杂交鳜仔鱼饥饿试验及不可逆点的确定

在水温（24±1）℃条件下,对翘嘴鳜（♀）×斑鳜（♂）杂交所得的杂交鳜仔鱼进行饥饿试验,确定其初次摄食饥饿不可逆点（PNR）。研究结果表明：杂交鳜仔鱼4日龄开口,此刻仔鱼卵黄囊已吸收完毕,但油球仍在,仔鱼发育进入混合营养期。7日龄仔鱼油球吸收完毕,进入外源营养期,仔鱼混合营养期仅为3d。杂交鳜仔鱼初次摄食率开始时为15%,高峰期出现在油球即将耗尽时的6日龄仔鱼,可达70%。仔鱼不可逆点出现在7～8日龄,杂交鳜仔鱼具有初次摄食能力的时间为4～5d。     

饥饿对云纹石斑鱼(Epinephelus moara)卵黄囊期仔鱼摄食和生长的影响

研究了在水温为(23±0.5)℃,盐度为29?30的培育条件下,饥饿胁迫对云纹石斑鱼(Epinephelus moara)仔鱼生长、摄食、存活等一系列的变化。结果显示,2.5日龄体长出现负增长现象,3日龄仔鱼开口摄食,4.5日龄卵黄囊和油球消耗殆尽;仔鱼摄食率随日龄的变化呈先升高后降低,最终为0,最大值出现在卵黄囊和油球消失之后的当天,即5.5日龄仔鱼达到最大初次摄食率,摄食率为66.67%;6日龄仔鱼的初次摄食率为最大初次摄食率的1/2,仔鱼达到不可逆点,其混合营养的时间为2?3 d,即仔鱼初次摄食率发生到达不可逆点的时间为2.5 d;云纹石斑鱼仔鱼孵化出膜后的3?6 d为其摄食的重要时期。     

饥饿对云纹石斑鱼(Epinephelus moara)卵黄囊期仔鱼摄食和生长的影响

研究了在水温为(23±0.5)℃,盐度为29-30的培育条件下,饥饿胁迫对云纹石斑鱼(Epinephelus moara)仔鱼生长、摄食、存活等一系列的变化。结果显示,2.5日龄体长出现负增长现象,3日龄仔鱼开口摄食,4.5日龄卵黄囊和油球消耗殆尽;仔鱼摄食率随日龄的变化呈先升高后降低,最终为0,最大值出现在卵黄囊和油球消失之后的当天,即5.5日龄仔鱼达到最大初次摄食率,摄食率为66.67%;6日龄仔鱼的初次摄食率为最大初次摄食率的1/2,仔鱼达到不可逆点,其混合营养的时间为2-3 d,即仔鱼初次摄食率发生到达不可逆点的时间为2.5 d;云纹石斑鱼仔鱼孵化出膜后的3-6 d为其摄食的重要时期。     

准噶尔雅罗鱼仔鱼饥饿试验及不可逆点的确定

为了更好地救护和增殖中国特有易危物种准噶尔雅罗鱼,在水温(21.0±1.5)℃条件下,利用人工采卵授精法获得准噶尔雅罗鱼初孵仔鱼进行饥饿试验,确定仔鱼不可逆点(PNR),研究投饵对仔鱼的生长、发育和行为的影响。结果显示:1)准噶尔雅罗鱼仔鱼3日龄开口摄食,开始营外源性营养,仔鱼卵黄囊于5日龄已基本被消耗完毕,混合营养期仅维持2 d,属于易遭受饥饿胁迫鱼类;2)初次摄食率为36.0%,初次摄食率最高在7日龄,可达96.6%,PNR出现在仔鱼孵化后的9～10日龄,3日龄后饥饿组对仔鱼卵黄囊的吸收速度影响极显著(P0.01)。仔鱼具有摄食能力仅6～7 d,在到达PNR后3 d左右饥饿组即全部死亡,其耐受饥饿能力较差;3)在饥饿胁迫条件下的仔鱼对卵黄囊的吸收进程慢于正常对照组仔鱼,5日龄后饥饿对仔鱼体长影响显著(P0.05),饥饿组仔鱼6日龄生长发育出现负增长,7日龄开始出现脊索弯曲、腹部凹陷、胸角,集群性、初次摄食力均与饥饿时间呈负相关,并且表现出一系列明显的由饥饿导致的形态和行为学特征。     

