution closely related to climatic patterns in general. Stepwise regression analyses of SOC against environmental variables showed that SOC generally increased with increasing precipitation and elevation, while it decreased with increasing temperature. Furthermore, the important factor controlling SOC accumulation for forests was elevation, while for temperate steppes mean annual temperature dominated. The more specific the vegetation type used in the regression analysis, the greater was the effect of environmental variables on SOC. However, compared to native vegetation, cultivation activities in the croplands reduced the influence of environmental variables on SOC.     

退耕生态系统碳储量时空动态变化的研究进展

退耕还林还草作为土地利用方式改变的重要形式之一,对退耕生态系统碳储量产生深远影响。从时间、空间以及退耕还林还草模式等方面综述了退耕还林还草对植被碳库和土壤碳库产生的影响,同时探讨了枯落物和根系周转对土壤碳库动态的效应。现有研究表明,退耕生态系统碳储量对退耕时间、空间和模式有不同程度的响应。最后,提出了退耕生态系统碳储量时空动态研究需解决的关键问题。     

三江平原环型湿地土壤溶解性有机碳的时空变化特征

土壤溶解性有机碳(DOC)是指溶解于土壤水、且能通过0.45 μm微孔滤膜的有机态碳,是土壤有机碳中最活跃的组成部分[1-2].一般认为,土壤DOC的产生源自有机物的不完全降解,因此冷湿或贫营养环境、土壤有机质和C/N摩尔比高的区域有利于DOC的产生[3].自然湿地,尤其是位于中纬度地区的湿地,储存了大量的碳,是重要的DOC库和河流DOC的主要来源[4-5].     

中国农业生态系统氮磷钾平衡时空变异研究

Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium balances for agroecosystems in China from 1993 to 2001 were calculated at national and provincial levels using statistical data and related parameters, and their spatial and temporal variabilities were analyzed with GIS to estimate the potential impacts of nutrient N, P and K surpluses or deficits to soil, water and air. At the national scale, the N and P balances from 1993 to 2001 showed a surplus, with the nitrogen surplus remaining relatively stable from 1997-2001. Although during this period the P surplus pattern was similar to N, it had smaller values and kept increasing as the use of phosphate fertilizer increased year by year. However, K was deficient from 1993 to 2001 even though from 1999 to 2001 the K deficit decreased. The spatial analysis revealed higher N surpluses in the more developed southeastern provinces and lowest in the western and northern provinces where there was less chemical fertilizer input. The serious K deficit mainly occurred in Shanghai and Beijing municipalities, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Hubei provinces, and Xinjiang autonomous regions. For the years 1992, 1996 and 2001, N surpluses and K deficits had significant positive spatial correlations with per capita gross domestic product (GDP), per capita gross industrial output value, and per capita net income of rural households. This showed that the level of economic development played an important role on nutrient balances in the agroecosystems.     

滇桂黔石漠化片区生态系统碳储量时空演变及其驱动因子

[目的]探究特殊生态脆弱区——滇桂黔石漠化片区的生态系统碳储量时空演变规律及其驱动因子,为科学评估其生态治理效果、优化土地利用格局、提高生态系统碳储量、提升生态系统碳汇能力等提供理论参考。[方法]综合运用土地利用转移矩阵、InVEST模型和地理探测器等方法,分析滇桂黔石漠化片区1990—2018年土地利用变化特征、生态系统碳储量时空演变规律及空间分异驱动因子。[结果]滇桂黔石漠化片区城市建设蓬勃发展,石漠化治理效果良好。研究期内,建设用地和水域面积分别增加116.38%和76.40%,以石漠化裸岩石质地为主的未利用地则减少47.45%并主要转化为草地和林地;滇桂黔石漠化片区生态系统碳储量呈波动下降趋势,2018年降至30.61亿t,较1990年减少了0.52%。建设用地扩张对耕地和林地的侵占是碳储量减少的主要原因;滇桂黔石漠化片区生态系统碳储量空间分布差异明显,始终维持西南较高、南部次之、北部较低的空间分异特征,整体依次对应云南片区、广西片区以及贵州片区;滇桂黔石漠化片区生态系统碳储量空间分布差异受自然地理要素和社会经济要素共同作用,但人类活动影响最为显著。“距离县中心”始终是影响力最...     

