Diurnal flight patterns ofOrthotomicus erosus andPityogenes calcaratus in Israel

The diurnal flight patterns ofOrthotomicus erosus (Woll.) andPityogenes calcaratus Eichh. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) were studied using funnel traps baited with Pheroprax, the synthetic aggregation pheromone ofIps typographus L. The patterns of the two scolytids were similar and varied between the seasons. In winter, flight occurred only during daylight and peaked at noon (18°C). In spring, flight started when the temperature reached 15°C and two peaks, one in the late morning (20°C) and the other in the early evening (22-23°C), were recorded. In summer, two distinct daily flight periods were recorded: the first peaked in the early morning and the second soon after dusk. The bimodal flight pattern of both species in the warm season reflects hours of optimal flight conditions,viz., when wind speed toward the host tree or breeding material is minimum.     

Seasonal abundance of sap beetles (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) in date plantations in Israel

Seasonal abundance of nitidulid beetles infesting date plantations in Israel was studied through captures of adults in traps.Carpophilus mutilatus andC. hemipterus were found throughout autumn, winter and spring; in the summer their populations declined considerably.Urophorus humeralis predominated during the summer whileHaptoncus luteolus was most abundant during late summer and autumn. Damage to ripening fruit by sap beetles is apparently inflicted mainly byH. luteolus andU. humeralis.     

The biology and behavior oforthotomicus erosus in Israel

The biology and behavior ofOrthotomicus erosus (Wollaston) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in the subcortical zone of pine in Israel are described. The pest attacks and develops in variousPinus species and uses them, or species ofCupressus, for maturation feeding. In IsraelO. erosus is clearly bigamous. Rates of development of various stages at different constant temperatures were measured and discussed. The accelerated development ofO. erosus at high temperatures demonstrates its good adaptation to the hot weather prevailing in Israel.     

昆明市小圆胸小蠹(Euwallacea fornicatus)的危害与防治

小圆胸小蠹(Euwallacea fornicatus)是一种具有经济重要性的蛀干害虫,多年来一直为害昆明市行道树三角枫(Acer buergerianum)和悬铃木(Platanus acerifolia),近年来为害加剧,导致寄主树大枝枯死甚至全株死亡。为揭示小圆胸小蠹为害特点及虫情发展状况,本文调查了距地面不同高度寄主植物主干虫孔分布状况,以及近3年来小圆胸小蠹为害状况的动态变化。结果显示,距地面50~100、100~150、150~200cm主干虫孔百分率的平均值分别为10.81%、37.01%、47.76%,小圆胸小蠹更多侵入三角枫主干距地面100~200cm部位进行筑坑;3年来小圆胸小蠹的为害率增加了7.5%,为害指数增加了6.3。制定了小圆胸小蠹的防治对策及防治月历。提出了加强对距地面100~200cm主干的监测,在进行冬季树干涂白时,将涂刷高度增加到距地面2m的建议。指出了今后虫情监测和控制的方向,即大力开展小圆胸小蠹引诱剂研究。     

红脂大小蠹成虫触角感器的扫描电镜观察

红脂大小蠹Dendroctonus valens LeConte属鞘翅目Coleoptera小蠹科Scolytidae,是我国一种重要的外来入侵害虫。为探究其寄主找寻、配偶找寻和种群聚集等行为机制,本文利用扫描电镜技术,对红脂大小蠹雌雄成虫的触角进行了观察,并对感器进行了分类以及其分布规律的研究。结果表明:红脂大小蠹雌雄成虫触角上共存在包括刺形感器、毛形感器、锥形感器、腔锥形感器和Bhm氏鬃毛在内的5种感器类型,其中毛形感器又分为形态各异的3种亚型。这些感器类型大都在触角的棒节上成带状分布。通过对比其他类似的研究以及感器的外部形态特征,推测红脂大小蠹的毛形感器和锥形感器是化学感受器,是最重要的嗅觉器官;刺形感器、腔锥形感器以及Bhm氏鬃毛是机械感受器,且腔锥形感器可以感受温湿度,Bhm氏鬃毛可以感知触角的位置。研究结果为明确红脂大小蠹的生境选择、种群聚集等行为机制提供了理论基础。     