叶尔羌高原鳅仔鱼饥饿试验及不可逆点的确定

为了更好地增殖和保护叶尔羌高原鳅（Triplophysa yarkandensisa）这一塔里木河水系优势土著鱼类,拟采用实验生态法,在水温（20±1）℃条件下,利用人工孵化获得叶尔羌高原鳅初孵仔鱼进行饥饿试验,确定仔鱼的不可逆点（PNR）,并研究延迟投饵对仔鱼成活和生长的影响。结果显示,叶尔羌高原鳅仔鱼3日龄即开口摄食,进入混合营养期,仔鱼卵黄囊于6～7日龄消耗完毕,混合营养期维持仅为3～4 d。初次摄食点出现在3日龄时,摄食率仅为16.7%,初次摄食率最高达在7日龄,摄食率可达90%,PNR出现在仔鱼孵出后的8～9日龄。3日龄后饥饿对仔鱼卵黄吸收速度影响显著((P< 0.05);摄食仔鱼生长呈线性增加,饥饿仔鱼生长呈现先升高后降低的趋势。叶尔羌高原鳅仔鱼的最佳投喂时间应在仔鱼开口后4d之内。研究表明：叶尔羌高原鳅仔鱼个体较小,对于初次摄食饵料的的选择范围较小,食谱范围窄,初孵仔鱼死亡率高,对于高原鳅属仔鱼开口饵料有待进一步开发。     

黄鲷仔鱼饥饿试验及不可逆点的确定

利用人工孵化得到的黄鲷初孵仔鱼 ,在水温 2 2± 1℃、盐度 31.0条件下 ,进行黄鲷仔鱼饥饿试验和确定仔鱼的初次摄食饥饿不可逆点 (PNR)。通过观察发现 :黄鲷仔鱼孵化后第 4天开始摄食外部食物 ,幼体发育进入外源营养和内源营养混合期。此时仔鱼卵黄虽已耗尽 ,但油球仍继续吸收 ,混合营养期仅为 3d。黄鲷仔鱼最高初次摄食率出现在其油球吸收完毕即孵出后的第 7天。当初次摄食率降至最高初次摄食率 5 0 %时 ,仔鱼进入不可逆期 ,不可逆点出现在仔鱼孵出后第 8～ 9天。     

黑棘鲷仔鱼饥饿实验及不可逆点的确定

在水温18℃~19℃条件下,采用实验生态学方法研究了饥饿对黑棘鲷(Acanthopagrus schlegelii)仔鱼存活、生长发育及行为学特征的影响。通过测定仔鱼的初次摄食率和饥饿不可逆点(PNR),确定了初次投喂的最佳时间。结果显示,黑棘鲷仔鱼3日龄开口摄食,4日龄卵黄囊消失,6日龄油球消失,混合营养期仅3 d,属容易遭受饥饿胁迫的鱼类。仔鱼开口时初次摄食率仅为30%,之后迅速提高,至5日龄达到最高的90%,之后逐渐下降,7日龄降至45%,到达PNR。饥饿组仔鱼在6日龄后开始出现生理性萎缩,全长与对照组相比差异显著(P<0.05),进入PNR后,仔鱼活动能力显著下降,身体出现扭曲、畸形,死亡率急剧升高,至10日龄全部死亡。黑棘鲷仔鱼耐受饥饿能力较弱,建议开始投饵的最适时机为仔鱼开口后的4 d内。     

