不同脂肪源饲料对养成期彭泽鲫生长、体组成和血清生化指标的影响

为研究不同脂肪源对养成期彭泽鲫生长、体组成、抗氧化和血清生化指标的影响,试验配制4种含有鱼油(FO)、大豆油(SO)、菜籽油(CO)和大豆磷脂(SL)的饲料,投喂初始体重为(53.63±0.10)g的养成期彭泽鲫(Carassius auratus var.Pengze)56 d。结果显示:大豆磷脂组增重率显著高于菜籽油组(P<0.05),较菜籽油组提高了5.91%,与鱼油、豆油组无显著性差异(P>0.05)。不同脂肪源对彭泽鲫全鱼粗灰分均无显著影响。鱼油组肌肉粗蛋白质含量较大豆磷脂组提高了6.24%(P<0.05),与豆油组及菜籽油组无显著差异(P>0.05)。不同脂肪源对彭泽鲫肌肉水分和粗脂肪含量无显著影响(P>0.05)。豆油组的血清溶菌酶活性显著高于其余各组(P<0.05);大豆磷脂组的血清超氧化物歧化酶活性较菜籽油组提高了19.89%(P<0.05),但与鱼油和豆油组无显著差异(P>0.05);鱼油组和大豆磷脂组的肝脏超氧化物歧化酶活性显著高于菜籽油组,分别较菜籽油组提高了11.04%和10.48%(P<0.05),但与豆油组无显著性差异(P>0.05)。综合以上4种饲料脂肪源对鱼体生长性能、体组成、血清生化指标及肝脏抗氧化指标的影响,鱼油、豆油和大豆磷脂可作为养成期彭泽鲫饲料合适的脂肪源,而菜籽油不适宜作为彭泽鲫饲料的单一脂肪源。     

饲料中不同脂肪源对鲤鱼生长性能、脂质代谢和抗氧化能力的影响

在一种实用饲料配方的基础上,分别添加1.5％的鱼油、豆油、菜籽油、亚麻籽油和猪油作为单一脂肪源,配制成5种等氮等能(粗蛋白质含量35％,总能15mJ/kg)的试验饲料,通过8周的饲养试验,以研究饲料中不同脂肪源对鲤鱼生长性能、体组成、肝胰脏脂质代谢相关酶和抗氧化酶活性的影响.选取平均初重为(5.83±0.01)g的鲤鱼750尾,随机分成5组,每组3个重复,每个重复50尾鱼.结果表明:特定生长率(SGR)、蛋白质效率(PER)、饲料系数(FCR)以鱼油组最好,猪油组最差,且2组间存在显著差异(P＜0.05).SGR、PER和FCR在豆油组、菜籽油组、亚麻籽油组间无显著差异(P＞0.05).不同脂肪源对全鱼粗蛋白质和粗脂肪含量有显著影响(P＜0.05),但对全鱼干物质和粗灰分含量无显著影响(P＞0.05).鱼油组全鱼粗蛋白质含量最高,而粗脂肪含量最低.肝胰脏脂蛋白脂酶(LPL)活性以鱼油组最高,其次是豆油组、菜籽油组、亚麻籽油组,以猪油组最低.肝胰脏苹果酸脱氢酶(mDH)活性表现为:亚麻籽油组＞豆油组＞鱼油组＞菜籽油组＞猪油组.猪油组肝胰脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著低于其他各组(P＜0.05),而其他各组间差异不显著(P＞0.05).不同脂肪源对肝胰脏总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)有显著影响(P＜0.05),以鱼油组最高,猪油组最低.由此可见,鱼油是鲤鱼较适宜的脂肪源,而猪油不适宜作为鲤鱼的单一脂肪源,会损害肝胰脏健康,进而影响鱼体生长.     

Manipulation of the type of fat consumed by growing pigs affects plasma and mononuclear cell fatty acid compositions and lymphocyte and phagocyte functions

