The origin and biosystematic status of Phaseolus coccineus ssp. polyanthus: electrophoretic evidence

This work describes the electrophoretic analysis of Phaseolus coccineus ssp. coccineus, P. coccineus spp. polyanthus, P. coccineus ssp. obvallatus and P. vulgaris for eight enzyme systems. The data demonstrate that P. coccineus ssp. polyanthus is not a hybrid between P. vulgaris and P. coccineus ssp. coccineus as it was thought. They demonstrate also that P. coccineus ssp. polyanthus is not an independent taxon as it has also been proposed. Instead, it appears to be a P. coccineus ssp. coccineus variety. The hybrid origin of this group could not be definitively ruled out with the evidence of our data since constant introgression of P. coccineus ssp. polyanthus to P. coccineus could produce similar electrophoretic patterns. Ways to test these ideas are proposed.     

Genetic diversity of Phaseolus vulgaris L. and P. coccineus L. landraces in central Italy

The genetic diversity of 66 Phaseolus genotypes was investigated, which included 14 local varieties of Phaseolus vulgaris and nine local varieties of P. coccineus, collected in Marche, central Italy. Their genetic diversity was assessed using three types of molecular marker: inter simple sequence repeats (ISSRs), nuclear gene‐tagged simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and chloroplast simple sequence repeats (CpSSRs). Phaseolus vulgaris shows a higher genetic diversity than P. coccineus for the SSRs and CpSSRs, but not for the putative neutral ISSR markers. These data suggest that selection by farmers and adaptation to heterogeneous environments has maintained the diversity in landraces of the common bean. Comparing genetic diversity in Marche with that of the American controls reveals that 71% of the local P. vulgaris varieties in Marche are of Andean origin. The two gene pools of the common bean can be found on the same farm, and there is some evidence of past hybridization events between these two gene pools.     

Relationship Between Gluten Strength and Glutenin Proteins in Durum Wheat Cultivars

An electrophoretic study of gliadin and glutenin proteins, mainly low-molecular-weight (LMW) Glutenin Subunits, was undertaken to investigate possible assoeiations between these proteins and gluten strength. Thirty-eight durum wheat cultivars having different origins and currently grown in Spam were analysed. Different electrophoretic methods were used to analyse the seed storage proteins. Protein grain content was estimated and gluten strength was measured by the SDS-sedimentation test. New patterns for LMW glutenins were observed. Besides the known patterns of LMW-1, associated with γ-gliadin 42, and LMW-2 associated with γ-gliadin 45, six cultivars had LMW-2^? associated with γ-gliadin 43, one cultivar showed LMW-2* associated with γ-gliadin 44, and another cultivar, null for γ-42 and γ-45, had LMW-1^?. Significant differences for gluten strength were found among groups of cultivars with different LMW patterns. High molecular weight glutenins were found in general to be poor indicators of viscoelastic properties, although band 20 showed a negative influence on quality. The results are discussed in relation to development ol cultivars with good gluten strength.     

Field bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivar identification by electrophoregrams of cotyledon storage proteins

Summary Electrophoretic procedures were developed for seed proteins which can discriminate cultivars of field beans. Proteins were extracted from seven varieties and the extracts were analysed using acid and SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Electrophoregrams are presented to illustrate the results that can be obtained with the methods described. Results indicate that sufficient variation is present among the seven cultivars examined to afford unambiguous discrimation and identification of the cultivars. Banding patterns were stable for each genotype.Joint publication of the Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba (No. 747) and Centro Internacional de Agricultural Tropical-CIAT.     

Phaseolin Diversity in the Tepary Bean, Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray

The tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray) is grown mainly in and regions of Mexico and the southwestern U.S. as a subsistence crop by small farmers. It is also a store of genetic variability for traits such as disease and pest resistance and stress tolerance to improve the common bean (P. vulgaris L.). To determine geographic patterns of variation and the influence of domestication on genetic variability, the genetic diversity of phaseolin, the major seed storage protein, was characterized among 55 wild and 8 cultivated teparies using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Fifteen electrophoretic phaseolin patterns were identified among wild forms, whereas only one pattern was exhibited by cultivars. This result suggests a single domestication in this species leading to a strong reduction in diversity. An additional finding is the divergence m phaseolin types between populations east and west of the Sierra Madre Occidental mountains.     

