沼液施用对土壤Cd形态及水稻吸收Cd的影响

为探讨不同沼液施用量对土壤镉的修复效果,文章采用盆栽试验,以中重度Cd污染水稻土为研究对象,探讨了不同量沼液施用下土壤镉形态分布的变化及对水稻镉积累的影响。结果表明:1)施用不同沼液施用量后,土壤中重金属Cd发生变化,含量降低了53.16%,51.57%,48.88%,61.57%,63.16%,说明一定量的沼液施入能减少土壤中的Cd含量;2)施用沼液能改变土壤重金属Cd的存在形态;3)随着沼液量的增加,糙米中Cd含量呈减少的趋势,均小于常规化肥组的Cd含量;4)采用Hakanson的潜在生态风险指数法对种植后土壤的重金属Cd生态风险进行了评价,与原土相比,沼液的施用不会增加土壤的潜在生态风险。综上,与施用化肥相比,在中重度Cd污染的土壤上施加适量沼液能增加土壤养分,降低土壤中的Cd含量,使土壤Cd形态由生物有效性向非生物有效性转化,降低了Cd在水稻中的积累量。     

沼液灌溉对芥菜产量及养分吸收的影响研究

通过箱体栽培试验研究沼液施用量对芥菜产量及养分吸收的影响、比较沼液处理与化肥处理,得出芥菜最适合沼液量,为"猪-沼-菜"生态循环农业模式推进提供依据。试验表明,每次施用1.5 L沼液最为合理:芥菜地上部分生物量最高624 g,相比空白处理增产831%,相比化肥处理增产54.4%;体内硝态氮190 mg·kg~(-1)仅占化肥处理的54.0%,含量远低于化肥处理;总养分含量可达8.66 mg·kg~(-1),是空白处理的5.47倍,化肥处理的1.49倍,其中全氮、全磷、全钾含量相比空白处理分别提高368%,427%,477%。适量沼液灌溉,可有效促进芥菜生长,提高芥菜产量及其对养分的吸收能力,降低硝酸盐含量。     

水稻间歇灌溉的节水增产机理研究

使稻田水分处于“薄水层─湿润─短暂落干”循环状态的水稻间歇灌溉是我国应推广的水稻节水灌溉技术之一。依据近三年来的试验研究,讨论了间歇灌溉的节水和增产机理,提出了着眼于提高降水利用率和降低渗漏量的稻田水管理模式及其注意事项;同时认为水稻间歇灌溉有利于提高氮素养分的利用率,从而促进水稻增产。     

氮掺杂石墨烯修饰电极检测稻田水中重金属污染的研究

水稻是我国主要粮食作物,在粮食安全中占有极其重要的地位,镉(Cd~(2+))和铅(Pb~(2+))是稻田水中常见的重金属污染物,受到污染的水用于下游农田的灌溉,将进一步扩大重金属的污染,给人们食品安全和身体健康造成威胁,因此稻田水中重金属污染的检测非常重要。本文以差分脉冲阳极溶出伏安法,制备了氮掺杂石墨烯修饰的电极并使用该电极对稻田水溶液中镉(Cd~(2+))、铅(Pb~(2+))两种重金属的含量进行检测,并在华南农业大学跃进农场水稻田采集了水样,经过室内试验测得,该水样质量达标。     