To investigate the immunological effect of feeding pigs different dietary lipids, 3-wk-old, weaned pigs were fed for 40 d on one of five diets, which differed only in the type of oil present (the oil contributed 5% by weight of the diet and the total fat content of the diets was 8% by weight). The oils used were soybean (control diet), high-oleic sunflower oil (HOSO), sunflower oil (SO), canola oil (CO), and fish oil (FO; rich in long-chain [n-3] polyunsaturared fatty acids). There were no significant differences in initial or final animal weights, weight gains, or health scores among the groups. There were no significant differences in the concentration of anti-Escherichia coli vaccine antibodies in the gut lumens of pigs fed the different diets. The fatty acid composition of the diet markedly affected the fatty acid composition of the plasma and of mononuclear cells (a mixture of lymphocytes, monocytes, and macrophages) prepared from the blood, lymph nodes, or thymus. The FO feeding resulted in a significant increase in the number of circulating granulocytes. The FO feeding significantly decreased the proportion of phagocytes engaged in uptake of E. coli and decreased the activity of those phagocytes that were active. The proliferation of lymphocytes in cultures of whole blood from pigs fed the HOSO, SO, or FO diets was less than in those from pigs fed the CO diet. Proliferation of lymph node lymphocytes from SO- or FO-fed pigs was less than that from control, CO-, or HOSO-fed pigs. The natural killer cell activity of blood lymphocytes from pigs fed the FO diet was significantly reduced compared with those from pigs fed the CO diet. The concentration of PGE2 in the medium of cultured blood, lymph node, or thymic mononuclear cells was lower if the cells came from pigs fed the FO diet. Thus, the type of oil included in the diet of growing pigs affects the numbers and functional activities of immune cells in different body compartments.     

饲料中大豆油替代鱼油对银鲳运输前后应激指标及组织抗氧化能力的影响

本试验通过检测运输胁迫前后血清皮质醇、葡萄糖和乳酸浓度以及组织抗氧化性能的变化,以研究饲料中大豆油替代鱼油对银鲳运输前后应激指标及组织抗氧化能力的影响。试验配制4种试验饲料,分别以100%鱼油(FO组)、70%鱼油+30%大豆油(FSO组)、30%鱼油+70%大豆油(SFO组)、100%大豆油(SO组)为脂肪源,饲喂平均体重(17.2±6.7)g银鲳60 d后进行4 h运输胁迫。每种饲料饲喂3个水泥池(重复),每池投放50尾试验鱼。结果显示:4 h运输胁迫后,各组血清皮质醇浓度均有所增加,其中SO组变化显著(P0.05),升高1.89倍,SFO组变化程度最小;各组血清葡萄糖浓度均略有增加,其中SFO组增加最少,但变化均不显著(P0.05);各组乳酸浓度则均出现显著增加(P0.05),尤其是SO组;各组脑部乙酰胆碱酯酶(ACh E)活力均出现显著减弱(P0.05),而SFO组无论是在胁迫前还是在胁迫后在各组中均有最高活力;各组血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力均显著增强(P0.05),其中SO组上升幅度最大;虽然各组血清过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力均有所增强,但只有SO组变化显著(P0.05);肝脏和肌肉CAT活力仅SO组显著增强(P0.05),其余各组变化不显著(P0.05);SO组血清SOD和CAT活力显著增强(P0.05)。由此可见,SO组银鲳在运输后机体健康情况较差,应激反应较为剧烈,说明投喂过量添加大豆油的饲料不利于银鲳的机体健康和长途运输,而在保持鱼油含量的前提下适当添加大豆油的效果较好。     

Evaluation of various extracted vegetable oils, roasted soybeans, medium-chain triglyceride and an animal-vegetable fat blend for postweaning swine

A total of 280 crossbred pigs weaned at 21 d of age and weighing approximately 6 kg were utilized in five replicates to evaluate pig growth responses when fed a basal diet or one of several dietary lipid sources during a 4-wk postweaning period. A basal corn-soybean meal-corn starch-dried whey diet was compared with diets supplemented at a 7.75% level with one of the following lipid sources: corn oil, coconut oil, soybean oil, medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) or an animal-vegetable blend. A sixth treatment evaluated a roasted soybean diet formulated to an energy:lysine level equivalent to that of the fat-supplemented diets. In Exp. II, 36 crossbred weanling barrows were used to determine apparent fat and N digestibilities when soybean oil, roasted soybean, coconut oil or the MCT-supplemented diets were fed. Although pigs fed coconut oil grew somewhat faster, fat inclusion generally did not increase pig growth rate or result in lowered feed intake during the initial weeks postweaning; during the latter portion of the starter phase the addition of dietary fat resulted in a higher growth rate but feed intake was unaffected, resulting in an overall improvement in feed-to-gain ratio (P less than .05) for all but the roasted soybean diet. Pigs fed coconut oil had higher serum triglyceride and lower serum urea concentrations than did pigs fed diets containing most other lipid sources. Pigs fed MCT and coconut oil diets had a higher (P less than .01) apparent fat digestibility during the initial 2 wk postweaning than pigs fed soybean oil or roasted soybean diets. Pigs fed MCT and roasted soybeans had poorest growth rates; apparent fat and N digestibilities were lowest (P less than .05) for the roasted soybean diet.     

