干旱区农户参与灌溉管理模式可持续发展研究--以新疆地区为例

新疆农户参与灌溉管理模式的研究可为干旱地区灌溉农业的可持续发展提供借鉴思路。新疆农民用水者协会维持了水事良性秩序,增强了农户节水意识,调动了农民自觉维护灌溉设施的积极性。然而,用水者协会财产权利缺失,政策法律保障不足,管理与运行机制不健全,水价机制与政策作用的有效发挥受到制约。因此,应明晰水权,建立政策性保障及引导扶持机制,构建新疆特色的用水户参与灌溉管理体制,营造和谐的协会内部环境,建立合理的水价形成机制和水费计收制度。     

宁夏引黄灌区排水沟水环境质量及其影响因素

[目的]探明宁夏引黄灌区排水沟水环境质量及其影响因素,旨在为排水沟水体污染综合整治提供一定的理论依据。[方法]搜集2009—2015年排水沟水环境因子指标和以地级市为单元的社会经济指标数据,选取高锰酸盐指数、化学需氧量、氨氮、总磷、生化需氧量、挥发酚、氟化物、氰化物、硫化物作为水质综合污染指数的评价因子,采用相关分析法和灰关联法分析研究社会经济指标对排水沟水质的影响程度。[结果]南干沟水质呈现逐年好转趋势,银新干沟水质和清水沟水质急剧恶化,其他排水沟的综合污染指数变化趋势较平稳,且水质总体状况较好;排水沟水质与社会经济指标的相关性和关联度都较高:中干沟与化肥使用量相关系数高达0.998,南干沟与工业废水排放总量相关系数高达0.983;永二干沟与农业耗水量的关联度高达0.793 41,南干沟与工业废水排放总量的关联度高达0.755 69。[结论]排水沟的水质变化趋势受农业面源污染和工业废水的影响较大;以地级市为单位,综合污染指数与社会经济指标的相关性大小依次为吴忠市、银川市、中卫市、石嘴山市;相关分析与灰关联分析结果有较好的一致性,且运用二者结合分析了影响排水沟的最主要影响因子;总体上,农业生产对银川市和石嘴山市排水沟水质影响较大,工业生产对吴忠市和中卫市排水沟的影响较大,且农业生产导致的农业面源污染比工业生产产生的工业废水对排水沟水质状况影响程度大。     

南亚热带丘陵赤红壤区农业可持续发展的土壤水分管理探讨

焉耆盆地土壤盐渍化日趋严重,直接影响当地农业发展和生态环境建设。作者运用统计特征值、趋势面分析等方法,探讨了焉耆盆地土壤含盐量、盐分化学组成及其空间分布特征。结果发现:(1)除戈壁砾石带外,区内有近60%的土地处于强盐渍化和盐土状态,且主要为氯化物-硫酸盐型盐渍化;(2)荒地土壤的含盐量远大于农田区土壤;(3)表层土壤盐分具有从扇缘到湖滨逐渐增加的趋势,在灌区内土壤盐分随灌溉和排水而呈现季节性变化,但整体上处于脱盐状态。区内土壤盐渍化是在自然和人类活动共同作用下形成的,通过节水灌溉、合理开发地下水、完善灌排系统等措施可有效地改良盐渍土。     

节水灌溉预报、管理与决策专家系统研究

从节水灌溉的基本原理入手,分析了灌溉预报中的各个参量,提出了节水灌溉管理、决策的依据与方法,并介绍了灌溉预报、管理与决策专家系统的理论基础,系统结构,即以框架库、规则组库和黑板3部分组成的综合知识体结构的知识表示技术。节水灌溉预报、管理与决策专家系统的研制、开发与推广、应用,将会促进我国传统农业向现代化农业的转变,为把高新农业技术送到亿万农民手中开辟了一条崭新的途径。     

灌区节水防盐灌溉制度设计方法探讨

黄河上游灌区长期以来过量引水,不仅造成土壤次生盐碱化,而且成为黄河每年多次断流的一个重要原因。引入农业用水量、水盐平衡等新概念,结合典型灌区,进行全区域灌溉制度设计方法探讨,其成果可用于井渠结合类型灌区设计及旧灌区改造。     

