Insecticidal effects of essential oils from various plants against larvae of pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa Schiff) (Lepidoptera: Thaumetopoeidae)

Along with sulfate turpentine, the essential oils obtained by steam distillation from nine plant species naturally grown in Turkish forests were tested at three different concentrations to evaluate their effectiveness against the larvae of pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa Schiff). The results indicated that the essential oils from the nine species and sulfate turpentine were effective against the larvae of T pityocampa. The most effective essential oil in the control of the larvae was steam-distilled wood turpentine, followed by thyme herb oil, juniper berry oil, laurel leaf oil, lavender flower oil, eucalyptus leaf oil, lavender leaf oil, cypress berry oil, essential oil of styrax and sulfate turpentine, respectively, in terms of mean mortality time. It is therefore feasible to use these essential oils as environment-friendly insecticides in the control of T pityocampa.     

Effectiveness of a naturally derived insecticide, spinosad, against the pine processionary moth Thaumetopoea wilkinsoni Tams (Lepidoptera: Thaumetopoeidae) under laboratory conditions

The pine processionary moth Thaumetopoea wilkinsoni Tams is a serious pest on pine trees in southwestern Turkey. The efficacy of a naturally derived insecticide, spinosad, on fourth-fifth instar larvae of T. wilkinsoni was studied under laboratory conditions. The product exhibited strong larvicidal activity and at doses above 5 mg litre(-1) caused > 90% mortality in the fourth-fifth larval stages of the species after 72 h. At 72 h the LD50 and LD90 values were 3.26 and 5.69 mg litre(-1) respectively. The results showed that spinosad is highly effective on T. wilkinsoni larvae.     

Preliminary notes on the parasites ofSpodoptera Exigua (Huebner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Israel

Larvae ofSpodoptera exigua (Huebner) were collected and their parasites were reared out. From larvae collected in alfalfa fields, 14 parasite species were recovered; from those collected in corn fields, 12 species were recovered; eight species were common to both situations.Meteorus unicolor Wesm. was predominant in corn fields andChelonus inanitus (L.) was predominant in alfalfa fields.     

Seven invasive owlet moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Israel and their potential parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea)

Invasive tropical Noctuidae pest species collected in Israel included Spodoptera mauritia (Boisduval), Trichoplusia vittata (Wallengren), Anomis flava (Fabricius), Anomis sabulifera (Guenée), Earias vittella (Fabricius), Earias biplaga Walker, and Earias cupreoviridis (Walker). All seven noctuid species were rare and sporadically present only along the coastal plain. Possible reasons for this type of distribution are discussed. Abundance was greatest in May with smaller peaks present in February–March and September. Several common parasitoid species – Elasmus flabellatus (Fonscolombe), Elasmus nudus (Nees) and Elasmus viridiceps Thomson (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), with potential as biological control agents for tropical noctuids, are detected in Israel.     

Epiblema strenuana (Walker, 1863) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), a new species in Israel

Epiblema strenuana (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), an important biological control agent for invasive plants, was found to be present in Israel from 2008 on Ambrosia spp. The entrance pathway is not known, but is probably via the import of plant material (grains) from the USA.     

Application of pityolure for detection and control of Thaumetopoea pityocampa in Israel1

Trials were carried out with pityolure, the synthetic female sex pheromone of Thaumetopoea pityocampa, to test the various possibilities of its use in the management of the pest. Practical application consists of macromapping of infested and non-infested areas, early detection of new foci of infestation, and timing of sprays with insecticides. Brief mention is made of possible uses not yet applied in practice, such as control by mating disruption, control by mass trapping and monitoring of the population level. Des essais sur le pityolure, phéromone synthétique sexuelle femelle de Thaumetopoea pityocampa, ont permis de tester diverses possibilités d'utilisation pour la lutte contre cet organisme nuisible. Parmi les applications pratiques sont la macro-cartographie des lieux infestés ou non infestés, la détection précoce de nouveaux foyers d'infestation et la détermination des dates d'application de pulvérisations d'insecticides. Quelques utilisations possibles mais non encore appliquées sont brièvement mentionnées: lutte par confusion des mâles, lutte par piégeages en masse et contrôle des niveaux de population.     