Protein and lipid sources affect cholesterol concentrations of juvenile Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone)

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of protein and lipid sources on cholesterol, AA, and fatty acid content, and on biological performance of juvenile Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone). In Exp. 1, seven isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets were prepared using fish meal; soybean meal; casein; fish meal + soybean meal; fish meal + casein; soybean meal + casein; and fish meal + soybean meal + casein. In Exp. 2, seven isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets were prepared using fish oil; soy oil; poultry fat; fish oil + soy oil; fish oil + poultry fat; soy oil + poultry fat; and fish oil + soy oil + poultry fat. Nine shrimp (average BW 570 mg) were stocked per 60-L tank, with three tanks per diet in each experiment. Shrimp were fed to apparent satiation twice daily for 28 d. Protein sources affected shrimp cholesterol, feed consumption, feed efficiency, protein consumption, protein efficiency ratio, and crude body fat (P < or = 0.05), but not weight gain, survival, hepatosomatic index, body protein, ash, and AA composition. Body (without hepatopancreas) cholesterol concentrations were the highest in shrimp fed the diet containing fish meal (0.81%), lowest for those fed the casein diet (0.64%), and intermediate in the other dietary treatment groups (range 0.71 to 0.74%). Lipid source also affected shrimp body cholesterol, body fatty acid profiles, and fatty acid profiles in the hepatopancreas (P < or = 0.05), but not growth performance, body protein, fat, ash, and cholesterol concentrations in the hepatopancreas. Shrimp fed the fish oil diet had the highest body cholesterol (0.75%), whereas those fed the soy oil or poultry fat diets were lowest (0.66 and 0.65%, respectively). Results indicate that by replacing fish meal and fish oil with soybean meal and soy oil, shrimp growth performance is not affected, but body cholesterol concentration is reduced.     

Sow litter size is increased in the subsequent parity when lactating sows are fed diets containing n-3 fatty acids from fish oil

Supplementing diets with n-3 fatty acids from fish oil has been shown to improve reproductive performance in dairy cattle and sheep, but there is little published literature on its effects in sows. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reproductive performance of sows fed fish oil as a source of n-3 PUFA prefarrowing and during lactation. From d 107.7 ± 0.1 of pregnancy, 328 sows ranging in parity from 0 to 7 (parity 1.95 ± 0.09, mean ± SE) were fed either a diet containing tallow (control) or an isocaloric diet containing 3 g of fish oil/kg of diet (n-3). Diets were formulated to contain the same amount of DE (13.9 MJ/kg), crude fat (54 g/kg), and CP (174 g/kg). Sows were fed their treatment diet at 3 kg daily for 8 d before farrowing and continued on treatment diets ad libitum until weaning at 18.7 ± 0.1 d of lactation. After weaning, all sows were fed a gestation diet without fish oil until their subsequent farrowing. There was no effect (P > 0.310) of feeding n-3 diets prefarrowing on piglet birth weight, preweaning growth rate, piglet weaning weight, or sow feed intake. However, n-3 sows had a larger subsequent litter size (10.7 ± 0.3 vs. 9.7 ± 0.3 total born; 10.2 ± 0.3 vs. 9.3 ± 0.3 born live; P < 0.05). In conclusion, this is the first study to demonstrate that feeding sows a diet containing n-3 PUFA from fish oil fed before farrowing and during lactation increased litter size in the subsequent parity independent of energy intake.     