不同粒型稻米碾磨特性及蛋白质分布的比较

以3个具不同品质和粒形特点的典型水稻品种,比较研究了稻米碾磨特性及蛋白质含量与组分在籽粒内部的分布情况。碾磨程度和达到相应碾磨程度所需碾磨时间之间的非线性关系显示糠层由外到内硬度不断增加;淀粉胚乳层硬度保持不变,且高于糠层硬度。不同品种达到相同碾磨程度所需时间差异较大,说明淀粉等物质的沉积密度在品种中存在较大差异。蛋白质含量在籽粒不同部位不是均匀分布的,3个品种糙米中均约85%的蛋白质分布在胚乳层中,清芦占11的蛋白质含量以外层胚乳最高,苏御糯和扬辐粳4901蛋白质含量均以糠层最高。随碾磨程度的提高,籽粒蛋白质含量由表及里呈降低趋势,核心层胚乳只有糠层的1/2左右,但不同类型水稻品种的降低趋势不同。SDS-PAGE分析表明,不同种子贮藏蛋白组分在籽粒内部的分布是相对均匀的,说明不同蛋白质组分在积累过程中,其遗传表达相对同步。     

湖南省8个品种柑橘品质和贮藏性的评价

以近年来湖南省引进和选育的4个宽皮柑橘品种（春见、早蜜椪柑、金秋砂糖橘、春香）和4个甜橙品种（锦红、橘湘珑、锦秀、橘湘元）果实为材料,分析各品种成熟果实品质、贮藏期间品质变化、贮藏性能差异和贮藏性指标之间的相关性。结果表明,8个品种柑橘成熟果实品质指标和贮藏性均存在较大差异。其中,宽皮柑橘中的春香贮藏性能最好,可以避开大部分柑橘的上市时间;而金秋砂糖橘最不耐贮藏,适合就近销售或短距离运输。相关性分析结果表明：贮藏过程中可滴定酸（TA）含量与失水率和发病率呈显著负相关,可溶性固形物（TSS）含量与VC含量呈显著正相关。本结果可为柑橘良种筛选及种植推广提供理论参考。     

Seed Storage Proteins of Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides and Their Effect on the Technological Quality in Durum Wheat

F₄ progenies of a cross between durum wheat cultivar ‘Creso’ and an accession of Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides with high protein content were analysed by two different electrophoretic procedures (A-PAGE and SDS-PAGE). Variation of storage proteins at the Glu-A1, Glu-B1, Glu-B3 and Gli-B1 loci was studied. Electrophoretic analyses have shown that parents contain different alleles at each of the four loci considered and that protein components of T. dicoccoides are uncommon among cultivated wheats. Recombination between the Glu-B3 and Gli-B1 loci was observed. To determine the effects of the allelic variants on gluten properties, F₅ grains from every F₄ line were analysed for protein content and SDS-sedimentation value. Gluten quality was strongly associated with the allelic type of proteins coded by the Glu-B3 locus and, to a lesser extent, to those coded by Glu-A1. Mean sedimentation value of progenies possessing the ‘Creso’Glu-B3 allele was significantly greater than that showing the T. dicoccoides allele. High molecular weight glutenin sub-units coded by the T. dicoccoides Glu-A1 locus were also associated with larger sedimentation values than null form of ‘Creso’. Results of SDS-test, obtained for recombinants between Glu-B3 and Gli-B1, confirmd that specific omega- and gamma-gliadins are only genetic markers of quality, whereas variation for LMW glutenin subunits coded at Glu-B3 is responsible for differences in gluten properties.     