青藏高原农田生态系统碳平衡

为探讨青藏高原农田生态系统碳平衡规律及其影响因子 ,并揭示其对全球含碳温室气体源、汇变化的贡献与响应 ,1 998～ 1 999连续 2年在拉萨农业生态站农田用静态箱法和生物量取样法开展土壤—植被界面CO2 吸收与排放的试验研究。农作物生长季 ,以冬小麦为例 ,生长前期 (从播种到拔节 )土壤碳排放量高于植被碳固定 ,生长后期 (灌浆到成熟 )则是植被碳固定高于土壤碳排放量 ,从全年来看 ,土壤碳排放量略高于植被碳固定     

内蒙古自治区土壤中有机碳、全氮和固定态铵的贮量

本文研究了内蒙古自治区土壤中有机碳、全氮和固定态铵的储量。报道了各主要土壤表土中有机氮的形态分布。     

念青唐古拉山东南坡高寒草原生态系统表层土壤活性有机碳的影响因素研究

高寒草原是青藏高原广泛分布的植被类型。本文以念青唐古拉山东南坡高寒草原生态系统为对象,采用野外调查与室内分析相结合的方法,对影响高寒草原生态系统表层(0~20cm)土壤活性有机碳分布的因素进行了研究。结果表明:念青唐古拉山东南坡高寒草原生态系统表层(0~20cm)土壤活性有机碳平均含量为2.61±0.31g·kg?1;影响表层土壤活性有机碳分布的地形因子是海拔和坡度,植被因子是0~10cm、10~20cm土层地下生物量,物理因子是0~10cm、10~20cm土壤含水量和0~20cm土壤容重,化学因子是土壤全钾含量。其中0~10cm、10~20cm土壤含水量和0~20cm土壤容重影响达显著水平。在海拔4421~4598m范围内,随着海拔升高,表层土壤活性有机碳含量表现出增加→减少→增加→减少的分布特征。     

氮输入对陆地生态系统碳库的影响研究进展

碳氮循环是生物地球化学的重要过程。陆地生态系统碳循环在全球碳收支中占有重要的地位,人类活动导致生态系统中氮含量增加,影响土壤和植物体中碳的积累与重新分配,对陆地生态系统不同的碳过程产生不同的影响。本文综述了近年来氮输入的研究现状,并对未来的研究方向做了展望,提出今后重点研究的方向。     

北方旱区免耕对农田生态系统固碳与碳平衡的影响

农田系统对大气CO2库呈碳汇还是碳源效应取决于土壤有机碳的固定和温室气体释放之间的平衡,而耕作措施会改变土壤有机碳含量和储量,影响农田系统的碳循环与碳平衡。该研究以北方旱区山西临汾20 a长期保护性耕作定位试验为基础,田间原位测定土壤呼吸和土壤有机碳含量,确定各类农业投入碳排放参数,利用碳足迹方法综合分析不同耕作措施(传统耕作CT和免耕NT)下农田生态系统碳平衡。结果表明:在化肥、机械等农业投入产生的间接碳排放量方面,化肥投入碳排放量约占系统农业总投入碳排放量的73.5%~77.4%,是农业投入中主要的碳源。由于免耕减少了翻耕、旋耕和秸秆移除3道程序,NT比CT少排放约5.1%,NT产量显著提高28.9%,且碳生产力大于CT。0~60 cm土壤有机碳储量NT(50.86 Mg/hm2)比CT(46.00 Mg/hm2)高10.5%。与CT相比,在小麦休闲期和生育期NT土壤呼吸CO2释放总量高于CT。但根据农田系统碳平衡公式分析得出,NT更有利于农田生态系统固碳,呈碳汇效应,而CT表现为碳源。因此,长期免耕耕作能够提高农田土壤固碳量,减少大气温室气体排放,对于改善北方旱区土壤碳库和减排效果是一个良好的选择。     

