中草药饲料添加剂在我国水产中的应用

作为绿色饲料添加剂之一的中草药饲料添加荆,近年来已成为动物营养研究的一大热点,研究结果发现:中草药饲料添加剂的免疫活性物质能增强机体免疫机能,提高动物抗应激、抗疾病能力,改善动物生产性能,而其本身又具有毒副作用小、无残留、无耐药性的特殊优点.本文综述了中草药饲料添加剂的特点、作用机理、分类及其在我国水产中的应角,并对其发展前景进行了展望.     

饲料添加剂在水产动物生长、营养及免疫中的应用进展

饲料添加剂是在基础饲料的生产加工或使用过程中添加微量物质,具有强化基础饲料营养价值,节省饲料成本,提高动物生产性能,改善肌肉品质等作用.目前国内外对饲料添加剂的研究众多,为突出饲料添加剂对水产动物在不同方面的影响,本文综述了饲料添加剂对水产动物生长性能、营养成分及免疫中的应用进展.     

生物技术在动物营养中的研究及发展趋势

动物营养生物技术是以饲料和饲料添加剂为对象，以基因工程、微生物工程等高新技术为手段．开发新型的饲料资源和饲料添加剂等动物营养物质，提高饲料的转化率．最终达到节约粮食、提高动物的生产性能以及减轻养殖业造成的环境污染。生物技术在动物营养中应用广泛。利用基因工程技术可以提高饲料作物蛋白质的质量。提高饲用作物种子含油量，从而提高动物营养物质的质量；还可以利用细胞工程技术生产动物营养物质，利用酶工程技术提高动物营养物质利用率，利用微生物工程技术生产动物营养物质。     

中草药饲料添加剂在鸡养殖生产上的应用

中草药饲料添加剂是指以中草药为原料制成的饲料添加剂,添加于畜禽日粮中,具有改善饲料品质、促进动物生长发育、提高疾病抵抗能力等功效。中草药饲料添加剂在提高鸡免疫性能、生产性能、肉品品质、抗病能力等方面的应用进行综述,探讨其研究现状和发展方向,旨在为推广中草药饲料添加剂在畜禽生产中的使用,促进畜禽健康养殖提供参考。     

生物技术在动物营养中的研究及发展趋势

动物营养生物技术是以饲料和饲料添加剂为对象,以基因工程、微生物工程等高新技术为手段,开发新型的饲料资源和饲料添加剂等动物营养物质,提高饲料的转化率,最终达到节约粮食、提高动物的生产性能以及减轻养殖业造成的环境污染。生物技术在动物营养中应用广泛,利用基因工程技术可以提高饲料作物蛋白质的质量,提高饲用作物种子含油量,从而提高动物营养物质的质量;还可以利用细胞工程技术生产动物营养物质,利用酶工程技术提高动物营养物质利用率,利用微生物工程技术生产动物营养物质。     

生态水产饲料制造技术

生态饲料是指可获得最大营养物利用率和最佳动物生产性能 ,且能最大限度地注重饲料对饲养动物、生产者、消费者和环境 (主要是土壤、水资源 )的安全性 ,促进生态和谐的饲料。生态饲料的特点是 :①强调提高资源的利用率 ,减少动物排泄 ,降低对环境的污染 ;②强调最佳的动物生产性能 ,提高饲料的经济性 ;③强调安全性 ,即不使用违禁饲料添加剂和不符合卫生标准的饲料原料 ,不滥用会对环境 (土地、水资源等 )造成污染的饲料添加剂 ,尽可能不用或少用抗生素 ;④强调饲料的适口性和易消化性 ,善待动物 ;⑤强调改善动物产品的营养品质和风味 ;⑥提…     

饲用酶制剂在水产养殖中的应用

饲料酶在动物营养上应用越来越普遍，它能提高动物生产性能，提高饲料转化率，降低粪便污染和动物死亡率，已被公认为是一种无残留、无污染、无公害的绿色环保型添加剂。酶是活细胞产生的具有特殊催化能力的蛋白质，它广泛存在于各种生物体内，参与机体的各种生化反应。早在20世纪60年代，酶制剂就     

中草药饲料添加剂在水产养殖中的应用

随着我国水产养殖业的迅猛发展，特别是集约化养殖程度的提高，鱼、虾等水产动物的病害问题已成为制约水产养殖的重要因素之一。化学药品、农药等对防治病害虽然有一定的成效，但同时也带来了病原体的抗药性与日俱增、治疗效果下降、成本提高，甚至还产生致畸、致突变等一系列副作用。而中草药作为饲料添加剂中的绿色产品，具有天然、高效、毒副作用少、抗药性不显著、资源丰富以及性能多样等优点，在提高水产动物生产性能和饲料利用率的同时，兼有药性和营养性双重作用，是化学合成饲料添加剂不可比拟的。因此，以中草药替代抗生素的添加剂…     