Intercepted Scolytidae (Coleoptera) at U.S. ports of Entry: 1985–2000

Since 1985, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service has maintained the 'Port Information Network' (PIN) database for plant pests intercepted at the U.S. ports of entry. As of August 2001, PIN contained 6825 records of beetles (Coleoptera) in the family Scolytidae that had been intercepted during the years 1985–2000 from countries outside of North America. Of the 6825 scolytid interceptions, 2740 (40%) were identified to the species level, 2336 (34%) to only the genus level, and 1749 (26%) were identified to only the family level. Of the 49 identified scolytid genera, the 10 most common were Hypothenemus (821 interceptions), Pityogenes (662), Ips (544), Coccotrypes (520), Orthotomicus (461), Hylurgops (327), Hylurgus (266), Tomicus (194), Dryocoetes (166), and Hylastes (142). The 10 most common identified species were Pityogenes chalcographus (565 interceptions), Orthotomicus erosus (385), Hylurgops palliatus (295), Ips typographus (286), Hylurgus ligniperda (217), Ips sexdentatus (157), Tomicus piniperda (155), Hylastes ater (75), Hypothenemus hampei (62), and Polygraphus poligraphus (48). Of these 10 species, H. palliatus, H. ligniperda, and T. piniperda are known to be established in the continental U.S. The scolytids were intercepted from 117 different countries; the top 12 countries were Italy (1090 interceptions), Germany (756), Spain (457), Mexico (425), Jamaica (398), Belgium (352), France (261), China (255), Russia (247), India (224), U.K. (151), and Portugal (150). The scolytids were intercepted in 35 U.S. states and 97 port cities. In general, there was a positive relationship between the number of scolytid interceptions from individual countries and the value of the imports from those countries. Overall, 73% of the scolytids were found in solid wood packing materials, 22% in food or plants, and 5% in other or unspecified materials. The products most commonly associated with scolytid-infested wood packing materials were tiles, marble, machinery, steel, parts, ironware, granite, aluminum, slate, and iron. The food products and plants that were commonly infested with scolytids included nutmeg, palms, coffee beans, kola nuts, and macadamia nuts.     

Note: five new invasive species of longhorn beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Israel

Five invasive species of longhorn beetles, all known as pests and originating from different geographical areas, are recorded from Israel for the first time:Phoracantha recurva (Newman) andXystrocera globosa (Olivier) were collected in nature;Chlorophorus annularis (Fabricius),Neoplocaederus basalis (Gahan) andRhagium inquisitor (Linnaeus) were reared from imported timber. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting May 29, 2008.     

Dactylotrypes longicollis (Wollaston 1864) (Coleoptera, Scolytidae) introduced to the Slovak Republic

A total of 28 seeds of Phoenix canariensis, collected on the littoral of Croatia (former Yugoslavia) in August 1998, were brought to the Slovak Republic in order to grow palm trees In artificial conditions. Surprisingly, the seeds yielded 284 specimens of bark beetles which were identified as Dactylotrypes Iongicollis. This is the first evidence for the introduction of D. longicollis to the Slovak Republic.     

Dactylotrypes longicollis (Wollaston 1864) (Coleoptera, Scolytidae) introduced to the Slovak Republic

A total of 28 seeds of Phoenix canariensis, collected on the littoral of Croatia (former Yugoslavia) in August 1998, were brought to the Slovak Republic in order to grow palm trees In artificial conditions. Surprisingly, the seeds yielded 284 specimens of bark beetles which were identified as Dactylotrypes Iongicollis. This is the first evidence for the introduction of D. longicollis to the Slovak Republic.     

Additional diet of the parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and the parasitizing of the Elm Bark Beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

Supplementing the diet of Coeloides scolyticida, Dendrosoter protuberans and Ecphylus silesiacus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) with Parker's diet and the nectars of melliferous plants: Daucus carota L., Sinapis alba L. and Stachys recta L. had a significant effect on longevity, reproduction, developmental rate, and parasitizing of Scolytus scolytus (Fab.), Scolytus multistriatus (Marsh.) and Scolytus pygmaeus (Fab.) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). These values were considerably lower for wasps fed with the nectar of Sinapis arvensis L. and Trifolium repens L. and the lowest for those without dietary additives. Parker's diet had the most significant effect on the parasitoids and parasitizing of the bark beetles. Nectar of S. recta and S. alba proved most suitable for C. scolyticida and D. protuberans, while E. silesiacus using the nectar from D. carota flower significantly increased parasitizing of S. pygmaeus. T. repens flowers were not a suitable additive for the diet of parasitoids. The parasitoids without additives in their diet had shorter lives, shorter development, and were less effective in reducing host numbers. E. silesiacus wasps had the longest development, and C. scolyticida the shortest. Generally, the parasitoids of the second generation had a slightly prolonged development (1–2 days).     

Lyctidae (Coleoptera) of Israel, their damage and its prevention

Seven species of Lyctidae are recorded from Israel:Lyctus linearis (Goeze) andL. planicollis Le Conte for the first time; as well asL. africanus Lesne;L. brunneus (Stephens);L. parallelocollis Blackburn;Minthea rugicollis Walker;Trogoxylon impression (Comolli); andAcantholyctus comifrons Lesne for the first time from Sinai. The extent of damage and its reduction and prevention are described.     

An annotated list of cleridae and thanerocleridae (Coleoptera) of Israel

Thirty-five species of Cleridae and Thanerocleridae are recorded from Israel, 15 for the first time. General and local distribution, phenology, prey insect and their host plants are listed.     