潋水河流域生态修复过程中土壤速效钾的时空变异

采用基于GIS普通克里格法和概率克里格法分析江西潋水河流域土壤速效钾含量的时空变异特征。结果表明,潋水河流域样点间表层(0～30cm)土壤速效钾平均含量由1981年的(134 8±89 7)mg/kg降低到2002年的(131 9±97 6)mg/kg,平均降低了2 15%。尽管经过近21年的生态修复,样点间土壤速效钾平均含量总体上下降不多,但因土地利用和水土流失修复工程实施的差异,占流域面积60 63%的土壤速效钾含量减少,仅占39 37%的土壤速效钾含量增加。土壤速效钾含量分级统计表明,1981年速效钾含量水平在50～100mg/kg,100～150mg/kg,150～200mg/kg和>200mg/kg的土壤分别占流域面积的10 35%,75 31%,11 78%和2 56%,而2002年则相应为30 75%,49 31%,16 60%和3 31%。该流域土壤速效钾在≤100mg/kg,≤120mg/kg和>150mg/kg含量水平下的几何平均概率分别由1981年的0 453,0 566和0 327变为2002年的0 523,0 611和0 292。从贮量变化上看,21年间潋水河流域内表层土壤速效钾贮量从1981年的2 48×104t变为2002年的2 30×104t,下降了1875 35t。     

河北省表层土壤有机碳和全氮空间变异特征性及影响因子分析

【目的】在陆地生态系统中, 土壤全氮和有机碳是重要的生态因子。本研究基于土壤调查获得大量土壤剖面的空间和属性信息,研究河北的土壤有机碳和全氮的空间分布特征,为河北的土壤养分监测和管理提供科学依据,同时也为其他类似地区土壤采样提供参考,减少采样成本。【方法】运用传统统计学和地统计学分析方法,以变异函数为工具,初步分析了河北土壤全氮和有机碳的空间变异特征,并应用普通克立格法和回归克里格法进行插值, 得出全氮和有机碳含量的分布格局。【结果】研究区土壤有机碳和全氮的平均值分别为15.25 g/kg和1.23 g/kg,变异系数分别为0.73和0.63,属于中等强度变异。经对数转换后,土壤有机碳和全氮均符合正态分布。选择球状模型作为土壤有机碳和全氮的半方差函数理论模型,土壤有机碳和全氮的块金值/基台值的比值分别为1.8%和1.2%,有机碳和全氮的块金系数均小于25%,表明有机碳和全氮具有强烈的空间相关性。有机碳和全氮空间变异的尺度范围不同,分别为50.400 km和59.200 km。研究区的有机碳总体空间分布规律是有机碳在北部较高、南部较低,呈自北向南递减趋势,土壤全氮与有机碳的空间分布趋势相似,但有机碳的空间变异特征较全氮明显,这种空间分布格局主要受环境因子、 土壤质地、 土壤类型以及土地利用类型等的影响,其中环境因子中的气温和海拔对有机碳和全氮的影响较大。通过比较普通克里格和回归克里格的预测结果,回归克里格能较好地反映东南部有机碳和全氮较低地区的局部变异外,对于西北部的山区也能更好地反映碳、 氮与地形及气候等因素的关系。【结论】河北土壤有机碳和全氮的空间变异和分布特征较为类似,受地形地貌、 气候等因素的影响。通过比较普通克里格法和回归克里格法的空间预测结果,回归克里格法可以消除环境因子的影响,从而得到更准确的空间预测结果,因此建议使用回归克里格法进行预测,以期获得一个更为准确的土壤有机碳和全氮的空间预测结果。     

利用地统计学研究土壤有机质空间分布：评估意大利中部地区土地退化的重要指标

Soil organic matter (SOM) content is one of the main factors to be considered in the evaluation of soil health and fertility. As timing, human and monetary resources often limit the amount of available data, geostatistical techniques provide a valid scientific approach to cope with spatial variability, to interpolate existing data and to predict values at unsampled locations for accurate SOM status survey. Using geostatistical and geographic information system (GIS) approaches, the spatial variability of some physical and chemical soil parameters was investigated under Mediterranean climatic condition in the Abruzzo region of central Italy, where soil erosion processes accelerated by human induced factors are the main causes of soil degradation associated with low SOM content. Experimental semivariograms were established to determine the spatial dependence of the soil variables under investigation. The results of 250 soil sampling point data were interpolated by means of ordinary kriging coupled with a GIS to produce contour maps distribution of soil texture, SOM content related to texture, and C/N ratio. The resulting spatial interpolation of the dataset highlighted a low content of SOM in relation with soil texture in most of the surveyed area (87%) and an optimal C/N ratio for only half of the investigated surface area. Spatial location of degraded area and the assessment of its magnitude can provide decision makers with an accurate support to design appropriate soil conservation strategies and then facilitate a regional planning of agri-environmental measures in the framework of the European Common Agricultural Policy.     