Insect (black soldier fly larvae) oil as a potential substitute for fish or soy oil in the fish meal-based diet of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Alternative sources of fish oil (FO) are one of the major problems in aquaculture; therefore, the goal of the present study was to examine insect (black soldier fly larvae) oil (BSLO) as a potential replacer of fish/soy oil in juvenile rainbow trout (initial average weight of 32 ± 0.15 g) feed. Four diets were formulated wherein FO (control diet) was completely replaced with either soybean oil (SO) or BSLO, and an additional BSLO-based diet supplemented with 1.5% bile acid (BSLO + BA) were fed to the fish for 10 weeks. Growth performance of the BSLO fed group was similar (P > 0.05) to that of the FO and SO fed groups, however, the fish fed BSLO + BA diet registered the lowest growth (P < 0.05). Oil sources did not (P > 0.05) affect the major nutrient content of whole-body, however, the fatty acid composition of the muscle and liver was influenced (P < 0.05), with the highest 14:0, 16:0, and total saturated fatty acid detected in BSLO or BSLO + BA fed trout compared to the others (P < 0.001). No significant differences were observed in eicosapentaenoic acid + docosahexaenoic acid (EPA + DHA) or total n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content in muscle among the groups, whereas, the highest EPA:DHA and n-3:n-6 ratios were detected in the FO group. Gene expression for fatty acid binding protein (fabp), fatty acid synthase (fas), and Δ5 desaturase in the liver was lower in FO (P < 0.05), while BSLO + BA registered the highest Δ6 expression (P = 0.006). Supplementation of BA in the BSLO diet increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities compared to the other groups (P < 0.05). In conclusion, BSLO could serve as a substitute for FO and SO in rainbow trout diet without negatively impacting growth performance, whole-body composition and nutrient retention, and modulate the expression of fatty acid metabolism-related genes in rainbow trout.     

不同配比的亚麻籽油与大豆油混合油全部替代鱼油对杂交鲟生长的影响

本试验的主要目的是研究用不同配比的亚麻籽油与大豆油混合油全部替代鱼油后对杂交鲟生长性能、肌肉脂肪酸组成及血清肝功能和抗氧化指标的影响。试验共配制4种等氮等脂等能的试验饲料,A组饲料添加8%的鱼油,B、C、D组饲料分别用75%亚麻籽油+25%大豆油的混合油(混合油中亚麻籽油与大豆油的配比为3∶1)、50%亚麻籽油+50%大豆油的混合油(混合油中亚麻籽油与大豆油的配比为1∶1)以及25%亚麻籽油+75%大豆油的混合油(混合油中亚麻籽油与大豆油的配比为1∶3)替代A组饲料中全部鱼油。每种试验饲料投喂3个养殖桶(重复),每个养殖桶放养40尾初始体重为(70.8±0.5)g的杂交鲟,共进行12周的养殖试验。结果表明:B组杂交鲟的末均重(FBW)、增重率(WGR)和特定生长率(SGR)是4组中最高的,且与A组之间存在显著差异(P0.05)。B组杂交鲟肌肉中粗脂肪含量和肝脏中粗脂肪含量均显著高于A组(P0.05),而与C、D组差异不显著(P0.05)。A、B组杂交鲟血清中总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)显著高于C、D组(P0.05);B组杂交鲟血清中高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)的含量最高,并显著高于其他各组(P0.05);血清甘油三酯(TG)含量以B组最低,显著低于C组(P0.05),但与A、D组相比差异不显著(P0.05)。此外,B组杂交鲟肌肉中二十碳五烯酸(EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)的含量分别为A组对应脂肪酸的65.7%和74.5%,肌肉中EPA和DHA的含量并没有因为混合油替代鱼油而大幅下降。由以上结果得出,以不同配比的亚麻籽油与大豆油的混合油全部替代饲料中的鱼油,当混合油中亚麻籽油与大豆油的配比为3∶1(即75%的亚麻籽油+25%的大豆油)时杂交鲟的生长效果较好。     

The effect of different concentrations of linseed oil or fish oil in the maternal diet on the fatty acid composition and oxidative status of sows and piglets

N‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are essential for foetal development. Hence, including n‐3 PUFA in the sow diet can be beneficial for reproduction. Both the amount and form (precursor fatty acids vs. long chain PUFA) of supplementation are important in this respect. Furthermore, including n‐3 PUFA in the diet can have negative effects, such as decreased arachidonic acid (ARA) concentration and increased oxidative stress. This study aimed to compare the efficacy to increase eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) concentrations in the piglet, when different concentrations of linseed oil (LO, source of precursor α‐linolenic acid) or fish oil (FO, source of EPA and DHA) were included in the maternal diet. Sows were fed a palm oil diet or a diet including 0.5% or 2% LO or FO from day 45 of gestation until weaning. Linoleic acid (LA) was kept constant in the diets to prevent a decrease in ARA, and all diets were supplemented with α‐tocopherol acetate (150 mg/kg) and organic selenium (0.4 mg/kg) to prevent oxidative stress. Feeding 0.5% LO or 0.5% FO to the sows resulted in comparable EPA concentrations in the 5‐day old piglet liver, but both diets resulted in lower EPA concentrations than when 2% LO was fed. The highest EPA concentration was obtained when 2% FO was fed. The DHA level in the piglet liver could only be increased when FO, but not LO, was fed to the sows. The 2% FO diet had no advantage over the 0.5% FO diet to increase DHA in the piglet. Despite the constant LA concentration in the sow diet, a decrease in ARA could not be avoided when LO or FO were included in the diet. Feeding 2% FO to the sows increased the malondialdehyde concentration (marker for lipid peroxidation) in sow plasma, but not in piglets.     