中草药饲料抗菌保健剂的研究与应用

中草药饲料抗菌保健剂是一类十分重要的绿色饲料添加剂。它涵盖了中草药饲料抗微生物剂、免疫增强剂和抗应激剂等内容。研究表明，许多中草药本身就具有良好的体外抑菌能力，与西药不同的是，中草药饲料抗菌保健剂无残留、无耐药性，其作用机理不仅仅在于对病原微生物的抑杀作用，更重要的是对机体抗病修复能力的调整，即调动机体的应激能力、提高机体免疫功能和抗病防御机能，从而达到提高动物生产性能和饲料利用效率的目的。     

细菌性木聚糖酶在饲料生产中的应用

饲用酶制剂的应用效果现已毋庸置疑，它既能提高饲料的消化率和利用率，提高畜禽及鱼类的生产性能，又能减少畜禽排泄物中的氮、磷含量，减少氮、磷等有机物在水体和土壤中的蓄积，使其免受污染。因而饲用酶制剂作为一类高效、无毒副作用和环保型的“绿色”饲料添加剂，在21世纪将有着十分广阔的应用前景。由于大多数酶制剂会在高温条件下失活而影响其性能发挥，     

水产诱食剂在虾料中的应用

近年来,对虾养殖业发展迅速,由传统的自然放养转向高密度集约化养殖,水产饵料的需求量不断攀升,大量的集约化饲养几乎全靠人工饵料.然而,人工饵料与传统天然饵料相比,其风味和适口性往往存在很大差异,饵料中添加诱食成分即诱食剂,用来提高饵料产品的诱食作用是当前饵料生产中面临的主要问题之一.下面就对虾饵料中的诱食剂作用及原料选择问题谈一下自己的观点.     

Radiological risk assessment of fish feed and feed raw materials

In this study, natural radioactivity concentrations of fish feed and feed raw materials were assessed. Several feeds and raw materials were provided from the suppliers who dominate the aquaculture sector. ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K concentrations were determined by using a high‐purity germanium detector. The measured activity concentrations of samples ranged from 3.28 ± 0.27 to 15.90 ± 1.36, from 1.27 ± 0.10 to 12.07 ± 1.21 and from 52.01 ± 2.60 to 1,158.96 ± 54.42 Bq/kg for ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K respectively. The gamma dose rate and annual effective dose rate of samples were calculated to be in the range of 1.99–50.47 nGy/h and 2.44–61.89 µSv/yr respectively. Since the calculated radiological risk parameters of the samples were lower than the world wide average values, the radiation hazard is insignificant for human handlers.     

利用糖酶降低猪禽饲料成本

<正>在饲料中添加糖酶具有可观的经济效益,尤其是谷物价格高时更是如此。当然,酶添加在不同的谷物中会产生不同的效果。在动物日粮中能量是最昂贵的"营养素"。实际上,单胃动物大部分的日粮中50%左右的能量来源于淀粉。而能量也可以从脂肪和非淀粉碳水化     

福建省水产饲料业的崛起与学科进步

水产养殖业的迅速发展带动了水产饲料业的进步。福建省水产饲料业经过近30年的稳步发展,饲料研发能力、产品产量与质量等均有较大的提高。本文概述了福建省水产饲料业的崛起与学科建设,指出了福建省水产饲料学科建设的重点发展方向。     

软质饲料与鲜杂鱼饵料饲养大黄鱼对比试验

为比较研究网箱养殖大黄鱼过程中分别投喂软质饲料与鲜杂鱼饵料的养殖效果,2011年5月于福建省马鼻玉井网箱养殖海区,选取平均规格为152 g/尾的大黄鱼,经过60 d的饲养,试验组全投软质饲料,对照组全投鲜杂鱼。结果显示：试验组与对照组每尾平均体重分别为256.9 g、231.3 g,饲料系数分别为2.505、7.306,大黄鱼每增重1 kg所需的饲料成本分别为15元、19.7元,投喂软质饲料进行饲养可节省成本4.7元。结果表明：投喂软质饲料的养殖效果优于鲜杂鱼,存活率更高,更具环保等综合效益。     

Growth and feed utilisation of rainbow trout subjected to changes in feed lipid concentrations

Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss grew from 44 to 326 g in 96days when held at 12 °C. Fish were fed to satiation twice dailywith either high (L₁: 30.8%, L₂:31.4%) or lower-lipid feeds (C₁: 18.8%,C₂: 21.8%). Four feeding treatments were studied.Group C₁C₂ received feed C₁ for 43 days(days 0–43) and C₂ thereafter (days 44–96).Groups L₁L₂, L₁C₂ andC₁L₂ were subjected to dietary changes asindicated by the feed designations. After a short period of feedadaptation, fish ingested similar amounts of feed energy i.e., they ateless by weight of the lipid-rich (L) feeds. Feed lipid content did notaffect growth but fish fed L-feed had reduced feed conversion ratio(FCR) compared to fish fed C-feed (0.731 vs. 0.773) during days0–43 (P < 0.01). After 96 days,L₁L₂-fish were lower in body protein(15.8%) than the C₁C₂-fish (16.8%)(P < 0.01). L-feeds also tended to increase percentage lipidand reduce percentage whole body moisture and ash. A higher net proteinutilisation (NPU) was recorded in fish fed L-feeds (43.6%)compared to fish fed C-feeds (38.8%) in days 0–43(P < 0.05). This seemed to be the result of a lower proteinintake rather than a protein-sparing effect of feed lipid. Above athreshold value of approximately 6.5 mg protein eaten·g bodywt_{minus 1}·day_–1, NPU decreased.     

中草药复合饵料投喂草鱼后肾脏组织学观察

目的观察草鱼在投喂中草药复合饵料后不同阶段肾脏组织结构的变化。方法将5 000尾草鱼(约0.5 kg)随机平均分成两组,一组为对照组投喂普通饵料,一组为实验组投喂中草药复合饵料,分别于0、1、2、4、5周在每组取1尾剖取肾脏,制成石蜡切片,HE染色,10×40倍光学显微镜下观察。结果实验组草鱼肾脏组织中部分肾小管上皮细胞大小不一,致使管腔变窄且相互挤压程度加重;胞核数量增加,部分肾小球增生肥大。结论中草药复合鱼饵饲喂草鱼,可引起草鱼部分肾脏组织形态结构发生改变。     

Environmental effects on feed utilization

Both external and internal factors affect the response of fish to variations in dietary quantity and quality. An attempt is made to review major, recent studies on the series of intermediate steps (intake, digestion, metabolism, excretion and retention) involved in the global response of fish to environmental changes. Among these external factors, greater attention is however devoted to those that are the most important natural effectors within the aquatic environment: temperature, ambient oxygen and salinity. The changes brought about by a change in temperature at different levels of nutrient utilization have been studied to a great extent in the recent past. As temperature affects in the first instance, the voluntary food intake, a discussion on current nutrient requirement data should preferably be dealt with in absolute terms. While critical levels of oxygen below which growth is hindered are sufficiently defined for many species, precise data on the direct effects of oxygen deficiency on nutrient utilization are still fragmentory. With regard to salinity, a distinction between stenohaline and euryhaline species and a knowledge of the physiological mechanisms corresponding to their life cycles are required before attempting comparative analyses. Within euryhaline species, best performances are noted at salinities isotonic to the internal medium. Despite accumulating evidence on the effects of cyclical phenomena, the chronobiological approach to fish culture remains practically unexplored.     

鲆鲽鱼类饵料研究现状

鲆鲽鱼类隶属于硬骨鱼纲(Osteichthyes),鲽形目(Pleuronectiformes),俗称比目鱼类(Flatfishes),可分为鲆科(Bothidae)、鲽科(Pleuronectidae)和鳎科(Soleoidae).鲆鲽鱼类是中国海水鱼养殖种类中重要的组成部分,其肉质鲜美细嫩,营养丰富,具有极高的营养价值和经济价值[1].     

Fat content in turbot feed: influence on feed intake, growth and body composition

The influences of dietary fat concentration on growth and energy deposition were studied in two replicated groups of turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.). Individually tagged turbot (202.3 g) held at 15.6 °C were offered dry pellets in excess. These contained either high-fat (25.4%) or low-fat (16.6%) concentration and identical protein (43.2%). After 3 months, feed treatments were crossed in two replicates, and the remaining fish were offered a mix of feeds for a further 2 months. Fish were sacrificed for analysis of body composition at the start of the experiment, at the time of feed treatment changes and when the experiment was terminated. There were no significant differences in energy intake, specific growth rate or weight between treatments at any time during the experiment. At the time of the feed treatment change fish offered high-fat feed had a significantly higher relative body fat (8.2 vs. 6.3% w/w) and lower body water (71.2 vs. 73%), but there were no differences in protein or ash content. By the end of the experiment, differences in body composition had diminished. The results indicate that fat content in the turbot may be manipulated by changing the dietary fat content, apparently without major influences on weight gain.