Growth, Yield and Nodule Activity of Phaseolus vulgaris L. as Affected by Soil Moisture

A study evaluated the response of two varieties of beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to different soil moisture levels during a dry season. The soil moisture regimes maintained throughout the growth period were field capacity, 70–75 %, 50–55 % or 20–25 % available soil moisture.
Plant growth, yield and nodulation were optimal when plants grew at high soil moisture levels. With increasing stress, all measured parameters of both varieties were reduced. However, polebeans, with its vine type of growth was affected to a greater degree than bushbeans. In contrast, nodulation and nodule activity of both variables was affected by moisture stress.
A second experiment evaluated the effects of different soil moisture levels over the growth cycle of bushbeans, which produce greater yields under drier conditions. The highest yields were obtained at higher moisture levels throughout the growth cycle. Moisture stress up to flowering reduced yields to a greater extent than when the plants were subjected to reduced soil moisture after flowering appearance. Some casual mechanisms of the results of the experiments and possible implications for incorporating this popular vegetable legume in rainfed agricultural systems are presented.     

辣椒种子贮藏蛋白的含量测定和电泳分析

对12个辣椒品种种子内4种贮藏蛋白清蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白进行了含量测定和SDS，PAGE电泳分析。结果表明：辣椒种子贮藏蛋白含量以清蛋白和谷蛋白含量最高，其次是球蛋白，醇溶蛋白的含量最低。品种间蛋白质含量差异不明显。各品种都能通过清蛋白、球蛋白和谷蛋白的蛋白质亚基组成信息区别出其差异性。     

Location-Specific and Across-Location Selections for Seed Yield in Populations of Common Bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L.

Two populations of common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L., were used to make three independent location-specific selections at Palmira, Quilichao, and Popayán, Colombia. Also, three across-location selections were made by alternating generations between Palmira and Popayan, between Quilichao and Popayán, and among Palmira, Quilichao, and Popayán. The seven highest yielding lines selected from each environment and population along with 14 parents and two checks were evaluated for seed yield, seed weight, maturity, and reaction to an-thracnose, angular leaf spot, and common bacterial blight. Mean squares due to evaluation and selection environments, selected lines, and their interactions were significant for all traits. Mean yields of selected lines were higher than the mean of parents in both populations. Among location-specific selections, lines yielded higher at their respective selection site. Moreover, selections made at Popayán were higher yielding than those made at Quilichao or Palmira when tested across locations and years. Use of Popayán, a relatively wetter and cooler site, either alone or in combination with other locations resulted in higher yield, higher seed weight, and higher resistance to anthracnose. On the average, location-specific selections were lower yielding than the across-location selections. Among across-location selections, those selected between Palmira and Popayán were the highest yielding in both populations. Selections at Palmira and across all three locations resulted in greater stability.     

Stability of esterases and total proteins during seed storage of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and their use for cultivar discrimination

Polymorphisms in electrophoretic patterns obtained by isoelectric focusing (IEF) were examined to evaluate their suitability for cultivar identification in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). It was possible to discriminate 64 (94%) of 68 cultivars by combining results from esterase and total protein analysis. Discrimination was based on quantitative differences (relative band intensity) rather than on qualitative differences (presence or absence of bands). Esterase patterns from different recent (fresh to seven years old) seed lots of the same perennial ryegrass cultivars were very stable. Occasionally, minor differences in band intensity were observed between recent and old (up to 30 years old) seed lots of a cultivar. Storage of meal samples up to two years at −20 ^°C had no effect on the total protein patterns. No correlation was found between esterase patterns and ploidy level, cultivar type (pasture or turf), heading date or breeding company. Esterase patterns appeared to be unsuitable markers for the selection of reference cultivars for distinctiveness, uniformity, and stability (DUS) testing, because no correlation was found between cultivars on the basis of esterase banding patterns and morphological characteristics. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