泥鳅仔鱼发育、摄食与不可逆点的确立

在水温21.4~24.8℃、pH6.98~7.54、DO 6~8 mg/L的人工培育条件下,对泥鳅早期发育阶段(0~20日龄)的形态特征和饥饿不可逆点进行了观察和研究。泥鳅仔鱼的发育阶段可依次分为:胚胎、前期仔鱼、仔鱼、稚鱼和幼鱼期。泥鳅初孵仔鱼全长为2.550±0.150 mm,其卵黄囊体积为0.320±0.070 mm3。3日龄,口完全裂开,口裂宽0.260±0.030 mm,仔鱼的外源性摄食关系初步建立;4日龄,仔鱼的巡游模式建立,进入摄食期;6日龄,仔鱼的卵黄完全被吸收,仅小部分个体腹部残留呈细线条状的卵黄;仔鱼耐受饥饿的时间临界点发生在孵化后第11天(即10日龄),不可逆转饥饿期的时间约3 d,不可逆点(PNR)期仔鱼没有出现胸角这一形态学特征。     

杂交鳢仔鱼饥饿试验及不可逆点的确定

利用人工孵化的杂交鳢初孵仔鱼,在水温(26±1)℃条件下进行其饥饿试验并确定仔鱼的初次摄食不可逆点(PNR)。结果表明,杂交鳢仔鱼孵化后第2天开始摄食,进入混合营养期,此时卵黄囊缩小至原来的1/2,与油球一同继续被仔鱼吸收;孵化后第7天卵黄囊和油球被完全吸收,混合营养期为5d。杂交鳢仔鱼最高初次摄食率出现在孵化后第6天,此时卵黄囊已吸收完全,油球有残留。当初次摄食率降至最高初次摄食率的50%时,仔鱼进入不可逆期,不可逆点出现在仔鱼孵出后的第7～8天。     

条石鲷仔鱼饥饿试验及不可逆点的确定

在盐度29、水温22~24℃的条件下,进行了条石鲷仔鱼饥饿试验和不可逆点(PNR)的确定;观察了饥饿条件下条石鲷初孵仔鱼、3、6、9、12、15日龄的存活、生长、卵黄囊与油球利用和游泳行为的变化。结果表明:饥饿会延缓初孵仔鱼对油球的利用。随着饥饿时间的延长,仔鱼的生长与正常条件下仔鱼差异显著(P<0.05)。条石鲷仔鱼从初次摄食到PNR期为2.5~3 d,这个耐受饥饿的时间临界点在孵化后的5~5.5 d。在饥饿的条件下初孵仔鱼、3、6、9、12、15日龄仔鱼的全部死亡时间分别为6.5、6、5、4、65、d;后5个日龄仔鱼半数死亡时间分别为4、3.5、3.5、3.5、3.5 d。说明9日龄是条石鲷早期发育中最为敏感的阶段。饥饿仔鱼体长较短,头大且体瘦,长期饥饿后脑后部下陷。饥饿仔鱼表层集群游动觅食,缓慢游动反应迟钝,静伏底。     

Effects of the timing of initial feeding on growth and survival of loach (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Misgurnus anguillicaudatus</Emphasis>) larvae