Life tables of Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on different cultivated plants

Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a cosmopolitan species that feeds on numerous cultivated plants and herbaceaus plants. Agrotis ipsilon causes significant economic losses in various agricultural products, especially in indisturial plants and vegetables in Turkey and worldwide. In this study, the effects on the biology and reproductive potential of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L., Asteraceae), maize (Zea mays L., Poaceae), sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera Alef.,Amaranthaceae) and potato (Solanum tuberosum L., Solanaceae) which are essential host plants of A. ipsilon were investigated under climatized conditions of 28?±?1 °C, 60%?±?10 r.h., and 16 h daily artificial light. The data obtained were analyzed by using an age-stage two-sex life table. Agrotis ipsilon had five larval stages fed on lettuce, whereas seven larval stages were fed on other host plants. Agrotis ipsilon showed the best development and reproduction on lettuce, followed by sugar beet. When A. ipsilon is reared on lettuce the intrinsic rate of increase (r?=?0.1237 d^?1), finite rate of increase (λ?=?1.1317 d^?1) and net reproductive rate (R₀?=?403.06 offspring/individual) were found higher and the mean generation times (T?=?48.51 d) is shorter than those in other host plants. According to these results, A. ipsilon can cause the most damage to lettuce among studied plants.

     

Lack of cross-resistance to indoxacarb in insecticide-resistant Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae)

Two field strains of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith), collected from corn in north Florida showed high resistance to carbaryl (626- and 1159-fold) and moderate resistance to parathion-methyl (30- and 39-fold) as compared with a laboratory susceptible strain. A field strain of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) collected from cabbage in north Florida and selected for 20 generations with permethrin showed high resistance to permethrin (987-fold) as compared with a susceptible strain. However, in all instances, no cross-resistance to indoxacarb, a novel oxidiazine insecticide, was observed in these two species. Biochemical studies revealed that, in S. frugiperda, activities of detoxification enzymes (microsomal oxidase, glutathione S-transferase and general esterase) were significantly higher in the field strains than in the susceptible strain, indicating that these detoxification enzymes were not actively involved in the resistance to indoxacarb. The lack of cross-resistance between indoxacarb and permethrin in P. xylostella further supports the notion that the mode of action of these insecticides on the insect sodium channel is different.     

Seasonal history ofOrthotomicus erosus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in Israel

Observations on the seasonal history ofOrthotomicus erosus (Wollaston) (Coleop-tera: Scolytidae) were conducted on trap-logs within pine plantations in Israel. Seven annual generations were observed in the coastal plain. The average development period from the entrance of the parents into the host until the emergence of the brood was 60 days in spring, 30 days in summer, 66 days in autumn, and 75 days in winter. Data are presented on duration of the colonization process, parent activity within the host, brood development and brood emergence. To overwinter,O. erosus aggregates on unused bark portions of the breeding host, or on pines, usually with a smooth thin bark, affected by other borers. Overwintering occurred between mid-October and February.O. erosus does not mate before emergence. Mating occurs not only in the nuptial chamber but also during maturation feeding and the overwintering period.     

First record of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in Burundi

This study to detect Tuta absoluta was carried out at four sites in western Burundi from March to July 2018. Delta traps containing Tutrack pheromone and sticky paper were installed in tomato fields at 40 cm from the ground. Sample collection was carried out twice a week. The results confirmed the presence of T. absoluta in Burundi. Effective pest control is required to avoid heavy losses on tomato production.     