Zur h?henabh?ngigen Aktivit?tsdynamik einiger Nadelholz-Borkenk?fer (Coleoptera, Scolytidae)

Im Jahr 1988 wurden in 3 Höhenstufen (380 m, 550 m, 660 m) des Rosaliengebirges (Niederösterreich) mittels Pheromonfallen (Typ Theysohn), die entweder mit LINOPRAX, CHALCOPRAX oder PHEROPRAX beködert waren, vom 22.3. bis 2.8. die Flugdynamik der BorkenkäferartenTrypodendron lineatum, Pityogenes chalcographus undIps typographus sowie pheromonunspezifische Insektenanflüge registriert. Der artspezifisch und seehöhenabhängig unterschiedliche Beginn der Flugperioden wurde zu den jeweils gemessenen Lufttemperatur-Extremwerten in Beziehung gesetzt.Innerhalb der untersuchten Höhendifferenz verzögerte sich der Flugbeginn der einzelnen Arten mit steigender Seehöhe um ein bis zwei Wochen. WährendT. lineatum erwartungsgemäß früher als die beiden anderen Arten schwärmte, erschienP. chalcographus gleichzeitig mit oder erst später alsI. typographus. Der Flug setzte an den einzelnen Standorten ein, wenn die durchschnittlichen wöchentlichen Lufttemperatur-Minima bzw.-Maxima beiT. lineatum 2,5 bzw. 8,4°C, beiP. chalcographus 3,5 bzw. 13,2°C und beiI. typographus 1,7 bzw. 11,7°C betrugen. Bei allen 3 Arten lag in der Woche ihres ersten Auftretens das wöchentliche Temperaturmittel um so höher, je höher der Standort gelegen war.     

Bermudagrass (cynodon dactylon): a history of the weed and its control in Israel

Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) is a perennial grass, common and endemic in Israel. The expansion and intensification of agriculture which started in the region at the beginning of this century, induced severe infestation by bermudagrass, particularly in fruit orchards and irrigated fields. The characteristics of the weed are discussed. Methods for control of bermudagrass were developed gradually over the years by local farmers: from ‘bahar’ (manual removal of rhizomes from the soil) to deep plowing and serial cultivation. Since active herbicides became available in Israel (1960s) approximately 20 registered herbicides and mixtures have been used effectively against bermudagrass in most agricultural and industrial situations. Although herbicides are accepted at present for bermudagrass control by most farmers, it is important to re-assess alternative measures which were developed locally.     

Comparison of the seasonal occurrence and behavior of seven pine bark beetles (Coleoptera: scolytidae) in Israel

The seasonal occurrence, behavior and gallery system of seven sympatric pine bark beetles were examined at two sites, using trap-logs and trap-trees ofPinus halepensis. Two groups of beetles were recognized:(a) Tomicus destruens, Hylurgus micklitzi andHylastes linearis, which are monogamous, univoltine, breed during the winter and early spring, and prefer the lower section of the tree;H. micklitzi andH. linearis tend to infest the main root system,(b) Orthotomicus erosus, Pityogenes calcaratus, Carphoborus minimus andCrypturgus mediterraneus, which are polygamous, multivoltine, and breed from spring to autumn.O. erosus usually infests the lower stem sections,P. calcaratus occupies the thin smooth bark aboveO. erosus, andC. minimus develops on the top stem.Cr. mediterraneus lives in the mines and egg tunnels of the other species and uses their gallery entrance holes. Occupation of different stem sections by the beetles, and beetle damage as related to tree age are discussed.     

Catching Ips duplicatus (Sahlberg) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) with pheromone‐baited traps: optimal trap type,colour, height and distance to infestation

BACKGROUND: Field trapping experiments were carried out to evaluate effective trap characteristics for maximising Ips duplicatus (Sahlberg) catches in pheromone‐baited traps in China. RESULTS: Window‐slot and cross‐barrier traps had significantly higher catches than multiple‐funnel traps. The colour of window‐slot traps showed a significant effect on catches, with dark colours (black and red) being more effective than light colours, especially white and yellow. Window‐slot traps at a 1.5–2.0 m level caught more beetles than those at either ground level (0–0.5 m) or at 3.5–4.0 m. Ips duplicatus can be attracted to pheromone‐baited traps over a distance of > 100 m from the forest edge in an open grassy field. There was a strong diurnal pattern of flight activity, with catches on window‐slot traps occurring during the daytime with one broad peak at mid‐ to late afternoon. The seasonal flight activity of I. duplicatus as monitored by pheromone‐baited window‐slot traps during 2007–2008 indicated that three major flight peaks occurred in early June, late June–early July and late July respectively, suggesting the existence of a potential second generation. CONCLUSION: The optimal trap characteristics will improve the performance of pheromone‐baited traps as a critical monitoring or mass‐trapping tool to combat outbreaks of this pest species. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Winter mortality in sub-corticolous populations of Ips typographus (Coleoptera, Scolytidae) and its parasitoids in the south-eastern Alps

A study concerning the winter mortality of a sub-corticolous population of Ips typographus and its parasitoids has been carried out in the south-eastern Alps (Italy) during the winter 1997/98. Three attacked spruce trees were sampled three times (November, February and April) by collecting infested bark disks (1dm² each). All insects that emerged from the bark or died in the samples before emergence were counted. The mean number of living Ips typographus occurring under the bark decreases by 49% from November to April. Winter mortality mainly affects larval stages and young adults. The same trend was observed for the parasitoids Coeloides bostrychorum (48.5%) and Roptrocerus xylophagorum (47.5%).