The effects of delayed first feeding on growth and survival and starvation on the point-of-no-return of loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus larvae were studied by evaluating morphometric characteristics under controlled conditions. Larvae began to feed exogenously at 3 days after hatching (DAH) and the PNR occurred between 9 and 10 DAH at 23 ± 1.0°C. The experimental design included a conventional feeding regime with initial feeding from 3 DAH as a control, delayed first feeding for 4, 5 and 6 DAH. Morphometric characteristics (head depth, body depth, eye diameter, mouth diameter, musculature height, total length and yolk sac volume) were evaluated under different initial feeding time (3, 4, 5 and 6 days after hatching). Loach larvae initiated first feeding at 4, 5 and 6 days after hatching achieved comparatively lesser growth performance in all morphometric characteristics than that of 3 days at the end of the experiment. By day 6, significant differences were observed between 3 and 6 days initial feeding larvae for all morphometric characteristics except eye diameter and mouth diameter. Similarly, significant differences were noticed between 3 and 5 days initial feeding. However, there were no significant differences in head depth, body depth, eye diameter, mouth diameter, and total length between 3 and 4 days initial feeding until 12 DAH. After 15 days rearing, significant differences in all morphometric characteristics appeared between 3 and 4 days initial feeding and followed to the end of the experiment. It was also observed that the yolk absorption in loach larvae was completed by 6 days irrespective of the differences in the initial feeding. The yolk volume of 4 and 5 DAH larvae initiated first feeding at 3 days (0.0125 ± 0.0015; 0.0077 ± 0.0009 mm³) had significant differences compared with yolk volume of larvae initiated first feeding at 4 days (0.0081 ± 0.0011; 0.0039 ± 0.0004 mm³), 5 days (0.0079 ± 0.0010; 0.0017 ± 0.0002 mm³) and 6 days (0.0082 ± 0.0011; 0.0016 ± 0.0001 mm³). Survival rates of four treatments were estimated daily for 30 days and significant differences were observed between the treatments at the end of the experiment. The final survival rate was higher when the loach larvae initiated feeding at 3 days (75.9%) when compared with 4 days (31.8%), 5 days (14.5%) and 6 days (6.4%). The present study suggests that the first feeding of loach larvae should be initiated at 3 DAH for achieving better growth and survival or else bad growth performance will engender if the first feeding is delayed.     

Use of the freshwater rotifer <Emphasis Type="Italic">Brachionus angularis</Emphasis> as the first food for larvae of the Siamese fighting fish <Emphasis Type="Italic">Betta splendens</Emphasis>

Larvae of the Siamese fighting fish Betta splendens were reared on the mass-cultured small freshwater rotifer Brachionus angularis Laos strain (UTAC-Lao), Paramecia sp., and Artemia as live food sources. Larvae fed live food were found to have a significantly high survival rate (97.5–100%) 18 days after hatch (DAH) in comparison to the control unfed larvae, which died by 12 DAH. Rotifer-fed larvae were found to grow faster than paramecia-fed larvae. The fastest growth rate was observed in larvae fed a combination of rotifer and Artemia, with growth in these larvae increasing by 282% by 18 DAH [total length (TL) 11.3 ± 1.2 mm] relative to body measurements taken 3 DAH. The next fastest growth rate was observed in rotifer-fed larvae, with a 158% increase in growth observed by 18 DAH (TL 7.6 ± 0.5 mm). The paramecia-fed larvae were found to grow by only 54.3% (TL 4.6 ± 0.1 mm) during the same period.     

Early life history of yellow puffer,Chonerhinos naritus (Richardson, 1848) from Sarawak,Northwestern Borneo

The growth and morphological development including fins, spine distribution and pigmentation of larval and juvenile of hatchery‐reared yellow puffer, Chonerhinos naritus were described to provide essential information on the early life history of this species. The total length (TL) of newly hatched larvae was 3.42 ± 0.23 (mean ± SD) mm, reaching 5.66 ± 0.38 mm on 5 days after hatched (DAH), 7.80 ± 0.28 mm on 11 DAH, 9.88 ± 0.40 mm on 27 DAH and 10.92 ± 0.58 mm on 30 DAH. The yolk was completely absorbed in preflexion larvae at 4 DAH. The mouth opening started at 3 DAH of yolk sac larvae, while the teeth appeared starting from preflexion larvae at 7 DAH. Overall aggregate fin ray numbers including caudal fin attained full complement in postflexion larvae at 27 DAH. Several melanophores with appearance of small stellate were first appeared dorsally on the head of flexion larvae at 13 DAH, expanded at the dorsal region of the head, above the eye in juveniles at 30 DAH. The spines first appeared in preflexion larvae of C. naritus at 7 DAH, covering the ventral skin region below pectoral fin base and expanded to the ventral part of the body and nearly covered the whole abdomen region before the anus and below the eyes in juveniles. C. naritus remain as larvae for approximately 29 days, during which they metamorphose to the juvenile stage prior to sexual maturation. Observations in larvae development of C. naritus revealed similar characteristics with other Tetraodontidae species.     