红花瘤果茶种子贮藏特性及萌发过程中抗氧化酶活性的研究

针对红花瘤果茶(Camellia rubituberculata)物种濒危及自然繁育困难的问题,在不同的种子贮藏条件下,检测种子贮藏特性及其萌发过程中抗氧化酶变化。结果表明:1)红花瘤果茶种子在常温保存、干燥冷藏、干燥冷冻、拌沙冷藏、拌沙冷冻等5种条件下贮藏60 d后,种子的生活力均开始下降、拌沙冷藏60 d是最适宜的贮藏时间,种子生活力最高可达90.00%,而在贮藏120 d时生活力下降为30.00%。贮藏120 d后,种子劣变程度加深、发芽率和发芽势明显下降,冷冻贮藏的种子基本不发芽。2)在5种贮藏条件下,种子的粗脂肪含量均呈下降趋势,可溶性糖呈上升态势,可溶性蛋白质含量呈先上升后下降再上升的周期性变化规律。3)未经贮藏的种子在15℃、25℃、35℃条件下均能发芽,抗氧化酶活性随着温度的变化而差异显著,在萌发后期,过氧化物酶(POD)活性在15℃最高,25℃最低。35℃条件下的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性低于15℃和25℃条件下的,25℃条件下的过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性高于15℃和35℃条件下的,温度一定时,光照时间对种子萌发过程中抗氧化酶变化的影响不显著。     

Genetic Control of Abnormal Seedling Development in Phaseolus vulgaris L. and P. vulgaris×P. acutifolius A. Gray Hybrids

Abnormal hybrid seedling development hinders attempts to introgress diverse germplasm in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) breeding programs. In this study, the hypothesis that DL₁ and DL₂ loci control abnormal seedling development both in Phaseolus vulgaris L. intraspecific hybrids and in P. vulgaris×P. acutifolius A. Gray interspecific hybrids was tested. Hybrids from crosses between six P. vulgaris lines (two Andean dl₁ d₁, DL₂DL₂, two Mesoamerican DL₁DL₁ dl₂ dl₂, and two facilitators dl₁dl₁, dl₂dl₂) and P. vulgaris cultivar Ex Rico 23 developed normally, indicating that Ex Rico 23 has the facilitator genotype dl₁, dl₁, dl₂dl₂. Previous studies have shown that Ex Rico 23 ×P. acutifolius results in abnormal seedlings, but ‘ICA Pijao’, also dl₁, dl₁ dl₂dl₂, ×P. acutifolius results in normal seedlings. Neither the Andean nor the Mesoamerican lines crossed successfully with P. acutifolius, but crosses between one of the two facilitators (G3807) and P. acutifolius resulted in normal seedlings. These results support the hypothesis that different loci control intra- and interspecific hybrid seedling development.     

An Analysis of Seed Development in Pisum sativum. XIII. The Chemical Induction of Storage Product Mutants

In an attempt to generate more variation of the type represented by the rugosus loci, r and rb, putative seed development mutants have been isolated from peas (Pisum sativum L.) following chemical mutagenesis of a round-seeded (RRRbRb) genotype. The populations segregating for wrinkled seeds at the M3 generation were examined for their starch, lipid and protein content. The starch content of the wrinkled-type variants was between 0 and 55 % with an amylose content between 0 and 80 %, compared with 51 % and 30 %, respectively, for the round-seeded parent. When the range of compositions of the wrinkled-type seed was grouped, the values indicated that similar phenotypic groups to the wild type (RRRbRb) and the rugosus types (rrRbRb, RRrbrb and rrrbrb) existed in the population. The lipid content of the putative mutants supported this conclusion. Furthermore, some of the values for starch content and composition, and for lipid content indicated that new mutants had been induced. The material represents the first report on chemically-induced mutants of legumes with altered storage product composition.     

Identification of cultivars of Stylosanthes capitata Vog. by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of seed proteins

Summary A method was developed for identification of cultivars of the pasture legume, Stylosanthes capitata Vog., using electrophoretic patterns of seed proteins in polyacrylamide gels as the genotypic markers. The method can be used for accurate identification of cultivars in germplasm banks, in selecting parents for development of new varieties, and in registering new cultivars for proprietary purposes.     

中国特有珍稀植物伯乐树种子的类型和贮藏

伯乐树(Bretschneidara sinensis)是我国特有的单种科植物,被列为国家一级重点保护野生植物.本试验研究了伯乐树种子的类型和贮藏方法,结果表明:伯乐树种子对脱水敏感,当相对失水率大于50%后即丧失萌发能力,但对低温(4～5℃)并不敏感,属于典型的中间性种子.低温下一定湿度的沙藏(含水率8%～12%)优于其它贮藏方法,但并不能长期在低温下贮藏,最长的贮藏时间也仅为1年左右.说明伯乐树种子为短命型种子,每年需采集新的种子以补充种子库.     

