Extreme ultraviolet observations from the voyager 2 encounter with saturn

Combined analysis of helium (584 angstroms) airglow and the atmospheric occultations of the star delta Scorpii imply a vertical mixing parameter in Saturn's upper atmosphere of K (eddy diffusion coefficient) approximately 8 x 10(7) square centimeters per second, an order of magnitude more vigorous than mixing in Jupiter's upper atmosphere. Atmospheric H(2) band absorption of starlight yields a preliminary temperature of 400 K in the exosphere and a temperature near the homopause of approximately 200 K. The energy source for the mid-latitude H(2) band emission still remains a puzzle. Certain auroral emissions can be fully explained in terms of electron impact on H(2), and auroral morphology suggests a link between the aurora and the Saturn kilometric radiation. Absolute optical depths have been determined for the entire C ring andparts of the A and B rings. A new eccentric ringlet has been detected in the C ring. The extreme ultraviolet reflectance of the rings is fairly uniform at 3.5 to 5 percent. Collisions may control the distribution of H in Titan's H torus, which has a total vertical extent of approximately 14 Saturn radii normal to the orbit plane.     

Polariton superfluids reveal quantum hydrodynamic solitons

A quantum fluid passing an obstacle behaves differently from a classical one. When the flow is slow enough, the quantum gas enters a superfluid regime, and neither whirlpools nor waves form around the obstacle. For higher flow velocities, it has been predicted that the perturbation induced by the defect gives rise to the turbulent emission of quantized vortices and to the nucleation of solitons. Using an interacting Bose gas of exciton-polaritons in a semiconductor microcavity, we report the transition from superfluidity to the hydrodynamic formation of oblique dark solitons and vortex streets in the wake of a potential barrier. The direct observation of these topological excitations provides key information on the mechanisms of superflow and shows the potential of polariton condensates for quantum turbulence studies.     

Evidence of supersolidity in rotating solid helium

Supersolidity, the appearance of zero-viscosity flow in solids, was first indicated in helium-4 torsional oscillator (TO) experiments. In this apparatus, the irrotationality of the superfluid component causes it to decouple from the underlying normal solid, leading to a reduction in the resonant period of the TO. However, the resonant period may be altered for reasons other than supersolidity, such as the temperature dependence of the elastic modulus of solid helium. Superimposing rotation onto oscillatory measurements may distinguish between supersolidity and classical effects. We performed such simultaneous measurements of the TO and the shear modulus, and observed substantial change in the resonant period with rotational speed where the modulus remained unchanged. This contrasting behavior suggests that the decrease in the TO period is a result of supersolidity.     

Observation of superflow in solid helium

We report on the observation of nonclassical rotational inertia in solid helium-4 confined to an annular channel in a sample cell under torsional motion, demonstrating superfluid behavior. The effect shows up as a drop in the resonant oscillation period as the sample cell is cooled below 230 millikelvin. Measurement of 17 solid samples allows us to map out the boundary of this superfluid-like solid or supersolid phase from the melting line up to 66 bars. This experiment indicates that superfluid behavior is found in all three phases of matter.     

Nonequilibrium self-assembly of long chains of polar molecules in superfluid helium

It is shown that in the low-temperature (0.37 kelvin) environment of superfluid helium droplets, long-range dipole-dipole forces acting between two polar molecules can result in the self-assembly of noncovalently bonded linear chains. At this temperature the effective range of these forces is on the nanometer scale, making them important in the growth of nanoscale structures. In particular, the self-assembly of exclusively linear hydrogen cyanide chains is observed, even when the folded structures are energetically favored. This suggests a design strategy for the growth of new nanoscale oligomers composed of monomers with defined dipole (or higher order) moment directions.     

Quantum monte carlo

An outline of a random walk computational method for solving the Schr?dinger equation for many interacting particles is given, together with a survey of results achieved so far and of applications that remain to be explored. Monte Carlo simulations can be used to calculate accurately the bulk properties of the light elements hydrogen, helium, and lithium as well as the properties of the isolated atoms and of molecules made up from these elements. It is now possible to make reliable predictions of the behavior of these substances under experimentally difficult conditions, such as high pressure, and of properties that are difficult to measure experimentally, such as the momentum distribution in superfluid helium. For chemical systems, the stochastic method has a number of advantages over the widely used variational approach to determine ground-state properties, namely fast convergence to the exact result within objectively established error bounds.     