耕地土壤有机碳组分的季节变化

Carbon fractions in soils apparently vary not only in space, but also over time. A lack of knowledge on the seasonal variability of labile carbon fractions under arable land hampers the reliability and comparability of soil organic carbon(SOC) surveys from different studies. Therefore, we studied the seasonal variability of two SOC fractions, particulate organic matter(POM) and dissolved organic carbon(DOC), under maize cropping: POM was determined as the SOC content in particle-size fractions, and DOC was measured as the water-extractable SOC(WESOC) of air-dried soil. Ammonium, nitrate, and water-extractable nitrogen were measured as potential regulating factors of WESOC formation because carbon and nitrogen cycles in soils are strongly connected. There was a significant annual variation of WESOC(coefficient of variation(CV) = 30%). Temporal variations of SOC in particle-size fractions were smaller than those of WESOC. The stocks of SOC in particle-size fractions decreased with decreasing particle sizes, exhibiting a CV of 20%for the coarse sand-size fraction(250–2 000 μm), of 9% for the fine sand-size fraction(50–250 μm), and of 5% for the silt-size fraction(20–50 μm). The WESOC and SOC in particle-size fractions both peaked in March and reached the minimum in May/June and August, respectively. These results indicate the importance of the time of soil sampling during the course of a year, especially when investigating WESOC.     

The importance of inorganic carbon in soil carbon databases and stock estimates: a case study from England

Many national and regional databases of soil properties and associated estimates of soil carbon stock consider organic, but not inorganic carbon (IC). Any future change in soil carbon stock resulting from the formation of pedogenic carbonates will be difficult to set in context because historical measurements or estimates of IC concentration and stock may not be available. In their article describing a database of soil carbon for the United Kingdom published in this journal, Bradley et al. [Soil Use and Management (2005) vol. 21, 363–369] only consider data for organic carbon (OC), despite the occurrence of IC‐bearing calcareous soils across a substantial part of southern England. Robust techniques are required for establishing IC concentrations and stocks based on available data. We present linear regression models (R² between 0.8 and 0.88) to estimate IC in topsoil based on total Ca and Al concentrations for soils over two groups of primary, carbonate‐bearing parent materials across parts of southern and eastern England. By applying the regression models to geochemical survey data across the entire area (18 165 km²), we estimate IC concentrations on a regular 500‐m grid by ordinary kriging. Using bulk density data from across the region, we estimate the total IC stock of soil (0–30 cm depth) in this area to be 186 MtC. This represents 15.5 and 5.5% of the estimated total soil carbon stock (OC plus IC) across England and the UK, respectively, based on the data presented by Bradley et al. [Soil Use and Management (2005) vol. 21, 363–369]. Soil geochemical data could be useful for estimating primary IC stocks in other parts of the world.     