Decreased Sperm Quality in Mice Fed a Diet with Fish Oil

Polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFAs )play an important role in sperm quality and fertility.This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with PUFAs on male mice reproductive capacity.Mice were fed a diet of 4％ soybean oil (SO),4％ fish oil (FO),or 4％ conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) for 30 days.Litter sizes and sperm quality were measured during the study.Litter size decreased in females mated with FO group males.Although sperm total number,motility,and in virto fertilization did not differ among treatments,the proportion of intact sperm membrane decreased in the FO group compared to other groups.This was supported by the increased proportion of damaged sperm membrane in the FO group.Furthermore,the percentage of high mitochonddal membrane potential (MMP) declined,but the percentage of low MMP was increased by dietary FO and CLA supplementation compared to the SO group.Sperm membrane phospholipid in mice receiving the FO diet had a higher concentration of docosapentenoic acid ( C22 ∶5n-3,DPA ),docosahexaneoic acid ( C22 ∶ 6n-3,DHA),and n-3 PUFAs,but lower levels of arachidonic acid ( C20∶4n-6,AA) and n-6 PUFAs compared to those receiving the SO diet.These data suggest that decreased sperm quality in mice fed a FO diet may be due to excessive DPA and DHA in the membrane.     

Influence of dietary fat source on sow and litter performance,colostrum and milk fatty acid profile in late gestation and lactation

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with various fat sources (3.8–3.9% of diet) during late pregnancy and lactation on the reproductive performance, fatty acids profile in colostrum, milk and serum of sow progeny. A total of 80 multiparous sows were randomly fed a control (adding no oil), palm oil (PO), fish oil (FO) or soybean oil (SO) supplemented diet from 90 days of pregnancy to weaning. Supplementation of FO increased litter size of weak piglets, compared with the control‐fed sows (P < 0.05). Dietary FO and SO supplementation, enhanced the weaning survival rate, litter weaning weight, litter weight gain and fat content in milk (P < 0.05). The highest immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgM levels in colostrum and milk were observed in the FO group (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the highest concentration of C22:5 (n‐3) and C22:6 (n‐3) in colostrum, milk and piglet serum was observed in the FO group (P < 0.05). Taken together, dietary inclusion of FO or SO improved growth performance of nursing piglets by increasing milk fat output, and FO consumption by sows might benefit the piglets via increasing n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid availability and immunoglobulins (IgG and IgM) secretion.     

Influence of Dietary Lipid and Temperature on Bactericidal Activity of Channel Catfish Macrophages

Abstract

We fed juvenile channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus purified diets containing different lipid sources for 90–110 d to examine the influence of dietary lipids on intracellular killing of Edwardsiella ictaluri by pronephros macrophages. The diets contained either menhaden oil, soybean oil, beef tallow, or a combination ofall three lipids. We performed the study with nonimmune and immunized fish acclimated to optimal (28°C) and suboptimal (19°C) temperatures. In both temperature trials, bactericidal activity was positively correlated with the level of n-3 fatty acids in the diet (particularly long-chain highly unsaturated fatty acids). Vaccination resulted in substantially enhanced bactericidal activity, except at suboptimal temperature in fish fed the diet containing beef tallow (primarily saturated and monoenoic fatty acids). Overall results were similar at optimal and suboptimal temperatures. This study demonstrates the potential for nutritional manipulation of disease resistance in fish and illustrates the need for standardized diets in fish health research.     