朱红毛斑蛾生物学特性研究

朱红毛斑蛾(Phauda flammans Walker)(鳞翅目:斑蛾科)是榕树上的一种重要食叶害虫,通过室内观察和野外调查,研究了朱红毛斑蛾的形态特征、年生活史及生活习性。结果表明,朱红毛斑蛾卵粒聚集排列成连续线状;幼虫共6龄;雌雄成虫可通过触角鞭节颜色、腹末有无毛须和腹部腹面体毛颜色加以区分。在广西1年发生2~3代,以第2代预蛹期幼虫及蛹和第3代低龄幼虫越冬。成虫羽化高峰为10:00-13:00;交配高峰期为13:00-18:00;产卵高峰期为11:00-15:00;幼虫仅为害榕属植物叶片,当食料缺乏时还会为害其枝条韧皮部;越冬幼虫喜欢在位于地表突出的根系附近或杂草丛下化蛹越冬,极少数在土壤表层0~10mm处做蛹室化蛹。自然条件下发现2种朱红毛斑蛾的寄生性天敌。     

Control of the Pine Processionary Caterpillar (Thaumetopoea Wilkinsoni Tams) with Diflubenzuron

During 1973-76 trials were carried out to control the pine processionary caterpillar with Dimilin (25% diflubenzuron WP), and commercial treatments with this compound in the forest were followed up until 1978/79. Total mortality of the 1st-3rd instar larvae was obtained in 8-16-year-old Aleppo pine plots after an aerial spray of Dimilin at the rate of 300 g (75 g a.i.) in 50 liter water/ha; 500 g (125 g a.i.)/ha was required to kill all 3rd and 4th instar larvae. A ground spray with Dimilin at a concentration of 0.003% (0.00075% a.i.) in water of 6-year-old Aleppo pine trees infested by 1st-3rd instar larvae gave similar results. The period Dimilin persisted on the sprayed needles in the forest was up to 27 days, even after 91 mm of rain.     

曲纹紫灰蝶生殖行为研究

曲纹紫灰蝶是为害苏铁植物的重要食叶害虫, 研究其繁殖行为和节律, 可为该虫防控策略的制定提供基础资料。本研究在半自然环境条件下观察和分析了曲纹紫灰蝶的羽化、交配和产卵行为及节律。发现曲纹紫灰蝶在5:00－18:59羽化, 9:00－12:59时达到羽化高峰;雄虫主动求偶和交配, 交配行为发生于白天, 交配高峰期为9:00－15:59, 交配时长(82.85±59.76) min, 交配姿势呈“一”字形;雌虫1 d内可多次产卵, 产卵高峰期在8:00－8:59和14:00－15:59 2个时间段, 卵多产于苏铁植物的嫩叶上, 单雌产卵量为10~282粒。     

Plant trypanosome (mastigophora: trypanosomatidae) fromcynanchum acutum (asclepiadaceae) plants in northern Israel

Trypanosomatid flagellates were found inCynanchum acutum L. (Asclepiadaceae) plants in Israel.     

长春地区大菜粉蝶生物学特性观察

大菜粉蝶Pieris brassicae是十字花科蔬菜上的重要害虫之一。本文通过田间观察结合室内饲养,系统描述了该虫各发育阶段的形态特征,记录了发育历期、生活史及其生活习性。大菜粉蝶在长春地区1年发生3代,以蛹越冬。成虫多产卵于叶背面,每块卵10～207粒。幼虫5个龄期,群集为害,随着幼虫龄期的增长,头壳宽度与体长逐渐增加,各龄期头壳宽度和体长生长模型为：y_W=1.727e^0.557x(R²=0.998)和y_L=0.031x²+0.339x-0.013(R²=0.994)。取食白菜、油菜、甘蓝和萝卜4种寄主的幼虫发育历期存在显著差异,取食白菜发育最快,取食油菜的蛹最重,白菜和油菜更适宜其生长发育。本研究描述了大菜粉蝶各发育阶段的形态特征,明确了其主要生物学特性,为该害虫的识别监测和综合防控提供了理论基础。