Quantum statistics and liquid helium-3--helium-4 mixtures

I have argued, following Einstein and London, that Bose-Einstein statistics is important for understanding the behavior of superfluid (4)He, while Fermi-Dirac statistics is important for understanding that of (3)He. In order to understand qualitatively the general behavior of (3)He-(4)He mixtures at constant pressure, the interaction between the helium atoms cannot be neglected. A very simple model of (3)He-(4)He mixtures is then a binary mixture of two kinds of hard spheres that follow Bose-Einstein and Fermi-Dirac statistics, respectively. This model correctly predicts the most striking features of the phase diagrams of helium mixtures in the temperature-concentration plane. In particular, the Bose-Einstein statistics of (4)He is responsible for the occurrence of a phase separation of the mixture at low temperatures that starts at an unusual type of critical point, while the Fermi-Dirac statistics of (3)He leads to an incomplete phase separation near the absolute zero of temperature, which makes possible the successful operation of a powerful cooling device, the helium dilution refrigerator.     

不可压缩粘性流体旋涡运动积分方程的建立

将导出的旋涡运动积分恒等式应用于涡动力学微分方程,分别建立了不可压缩粘性流体在外力有势条件下的流体质量体(系统)及控制体的旋涡运动积分方程,并对不可压缩粘性流体、外力有势条件下质量体的旋涡运动积分方程及其涡强度和矢量的随体导数予以讨论。其结论可对旋涡运动宏观动力学特性的进一步研究提供参考。     

What Perturbs the ggrdgr Rings of Uranus?

The gamma and delta rings have by far the largest radial perturbations of any of the nine known Uranian rings. These two rings deviate from Keplerian orbits, having typical root-mean-square residuals of about 3 kilometers (compared to a few hundred meters for the other seven known rings). Possible causes for the perturbations include nearby shepherd satellites and Lindblad resonances. If shepherd satellites are responsible, they could be as large as several tens of kilometers in diameter. The perturbation patterns of the gamma and delta rings have been examined for evidence of Lindblad resonances of azimuthal wave number m = 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4. The beta ring radial residuals are well matched by a 2:1 Lindblad resonance. If this represents a real physical phenomenon and is not an artifact of undersampling, then the most plausible interpretation is that there is an undiscovered satellite orbiting 76,522 +/- 8 kilometers from Uranus, with an orbital period of 15.3595 +/- 0.0001 hours and a radius of 75 to 100 kilometers. Such a satellite would be easily detected by the Voyager spacecraft when it encounters Uranus. The 2:1 resonance location is 41 +/- 9 kilometers inside the delta ring, which makes it unlikely that the resonance is due to a viscous instability within the ring. In contrast, no low-order Lindblad resonance matches the gamma ring perturbations, which are probably caused by one or more shepherd satellites large enough to be clearly visible in Voyager images.     

The impact of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 sends ripples through the rings of Jupiter

Jupiter's main ring shows vertical corrugations reminiscent of those recently detected in the rings of Saturn. The Galileo spacecraft imaged a pair of superimposed ripple patterns in 1996 and again in 2000. These patterns behave as two independent spirals, each winding up at a rate defined by Jupiter's gravity field. The dominant pattern originated between July and October 1994, when the entire ring was tilted by about 2 kilometers. We associate this with the Shoemaker-Levy 9 impacts of July 1994. New Horizons images still show this pattern 13 years later and suggest that subsequent events may also have tilted the ring. Impacts by comets or their dust streams are regular occurrences in planetary rings, altering them in ways that remain detectable decades later.     

导流盘对循环水养殖池水动力特性的影响

为提高循环水养殖系统的集污自净化效能,设计了一种带导流盘的正八边形养殖池结构。建立了三维非定常流场数值计算模型,在验证计算方法有效性的基础上,研究了导流盘的几何参数和位置对流速分布、涡量强度、壁面剪切应力和水体混合均匀性等水动力特性的影响。结果表明：在导流盘直径与养殖池宽度之比一定时,随着导流盘高度增加,流场中心涡柱呈先减小后增大趋势,涡环数呈先减小再增加趋势,其形状从不规则逐渐发展成环状结构;在同一高度下,随着导流盘直径与养殖池宽度之比增大,涡柱呈先增大后减小趋势,涡环的数量先增加后基本保持不变;导流盘安装在距池底20～40 mm,直径与养殖池宽度之比为0.05～0.08时,有助于增大养殖池底流口附近的速度梯度,减小养殖池壁面与水体的碰撞,提高涡流强度和水力混合均匀性,有利于形成颗粒物聚集和排出的水动力条件。     