Dietary replacement of fish meal by defatted and fermented soybean meals with taurine supplementation for pompano fish: effects on growth performance,nutrient digestibility,and biological parameters in a long-term feeding period

A 16-wk growth trial was conducted to examine the effects of dietary replacement of fish meal by defatted soybean meal (SBM) and fermented soybean meal (FSBM) with taurine supplementation on growth performance, nutrient apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) and biological parameters of pompano fish. The FSBM was produced by fermenting SBM with Lactobacillus spp. Seven isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated to replace 35% or 50% of fish meal by SBM or FSBM with taurine supplementation. The diets are denoted as follows: FM, SBM35, SBM35T, FSBM35T, SBM50, SBM50T, and FSBM50T. The FM (the basal diet) contained fish meal as a main source of dietary protein. Taurine was supplemented to SBM35T, FSBM35T, SBM50T, and FSBM50T at the level of 15 g/kg diet. Pompano juveniles with an initial body weight (BW) of 80 g reared in floating net cages were fed the experimental diets twice daily for 16 wk. Results showed that the final BW, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio of fish fed SBM35 and SBM50 were significantly lower than those of fish fed FM (P < 0.05), indicating that the replacement of fish meal by SBM at the rate of 35% in the diet is excessive for pompano. Supplementation of taurine to the SBM-included diets significantly increased growth performance and feed utilization (P < 0.05); however, these diets did not restore the performance back to a level equivalent to that of fish offered the basal diet. Meanwhile, fish fed FSBM35T had comparable growth and feed performances to those fed FM. Hematocrit values, total biliary bile acid levels, whole body lipid contents, and tissue taurine concentrations of fish fed SBM35 and SBM50 were the lowest among the treatments, but these parameters were improved by taurine supplementation and FSBM inclusion in the diet. Taurine supplementation increased lipid ADC, and SBM fermentation slightly enhanced both lipid and protein ADCs of the fish. These findings suggest that the combination of FSBM and taurine supplementation is an effective way to improve growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and biological parameters, and that FSBM with taurine supplementation can replace 35% of fish meal in pompano diets without any negative effects on growth and feed performances in a long-term feeding period.     

The influence of dietary palm olein, fish oil and lard on the egg yolk and plasma lipid composition, and performances of laying hens

The influence of dietary palm olein, in comparison to fish oil and lard, on lipid levels in egg yolk and blood plasma, the fatty acid composition of egg yolk, and various production parameters were studied. Brown Lohman laying hens (n=45) were randomly assigned into three groups of 15 birds, and treated with experimental diets with either 3% palm olein (PO), fish oil (FO) or lard (L) for 6 weeks. At the end of the experiment, feed consumption was significantly lower for hens fed the PO diet, except week 6 of the experiment. The concentration of plasma triglycerides was increased by all experimental diets, whereas there were no significant increases of plasma total lipid and total cholesterol concentrations only in the PO group. For yolk lipids a decrease in triglycerides in the FO and L groups was observed, while total cholesterol and total lipid were significantly decreased in the PO group. Feeding with the PO diet resulted in the lowest concentrations of palmitic, stearic and linoleic acid, as well as in the highest concentration of monounsaturated oleic acid in the yolk total lipid. It was concluded that the composition of yolk lipids did not closely match the concentrations of lipids observed in experimental diets or plasma. Based on the current work it seems that the PO diet modulates egg yolk lipid content best.     