耕作与轮作方式对黑土有机碳和全氮储量的影响

土壤有机碳(SOC)及全氮(TN)对土壤肥力、作物产量、农业可持续发展以及全球碳、氮循环等都具有重要影响。为探索不同耕作和轮作方式对耕层黑土SOC和TN储量的影响,本文以吉林省德惠市进行了8 a的田间定位试验中层黑土为研究对象,对免耕、垄作和秋翻三种耕作方式及玉米-大豆轮作和玉米连作两种轮作方式下SOC和TN在各土层的含量变化进行了分析,并采用等质量土壤有机质储量计算方法,对比分析了不同处理对0～30 cm SOC和TN储量的影响。结果表明,与试验开始前相比,玉米-大豆轮作系统中,秋翻下SOC和TN储量均有所降低;免耕显著增加了0～5 cm SOC及TN含量,但SOC在亚表层亏损,导致其储量并未增加;而垄作处理下SOC及TN含量在0～5、5～10 cm的均显著增加,0～30 cm储量亦分别增加了4.9%和10.7%。玉米连作系统的两种耕作处理(免耕和秋翻)下SOC和TN储量均有所增加,且TN储量增幅均高于玉米-大豆轮作系统,其中免耕下TN储量增幅是玉米-大豆轮作的3.2倍。所有处理下C/N均呈降低趋势,其中垄作0～5 cm C/N由12.05降至11.04,降低幅度分别是免耕和秋翻的3.2和2.8倍。综上可知,对质地黏重排水不良的中层黑土,玉米-大豆轮作系统下免耕并不是促进SOC固定的有效形式,而垄作则促进了黑土SOC和TN的积累,这不仅有利于土壤肥力的改善,而且是使农田黑土由CO2"源"变为"汇"的有效形式之一。与玉米-大豆轮作相比,玉米连作下三种耕作方式都有利于SOC和TN积累。     

青藏高原生态系统土壤有机碳研究进展

作为"世界第三极"的青藏高原,高寒生态系统是青藏高原主要的生态系统之一.它本身是一个复杂而又特殊的系统,因其独特的自然地理环境而形成的高寒土壤更有其独特的性质.本文首先综述了青藏高原高寒生态系统的土壤有机碳储量、估算方法的研究进展及造成估算结果差异的原因,随后对高寒土壤有机碳排放的观测试验进行了综述,探讨了气候变化对高寒生态系统土壤有机碳源汇效应的影响.目前,全球变暖的趋势正在加剧,40 年来,青藏高原气温平均上升了约 0.3 ～ 0.4℃,冻土面积正广泛退缩,这直接导致青藏高原高寒生态系统发生了以植被覆盖度减少、高寒草原草甸面积萎缩等为主要形式的显著退化,植被生产力和土壤有机碳输入量都减少,而温度升高加快了土壤有机碳分解速率,从而影响到高寒生态系统的碳循环和碳储量.青藏高原土壤有机碳的源汇效应问题已成为研究的热点,但是到目前为止,温度升高到底如何影响土壤有机碳的动态变化没有明确的定论,为此,我们必须从长期的观测试验来说明气候变化对土壤碳库的源汇效应.     

土壤有机碳研究进展

回顾了国内外土壤有机碳研究进展及趋势,阐述了全球土壤有机碳库存量及分布、我国土壤有机碳库储量概况、农田土壤有机碳组成及其影响因素、农田土壤有机碳转化规律及影响因素,指出了我国在土壤有机碳研究方面存在的问题及今后的发展方向.     

The devil is in the detail: Discrepancy between soil organic carbon stocks estimated from regional and local data sources in Flanders,Belgium

Storage of soil organic carbon (SOC) is an essential function of ecosystems underpinning the delivery of multiple services to society. Regional SOC stock estimates often rely on data collected during land‐use‐specific inventory schemes with varying sampling depth and density. Using such data requires techniques that can deal with the associated heterogeneity. As the resulting SOC assessments are not calibrated for the local scale, they could suffer from oversimplification of landscape processes and heterogeneity. This might especially be the case for sandy regions where typical historical land use practices and soil development processes determine SOC storage. The aims of this study were (a) to combine four land‐use‐specific SOC stock assessments to estimate the total stock in Flanders, Belgium, and (b) to evaluate the applicability of this regional‐scale estimate at the local scale. We estimated the SOC stock in the upper 100 cm of the unsealed area in Flanders (887,745 ha) to be 111.67 Mt OC, or 12.6 ± 5.65 kg OC m^?2 on average. In general, soils under (semi‐) natural land‐use types, for example forests, store on average more organic carbon than under agriculture. However, overall agricultural soils store the largest amounts of SOC due to their vast spatial extent. Zooming in on a sandy location study (13.55 km²) revealed the poor performance of the regional estimates, especially where Histosols occurred. Our findings show that a greater spatial sampling density is required when SOC stock estimates are needed to inform carbon‐aware land management rather than to provide for regional reporting.