不同类型肥料对东北地区稻田氮磷损失和水稻产量的影响

【目的】减少东北地区稻田氮肥施用量,提高养分利用效率。【方法】利用田间小区试验研究了不同类型缓/控释肥料对稻田退水氮磷径流损失、水稻产量和氮素吸收利用效率的影响。【结果】与常规施肥处理比较,缓/控释肥料做基肥一次施用可以显著降低稻田退水中氮素质量浓度和径流损失量,缓/控释肥料CRF-3处理(中化牌控释掺混肥料,N、P_2O_5、K_2O养分质量比为19∶14∶22)磷素量较高,易造成磷素的淋洗和径流损失,CRF-1处理(宁夏农林科学院自主研制的控释掺混肥料,N、P_2O_5、K_2O养分质量比为26∶10∶12)总氮和总磷径流损失量均最低,分别比常规施肥处理降低了38.04%和46.87%。受田面追施氮肥的影响,常规施肥处理田面水总氮质量浓度最高达到9.43 mg/L,缓/控释肥料处理田面水总氮质量浓度在水稻插秧15 d后才达到峰值,显著低于常规施肥处理。与常规施肥比较,CRF-1和CRF-3处理水稻籽粒产量没有降低,其中CRF-1处理氮肥回收率提高9.84%,氮肥农学利用效率增加了10.83 kg/kg。【结论】综合考虑稻田氮磷养分径流损失和水稻产量因素,CRF-1处理水稻养分配比合理,是较适宜东北地区水稻种植的控释肥料。     

再生水灌溉对稻田重金属分布的影响

以南方稻田为研究对象,以再生水安全灌溉调控为目标,基于田间试验,研究了不同灌溉水源(农村生活污水一级处理水R1、二级处理水R2、生态塘净化水R3和河道清水R4)、不同灌溉调控(低水位W1、中水位W2和高水位W3)对土壤-作物典型重金属(镉Cd、铅Pb、铬Cr、铜Cu、锌Zn)质量比变化的影响,分析了农村生活再生水灌溉调控对土壤重金属生态风险.研究表明,农村生活污水再生灌溉稻田Cd, Pb质量比略有升高,Cr, Cu, Zn含量下降;水稻植株各部分器官重金属质量比按植株器官排序从大到小依次为茎,稻米≈叶,重金属组成从大到小依次为Zn, Cr, Pb, Cd,相对灌溉水源,水位调控对水稻植株各部分器官重金属质量比累积影响较小,再生水灌溉条件下水稻籽粒重金属质量比并未明显增加,符合稻谷污染物的限量要求;农村生活污水再生灌溉稻田Cd生态风险系数最高,Cu和Pb次之,Cr和Zn风险系数较低,R3水源灌溉下土壤重金属污染潜在生态风险最低,总体上,再生水灌溉并未对土壤造成严重污染,但长期进行再生水灌溉是否会造成重金属污染风险持续增加有待研究.     

控制灌溉稻田土植系统Cd,Cr迁移转化

为研究不同灌溉模式下稻田土壤Cd,Cr淋失量差异及其对Cd,Cr迁移转化的影响,基于田间小区试验对土壤和水稻植株中Cd,Cr含量进行了分析.研究结果表明:与淹水灌溉相比,控制灌溉可减少水稻全生育期稻田土壤Cd,Cr淋失量53.3%和19.3%.控制灌溉降低了稻田土壤Cd,Cr含量,但处理间稻田土壤Cd,Cr含量不具有统计学意义.与淹水灌溉相比,控制灌溉0～20 cm土壤Cd,Cr含量分别下降了1.2%和0.6%.由于水分管理不同,导致控制灌溉表层土壤Cd,Cr的赋存形态与淹水灌溉的差异.大部分时间里控制灌溉的稻株地上部和地下部Cd,Cr累积量均高于淹水灌溉,说明控制灌溉增大了土壤Cd,Cr在植株体内的吸收.无论是控制灌溉还是淹水灌溉,稻穗Cd含量低于我国食品安全国家标准(0.2 mg/kg),而稻穗Cr含量略高于我国食品安全国家标准(1.0 mg/kg),存在着Cr超标的潜在风险.因此,这2种灌溉方式在预防重金属污染方面不可取,会影响人类健康.     