氧化鱼油对黄颡鱼生长性能和抗氧化指标的影响及精氨酸的干预作用

本试验旨在研究饲料中添加氧化鱼油对黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)生长性能、体成分、血清生化指标和血清、肝脏抗氧化指标的影响以及添加精氨酸对其的干预作用。选取初始体重为(4.41±0.05)g的健康黄颡鱼幼鱼600尾,随机分为6组,每组4个重复,分别投喂含2.5%新鲜鱼油(FF组)、1.5%新鲜鱼油+1.0%氧化鱼油(FO1组)、0.5%新鲜鱼油+2.0%氧化鱼油(FO2组)、2.5%新鲜鱼油+0.48%L-精氨酸盐酸盐(FFA组)、1.5%新鲜鱼油+1.0%氧化鱼油+0.48%L-精氨酸盐酸盐(FOA1组)、0.5%新鲜鱼油+2.0%氧化鱼油+0.48%L-精氨酸盐酸盐(FOA2组)的6种饲料,投喂期为56 d。结果显示:在FF、FO1、FO2组中,随着氧化鱼油添加量的增加,黄颡鱼的增重率、特定生长率和蛋白质沉积率均逐渐降低,饲料系数和摄食率均逐渐升高,均在FO2组达到极值,与其他2组差异达到显著水平(P0.05);氧化鱼油饲料添加精氨酸后,在FFA、FOA1、FOA2组上述指标没有产生显著性差异(P0.05),其中FOA1、FOA2组的增重率分别比FO1、FO2组升高3.0%和9.9%。双因素方差分析结果显示,氧化鱼油对黄颡鱼增重率和摄食率的影响达到显著水平(P0.05),氧化鱼油与精氨酸对黄颡鱼特定生长率、蛋白质沉积率和饲料系数的影响存在交互作用(P0.05)。FO1组肝体比显著低于FF组(P0.05),FO2组肠体比与FFA、FOA2组相比显著降低(P0.05),氧化鱼油与精氨酸对黄颡鱼肝体比的影响存在交互作用(P0.05)。FOA1组全鱼粗脂肪含量与FO1组相比显著降低(P0.05)。在FF、FO1、FO2组中,随着氧化鱼油添加量的增加,黄颡鱼血清总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)逐渐降低,FO2组显著低于FF组(P0.05);氧化鱼油饲料添加精氨酸后,黄颡鱼血清T-AOC分别升高77.0%(FOA1组vs.FO1组)和137.4%(FOA2组vs.FO2组),其中后者达显著水平(P0.05)。双因素方差分析结果显示,氧化鱼油对血清丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响达到显著水平(P0.05),氧化鱼油和精氨酸对黄颡鱼血清T-AOC的影响存在交互作用(P0.05)。结果表明,在饲料中添加一定量的氧化鱼油会抑制黄颡鱼的生长并降低血清的抗氧化能力,但添加一定量的精氨酸可以缓解氧化鱼油对黄颡鱼生长的抑制作用,并增强其机体的抗氧化能力。     

Manipulation of the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content of muscle and adipose tissue in lambs

Fifty Suffolk-crossbred wether lambs, with an initial live weight of 29 +/- 2.1 kg, were allocated to one of five concentrate-based diets formulated to have a similar fatty acid content (60 g/kg DM), but containing either linseed oil (high in 18:3n-3); fish oil (high in 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3); protected linseed and soybean (PLS; high in 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3); fish oil and marine algae (fish/algae; high in 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3); or PLS and algae (PLS/algae; high in 18:3n-3 and 22:6n-3). Lambs were slaughtered when they reached 40 kg. Growth performance and intake were similar (P > 0.35) among treatments. By contrast, gain:feed was higher (P < 0.05) in lambs fed the fish oil compared with the linseed oil or PLS/algae diets. Total fatty acid concentration (mg/100 g) in the neutral lipid of the longissimus muscle was not affected by treatment (P > 0.87) but was least (P < 0.05) in the phospholipid fraction in lambs fed the linseed oil diet. Lambs fed either diet containing marine algae contained the highest (P < 0.05) percentage of 22:6n-3 in the phospholipid (mean of 5.2%), 2.8-fold higher than in sheep fed the fish oil diet. In lambs fed the fish/algae diet, the percentage of 20:5n-3 was highest (P < 0.05), contributing some 8.7, 0.8, and 0.5% of the total fatty acids in the muscle phospholipid, neutral lipids, and adipose tissue, respectively. The percentage of 18:3n-3 in the phospholipid fraction of the LM was highest (P < 0.05) in lambs fed the linseed oil diet (6.9%), a value double that of sheep fed the PLS diet. By contrast, lambs fed the PLS diet had twice the percentage of 18:3n-3 in the muscle neutral lipids (3.8%) than those offered the linseed oil diet, and 5.5-fold greater than lambs fed the fish/algae treatment (P < 0.05), an effect that was similar in the adipose tissue. The percentage of 18:2n-6 was highest (P < 0.05) in lambs fed the PLS diet, where it contributed 33.7, 10.1, and 11.2% in the muscle phospholipid, neutral lipids, and adipose tissue, respectively. The highest (P < 0.05) muscle PUFA-to-saturated fatty acid (P:S) ratio was obtained in lambs fed the PLS diet (0.57), followed by the PLS/algae diet (0.46), and those fed the fish oil or linseed oil diets had the lowest ratios (0.19 and 0.26, respectively). The favorable P:S ratio of lambs fed the PLS/algae diet, in conjunction with the increased levels of 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3, enhanced the nutritional qualities of lamb to more closely resemble what is recommended for the human diet.     