The second ring-moon system of Uranus: discovery and dynamics

Deep exposures of Uranus taken with the Hubble Space Telescope reveal two small moons and two faint rings. All of them orbit outside of Uranus's previously known (main) ring system but are interior to the large, classical moons. The outer new moon, U XXVI Mab, orbits at roughly twice the radius of the main rings and shares its orbit with a dust ring. The second moon, U XXVII Cupid, orbits just interior to the satellite Belinda. A second ring falls between the orbits of Portia and Rosalind, in a region with no known source bodies. Collectively, these constitute a densely packed, rapidly varying, and possibly unstable dynamical system.     

巨型功率晶体管理限环研究

通过解联立一维泊松方程得到了场限环结构的电场和电位分布.讨论了环间距、环宽、N-掺杂浓度、结深和表面电荷密度等参数的影响,得出了归一化击穿电压和环间距计算值.用这些计算值可以推算多环间结构的击穿电压和作为场限环设计的依据.     

Dependence of upper critical field and pairing strength on doping in cuprates

We have determined the upper critical field Hc2 as a function of hole concentration in bismuth-based cuprates by measuring the voltage induced by vortex flow in a driving temperature gradient (the Nernst effect), in magnetic fields up to 45 tesla. We found that Hc2 decreased steeply as doping increased, in both single and bilayer cuprates. This relationship implies that the Cooper pairing potential displays a trend opposite to that of the superfluid density versus doping. The coherence length of the pairs xi(0) closely tracks the gap measured by photoemission. We discuss implications for understanding the doping dependence of the critical temperature Tc0.     

Cassini Imaging Science: initial results on Saturn's rings and small satellites

Images acquired of Saturn's rings and small moons by the Cassini Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS) during the first 9 months of Cassini operations at Saturn have produced many new findings. These include new saturnian moons; refined orbits of new and previously known moons; narrow diffuse rings in the F-ring region and embedded in gaps within the main rings; exceptionally fine-scale ring structure in moderate- to high-optical depth regions; new estimates for the masses of ring-region moons, as well as ring particle properties in the Cassini division, derived from the analysis of linear density waves; ring particle albedos in select ring regions; and never-before-seen phenomena within the rings.     

Pairing without superfluidity: the ground state of an imbalanced Fermi mixture

We used radio-frequency spectroscopy to study pairing in the normal and superfluid phases of a strongly interacting Fermi gas with imbalanced spin populations. At high spin imbalances, the system does not become superfluid even at zero temperature. In this normal phase, full pairing of the minority atoms was observed. Hence, mismatched Fermi surfaces do not prevent pairing but can quench the superfluid state, thus realizing a system of fermion pairs that do not condense even at the lowest temperature.     

Stratospheric meteorological conditions in the arctic polar vortex, 1991 to 1992

Stratospheric meteorological conditions during the Airborne Arctic Stratospheric Expedition II (AASE II) presented excellent observational opportunities from Bangor, Maine, because the polar vortex was located over southeastern Canada for significant periods during the 1991-1992 winter. Temperature analyses showed that nitric acid trihydrates (NAT temperatures below 195 k) should have formed over small regions in early December. The temperatures in the polar vortex warmed beyond NAT temperatures by late January (earlier than normal). Perturbed chemistry was found to be associated with these cold temperatures.     

X-ray structure of the major adduct of the anticancer drug cisplatin with DNA: cis-[Pt(NH3)2(d(pGpG))

Crystals of the adduct of the anticancer drug cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II), cis-DDP, with d(pGpG), its putative target on DNA in the cancer cell, have been obtained and used in an x-ray crystallographic study to elucidate the molecular structure to atomic resolution. Each of the four crystallographically independent cis-[Pt(NH3)2(d(pGpG))] molecules is comprised of a square-planar platinum atom bonded to two ammonia ligands and two N(7) atoms of guanosine nucleosides from the same chain. Base stacking of the two adjacent guanine rings is completely disrupted by coordination to the cis-(Pt(NH3)2)2+ unit. Comparison of the backbone and deoxyribose ring torsion angles with those found by previous (nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy) studies of this adduct in solution demonstrates that the solid state geometry is substantially the same as that in solution. The relevance of these results to the molecular mechanism of action of cis-DDP is discussed.