Embryonic and larval development of black skirt tetra (Gymnocorymbus ternetzi,Boulenger, 1895) under laboratory conditions

The embryonic and larval development of black skirt tetra, Gymnocorymbus ternetzi, are described under controlled laboratory conditions. In addition, major histomorphological changes and the allometric growth patterns during larval development have been described. The laboratory‐reared broodstock, that is 1 year of age, were spawned. Hatching occurred 20–21 h after spawning at 24 ± 0.5°C. The cleavage was finished in 2 h and the early blastula stage occurred at 2:04 hours after spawning. The gastrulation started at 3:20 hours and 30% epiboly was observed at 3:34 hours after spawning. Eight‐somite stage was observed at 08:33 hours. And embryonic developmental stage was completed at 21 h after spawning. The newly hatched larvae were 1442 ± 14.3 μm in mean total length (TL). The mouth opened at 3 days after hatching (DAH). The yolk sac had been totally absorbed and the larvae started to swim actively within 3–4 days. Notochord flexion began at 11 DAH. The metamorphosis was completed and the larvae transformed into juveniles at 32 DAH. In this paper, the full developmental sequence from egg to juvenile of G. ternetzi is described for the first time.     

延迟投饵对真鲷,牙鲆仔鱼早期阶段摄食,存活及生长的影响

试验结果表明：（１）２日龄真鲷,牙鲆仔鱼初次摄食,在６￣７日龄和５￣６日龄,不能建立外源性营养的仔鱼分别进入ＰＮＲ期,而卵黄囊均在此前１￣２天已耗尽。混合营养期分别为３￣４天和１￣２天。（２）真鲷和牙鲆仔鱼在不同饥饰饿阶段初次摄食率的变化式型是：开始较低,此后逐步上升,高峰期出现在卵黄囊接近耗尽时,此后开始下降。记录到的最高初次摄食率分别为８６．７％和３５％。（３）牙鲆仔鱼体长的增长率随延迟投饵天     

Ontogenetic Development of the Digestive System in Agastric Chinese Sucker,Myxocyprinus asiaticus,Larvae

This study was conducted to determine the ontogenetic development of the digestive tract and its accessory structures (liver, pancreas, and gall bladder) in agastric larval Chinese sucker Myxocyprinus asiaticus with the histological and ultrastructural approaches from hatching to 56 days after hatching (DAH). On the basis of its feeding mode, and analyzing the main histological features of the digestive system, larval development in Chinese sucker was divided into three stages from hatching: stage 1 (endotrophic period): 1–6 DAH; stage 2 (endoexotrophic period): 7–14 DAH; stage 3 (exclusively exotrophic period): from 15 DAH onward. At hatching, the digestive tract of the larvae consisted of an undifferentiated straight tube. At 4 DAH, the mouth opened, and the digestive tract was differentiated into buccopharyngeal cavity, esophagus and intestine. At 7 DAH, fish started to feed exogenously. Yolk sac was completely exhausted at 15 DAH. Until 56 DAH, the digestive tract of the larvae displayed regularly arranged microvilli, abundant vacuoles, and protein inclusion bodies. The pancreas, liver, and gall bladder were functional from 6 DAH, which enabled larvae to ingest, digest, and assimilate the first exogenous food. In comparison with teleosts that have a stomach, the development of the digestive tract of the agastric Chinese sucker seemed relatively slow .     