饲料中添加肌肉生长抑制素抑制肽对海鲈生长性能、体组成、血清生化指标及肝脏与血清免疫指标的影响

本试验旨在研究饲料中添加肌肉生长抑制素抑制肽对海鲈生长性能、体组成、血清生化指标及肝脏与血清免疫指标的影响。以初始均重为(9.05±0.05)g的海鲈幼鱼为试验动物,暂养1周后,挑选规格一致的健康试验鱼480尾,随机分为4组,每组4个重复(水族箱),每个重复放养30尾鱼。4组试验鱼分别投喂肌肉生长抑制素抑制肽添加水平为0(对照)、0.25%、0.50%、0.75%的试验饲料135 d。结果显示:1)0.50%组的增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)和成活率(SR)均显著高于对照组(P0.05),各添加组的饲料系数(FCR)均显著低于对照组(P0.05),且以0.50%组的FCR最低;2)各添加组的背肌粗脂肪含量均显著低于对照组(P0.05),0.50%组的背肌粗蛋白质含量显著高于对照组(P0.05),全鱼的水分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗灰分和背肌的水分、粗灰分含量在各组之间没有显著差异(P0.05);3)0.25%组的血清总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)和总胆固醇(TC)含量显著低于其他各组(P0.05),血清甘油三酯(TG)含量各组间不存在显著差异(P0.05);4)0.50%和0.75%组的血清碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性显著高于对照组(P0.05),0.25%和0.50%组的肝脏溶菌酶(LZM)活性显著高于对照组(P0.05),肝脏与血清的总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)和肝脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性各组间不存在显著差异(P0.05)。综上所述,在饲料中添加肌肉生长抑制素抑制肽能够促进海鲈的生长并提高免疫能力,本试验条件下最适添加水平为0.50%。     

Effect of dietary alternative lipid sources on haematological parameters and serum constituents of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Heterobranchus longifilis</Emphasis> fingerlings

The worldwide increase in aquaculture production and the decrease of wild fish stocks has made the replacement of fish oil (FO) in aquafeed industry a priority. Therefore, the use of terrestrial animal fats and vegetable oils, which has lower cost and larger supplies, may be good as substitute for FO. This study investigate the effects of total replacement of FO by two terrestrial animal fats (pork lard and poultry fat) and three vegetable oils (palm kernel oil, sheabutter oil and sunflower oil) on haematological and serum biochemical profile of Heterobranchus longifilis over 70 days. FO-diet was used as the control. The haematological parameters were significantly affected by dietary lipid sources. Serum total protein was not influenced by the dietary lipids. However, serum cholesterol was significantly higher in fish fed diet containing sunflower oil. Glucose and activities of liver enzymes in blood serum were significantly reduced in fish fed alternative lipids when compared with the control. These results indicate that FO can be replaced completely with alternative lipids without any serious negative health impacts.     

Effects of dietary β‐(1,3)(1,6)‐D‐glucan supplementation on growth performance,intestinal morphology and haemato‐immunological profile of mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

In recent years, aquaculture research has focused on probiotics, prebiotics, and β‐glucans, in order to improve health status and growth performance. Information regarding the effects of β‐glucan on growth performance and intestinal immunity of mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) is scarce. An experiment was therefore conducted to investigate the effects of a yeast β‐glucan preparation (MacroGard^®) on growth performance, intestinal morphology and haemato‐immunological indices of mirror carp. Carp (initial weight 11.1 ± 0.0 g) were fed highly purified diets supplemented with 0% (control), 0.1%, 1% or 2% MacroGard^® for 8 weeks. Fish fed diets containing 1% and 2% MacroGard^® showed significant improvements in weight gain, specific growth rate and feed conversion ratio compared to fish fed both the control and the 0.1% MacroGard^® containing diet. Histological appraisal of the intestine showed a significantly higher infiltration of leucocytes into the epithelial layer of fish fed diets supplemented with 1% and 2% MacroGard^® in the anterior intestine compared to fish fed the control and 0.1% MacroGard^® diet. This effect was not observed in the posterior intestine. There were no significant differences in the intestinal absorptive surface area and number of goblet cells in either intestinal region. At the end of the experiment, the haematological status of the fish was examined. Compared to control fed fish, the haematocrit value was significantly elevated in fish fed the 2% MacroGard^® diet. Furthermore, the blood monocyte fraction was significantly higher in fish fed the 1% and 2% MacroGard^® diets. No significant changes were observed in the other blood parameters assessed. The present study shows that high dietary β‐glucan inclusion increases growth performance without detrimental effects on the health indicators assessed. Increased intraepithelial leucocytes in the anterior intestine may indicate a localized immune response; no detrimental effects on intestinal morphology were observed.