Genetic Relationships in Malus Evaluated by RAPD 'Fingerprinting' of Cultivars and Wild Species

The potential use of RAPD markers for taxonomic studies in Malus was investigated using 18 accessions of wild species and 27 apple cultivars. 29 preselected random decamer primers were applied to three sets of Malus genotypes. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) ‘fingerprints’ were analysed for polymorphic amplification fragments, and coefficients estimating genetic similarity were calculated on the basis of about 50 polymorphic RAPD loci in each set of genotypes. Cluster analysis by an unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA) revealed that, in the cultivars, the molecular classification was in good agreement with the known lineage. A dendrogram generated for the wild species gave relationships that were, in principle, in accordance with the known phylogenetic information. Closely related species from section I were clearly distinguishable from those of sections III and IV. On the molecular level, a high degree of genetic diversity was found among both different apple cultivars and wild species of the genus Malus. The results gave additional evidence for the hypothesis that M. pumila and M. sylvestris were involved in the origin of the cultivated apples.     

不同品种甜樱桃果实贮藏期间品质及生理特性变化

以“砂蜜豆”、“拉宾斯”、“雷尼”、“萨米脱”、“奇好”5个晚熟甜樱桃品种为试材,研究自发气调包装（MAP）结合低温贮藏（0±0.5）℃条件对5个品种甜樱桃贮藏期间的果实品质及生理特性的影响,探索不同品种甜樱桃品质及耐贮性差异。结果表明：①采收时,“雷尼”果实硬度、可溶性固形物含量和固酸比最高,品质最佳,“砂蜜豆”果实硬度、可溶性固形物及抗坏血酸含量最低,品质最差;贮藏期间,“奇好”果实硬度下降最少,为14.3%;“砂蜜豆”可溶性固形物含量升高3.5%,其余品种均有所降低;“砂蜜豆”可滴定酸和抗坏血酸含量损失最小,分别下降40.5%和53.0%;②“拉宾斯”和“萨米脱”果实失重率最低,分别达到4.5%和7.3%;“拉宾斯”和“萨米脱”果柄保鲜指数最高,分别为72.4和67.3;“拉宾斯”果实乙醇含量升高最低,为0.068 g/kg;“拉宾斯”、“雷尼”和“萨米脱”果实腐烂率最低,分别达到18.2%、20.1%和23.4%;“雷尼”和“奇好”果面颜色饱和度降幅最小,降幅分别为10.7%和9.1%;③“萨米脱”和“拉宾斯”花青素、总酚和类黄酮含量最高,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性较强,有较高的抗氧化能力;④“拉宾斯”、“奇好”和“萨米脱”保鲜袋内的气体成分变化较大,自发气调能力较强。综合考虑贮藏期内各因素的差异变化,5个品种耐贮性好差顺序依次为：“拉宾斯”＞“萨米脱”＞“雷尼”＞“奇好”＞“砂蜜豆”。     

热激处理对棉苗子叶可溶性蛋白质种类和含量的影响

选用抗虫棉品种DP99B,彩色棉品种绿絮1号和棕絮1号,应用现代生物科学技术和手段,研究了棉花早期(萌动期、子叶期、1叶期)热激诱导产生的热激蛋白(HSPs)种类及其含量。结果表明:3个品种3个时期热激处理,处理后41.8 KD热激蛋白含量都增加。此外,DP品种不同时期热激处理后蛋白质含量增加的有3种,含量减少的有1种,含量不变的有3种,含量测不出来的有10种;LV品种热激处理后蛋白质含量增加的有3种,含量减少的有2种,含量不变的有3种,含量测不出来的有8种;ZH品种热激处理后蛋白质含量增加的有6种,含量减少的有2种,含量不变的有2种,含量测不出来的有5种。