Proteolytic digestive enzyme response in Japanese flounder larvae <Emphasis Type="Italic">Paralichthys olivaceus</Emphasis> fed two types of rotifers <Emphasis Type="Italic">Brachionus plicatilis</Emphasis> species complex

Two common live feeds, the Brachionus plicatilis species complex SS-type and L-type were used to assess whether there were any differences in protein hydrolysis and digestive trypsin activity in first feeding Japanese flounder. There were no significant differences in hydrolysis activity at 2, 3 and 7 days after hatching (DAH). At 5 DAH, hydrolysis activity was significantly higher in larvae fed SS-type (p?<?0.05) at 50 kDa in 1.5- and 3-h incubation whereas L-type treatment had not completely hydrolyzed the proteins after 3 h at the same molecular weight. Larvae fed SS-type had significantly higher (p?<?0.05) trypsin activity at 3, 5, 6, 7 DAH. Contribution of live prey to trypsin fraction in larvae showed significantly higher (p?<?0.05) fraction for SS-type at 5 DAH (2.18?±?0.44%) and 6 DAH (2.04?±?0.29%) and the effect of exogenous trypsin from live prey was relatively low when compared to the total trypsin activity in larvae. This study discusses the differences in ability to digest proteins in Japanese flounder when fed different rotifer morphotypes and highlights the adaptability of this species to alternative rotifer morphotypes during its early developmental stages.     

Diurnal variation of tryptic activity in larval stage and development of proteolytic enzyme activities of malabar grouper (Epinephelus malabaricus) after hatching

Diurnal variation in tryptic activity and developmental changes in proteolytic enzyme activities of malabar grouper larvae (Epinephelus malabaricus) were examined. Five different groups were prepared for the experiment of diurnal variation of tryptic activity in larvae: larvae were fed Thai-type rotifers Brachionus rotundiformis from the time of mouth opening, fed rotifers from 6 h after mouth opening, 12 h, 24 h and not fed rotifers (starved control). The experimental tanks were placed in temperature-controlled baths at 28 °C under 24 h light. Developmental changes in proteolytic activity of trypsin and pepsin-like enzyme were measured from hatching to 57 days after hatching (DAH).

The tryptic activity of all fed groups showed the same pattern, and the diurnal variation of tryptic activity was clearly observed from 3 to 6 DAH. The highest tryptic activities were found at 19:00, and the activities were lowest from 01:00 to 07:00. In contrast, that of non-fed larvae was low compared to the fed groups, however the diurnal variation of tryptic activity was shown same tendency to the fed groups. Interestingly, both groups (fed and non-fed) were exhibited a circadian rhythm under the 24 h light conditions and delaying of first-feeding. Tryptic activity of larvae notably increased from 40 to 45 DAH and markedly decreased at 52 DAH. In contrast to the tryptic activity, that of pepsin-like enzyme clearly increased from 47 to 51 DAH. The results suggest that a functional change of protein digestion occurs from 40 to 50 DAH related with metamorphosis in malabar grouper. These results could contribute to determining appropriate feeding schedules, such as feeding time, frequency and optimal time to change food items, in mass-scale production of the present species.     

Histological development of digestive tract in discus, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Symphysodon</Emphasis> spp. larvae

The present study provides information on the histomorphological development of digestive system of discus, Symphyosodon spp., larvae during the first month of life. Discus larvae are altricial at hatching, with an undifferentiated digestive tract and a large yolksac, which is completely consumed within 7 days. The mouth opens 3 days after hatching (DAH) and the larvae starts feeding on AF Artemia at 4 DAH when offered. At 3 DAH the digestive tract is differentiated with distinct esophagus, stomach anlage, and mid- and hindguts. At 5 DAH, discus larvae is an active feeder, equipped with partly developed jaws and ossified gill arches and an inflated swim bladder. The liver and pancreas are present and supranuclear inclusion vacuoles (SIV) appear in the hindgut for the first time. Gastric glands in stomach were first observed 7 DAH and proliferated by 11–13 DAH. SIV were a common feature in the midgut and hindgut epithelium until 15–23 DAH. Therefore, exclusive use of artificial diets should be postponed until 2–3 weeks after hatching.