水氮运筹影响高留残茬黑土稻田碳收支机理分析

为探明水氮运筹对稻田生态系统碳收支的影响,开展大田试验,设置浅湿干灌溉（D）和淹水灌溉（F）两种灌溉模式,及110kg/hm2（当地施肥标准,N1）、99kg/hm2（减氮10%,N2）和88kg/hm2（减氮20%,N3）3个施肥水平,观测高留残茬稻田水稻收获后不同器官的干物质量及碳含量,同时监测稻田CO2和CH4排放通量,计算水稻净初级生产力（NPP）和稻田净生态系统初级生产力（NECB）。结果表明：水氮运筹会影响稻株各器官干物质及碳含量,所有处理中DN2处理NPP最大（8918.02kg/hm2）,浅湿干灌溉模式各处理NPP均大于淹水灌溉模式,分别增加12.13%、36.73%、8.01%;浅湿干灌溉模式增加了稻田土壤呼吸的CO2排放通量,减施氮肥则降低了CO2排放通量,浅湿干灌溉减施氮肥降低了CH4排放通量;两种灌溉模式下各处理CO2和CH4排放总量均随氮肥施用量减少而降低,淹水灌溉模式下各处理CH4排放总量均显著高于浅湿干灌溉模式（P＜0.05）;各处理稻田生态系碳净收支均为正值,黑土区高留残茬稻田生态系统表现为碳“汇”,其中DN2处理NECB最高,为1950.96kg/hm2。综合来看,浅湿干灌溉模式+减氮10%处理的稻田生态系统碳“汇”最强。研究可为寒地黑土保护提供理论参考和技术支撑。     

秸秆还田条件水肥耦合对水稻产量与品质的影响

为了研究秸秆还田条件水肥耦合对水稻产量与品质的影响,采用盆栽试验对土壤水分、施氮量、秸秆还田量采用正交处理,同时设置重复3组,其中对照1组.试验结果表明:水分与肥料的投入量对水稻产量影响较大,在适宜的用量范围内,水稻产量与灌水量、氮肥施用量、秸秆还田量呈正相关关系;当超出适宜用量范围后,随着氮肥施用量及秸秆还田量的持续增加,水稻产量并没有提高,而是出现一定程度的降低;水稻产量在氮肥施用量270 kg/hm²、正常灌溉处理、秸秆还田量4 200 kg/hm²情况下达到最高.水稻籽粒蛋白质受氮肥施用量及灌溉水量影响也相对较大,在氮肥施用量324 kg/hm²、分蘖后期水分胁迫、秸秆还田量为4 200 kg/hm²情况下,水稻籽粒蛋白质含量达到最高.     

沼液灌溉对大白菜产量、品质及土壤养分含量的影响

沼气发酵是实现畜禽粪便无害化、资源化和循环农业的重要技术途径,科学评价施用沼液对作物和土壤的影响是构建循环农业的重要基础。文章通过田间试验,研究了沼液灌溉对大白菜产量、养分吸收、品质及土壤养分含量的影响。结果表明:在不施用化肥情况下,不同浓度沼液灌溉处理的大白菜产量高于对照,但差异不显著;沼液灌溉处理收获后大白菜中养分含量较高,且与对照差异显著;收获后0~15cm土层中无机氮、速效磷和速效钾含量均高于对照,并且硝态氮和速效磷都达到了显著差异;15~30cm土层铵态氮含量较对照显著增加,硝态氮增加不明显,速效磷和速效钾与对照差异较小,只有沼液浓度较高处理与对照差异显著;沼液灌溉后增加了大白菜可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量,降低了粗纤维含量,品质提高;各处理硝酸盐含量比对照增加,但未超标。研究结果为规模化循环农业产业园区制定循环技术体系提供了科学依据,但今后应根据园区种植和养殖规模及发展规划,深入研究沼肥在不同作物和种植制度中养分利用效率,土壤养分盈亏,植物和土壤中重金属等有害物质残留及针对不同土壤类型和种植制度的沼肥消纳阈值,真正做到畜禽养殖废弃物的资源化、无害化和再利用。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。