高密度栽培条件下灌水量对河西灌区玉米群体质量及水分利用效率的影响

提高种植密度是玉米产量持续增长的重要措施,探讨高密度栽培下的合理灌溉定额对保障玉米高产及水资源可持续利用具有重要意义。2023年4 — 10月在河西灌区张掖节水农业试验站开展田间试验,研究高密度栽培条件下不同灌水量(270.0、390.0、510.0、630.0 mm)对玉米群体质量、产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,随着灌水量的增加,玉米的干物质量、产量呈增加趋势,高灌水量(630.0 mm)下的干物质量和产量均最高,中等灌水量(510.0 mm)下干物质量、产量分别高达32 013.36、16 000.31 kg/hm2,仅比高灌水量处理分别低2.89%、3.13%,而在390.0、270.0 mm灌水量下显著降低。各处理的光合势、生长速率随生育进程的推进先增加后降低,其中吐丝期后20 d达到最大,且随灌水量增加而增大;吐丝期后20 d至灌浆中期,510.0、390.0 mm灌水量下的光合势下降幅度为0.38%、2.40%,生长速率下降幅度为26.16%、30.19%,均低于高灌水量处理和低灌水量(270.0 mm)处理。玉米水分利用效率随灌水量、耗水量增加先上升后下降,390.0、510.0 mm灌水量处理下水分利用效率分别为26.21、25.14 kg/(hm2·mm),差异不显著;而产量最高的高灌水量处理及耗水量最低的低灌水量处理仅为22.77、23.98 kg/(hm2·mm),均低于390.0、510.0 mm灌水量处理。综合考虑玉米产量与水分利用效率等指标,在种植密度为11.70万株/hm2 条件下,510.0 mm为玉米生育期适宜灌水量,可实现增产节水目标。     

Nutrient Monitoring of Sewage Water Irrigation: Impacts for Soil Quality and Crop Nutrition

Abstract

Agriculture in the Middle East region, specifically crop production (mainly cereals and food and forage legumes), is invariably limited by low rainfall and thus soil moisture. Although irrigation is contributing to increased yields, its potential is also limited because of few surface‐water sources (rivers, lakes) and declining groundwater tables. The only source of water that is increasing is urban wastewater. Such waters are rarely treated in the Middle East but are nonetheless used for irrigation in perimeters of urban areas. Despite the potential health hazards of using such waters, crop benefits are evident to farmers. This study involved monitoring of the Quake River, south of Aleppo, Syria, where it irrigates about 10,000 ha of mixed crops (e.g., cotton, cereals, oil crops, and vegetables). The water was sampled at various points along the river in winter and summer (1997–98) and again 6 years later (2003) and analyzed for nitrate, ammonium, phosphate, potassium (K), micronutrients, salinity, and pH. A similar suite of analyses, plus organic matter, was done on soil profiles along the river and progressively away from it. The river water was rich in major and micronutrients and, with normal irrigation amounts, was sufficient to supply the needs of most crops, thus avoiding fertilizer use. These nutrients increased in the soil profiles with time. The nutrient value of such untreated wastewater, as well as being a source of irrigation water, re‐enforces the argument for treatment plants to promote the safe use of this valuable resource in a drought‐prone and nutrient‐deficient region.     

Chloroform Associated Health Risk Assessment Using Bootstrapping: A Case Study for Limited Drinking Water Samples

Chlorine is the most commonly used disinfectant for watertreatment but when in contact with organic precursors it producestoxic compounds known as trihalomethanes (THMs). Chloroform isthe most commonly occurring THM and constitutes approximately90% of the THM concentration. A study was conducted inNewfoundland for estimating the chloroform content in thedrinking water supplies in Clarenville and St. John's. Thesampling program was conducted in two stages, July and October-November. Higher concentrations of chloroform were observed in Clarenville but in St. John's the concentrations werewithin Health Canada guidelines. The chloroform is a probablehuman carcinogen and is categorised as `B2' by U.S. EnvironmentalProtection Agency (U.S. EPA). The human health risk associatedwith consumption of drinking water was estimated by performingprobabilistic analysis. In the first phase bootstrap simulations(B = 250) were performed to calculate the variability in thedata. The normal distribution was found the best-fitted distribution to chloroform concentration data. For eachbootstrapped run 1000 Monte Carlo Simulations (MCS) wereperformed in the second phase. The cancer risk was estimatedusing dose-response relationship of chloroform. Appropriateprobability density functions (PDFs) were defined subjectivelyfor intake rate, body weight, exposure duration, exposurefrequency and averaging time. The excess lifetime human cancerrisk varied from 0.5 × 10^-4 to 4.0 × 10^-4, and zero to 1.0 × 10^-4 for Clarenvilleand St. John's, respectively. The average cancer risks in Clarenville and St. John's communities were 1.2 × 10^-4 and 2.5 × 10^-5. The estimated probabilitiesof exceedences above 100 ppb (μg L^-1), were 100 and 2.5% for Clarenville and St. John's, respectively which emphasised the need for water treatment. Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) was proposed as one of the potential treatment technology for risk reduction in St. John's community. The treatment efficiency of a proposed technology was assumed uniformly distributed and revised risks were calculated. Theaverage risk in St. John's can be reduced to 8.0 ×10^-6 after treatment.     

土壤质量与土壤可持续管理

土壤是农业生存之本,土壤质量是联系土壤管理与可持续农业的桥梁与纽带。介绍了土壤质量的概念及其发展,在客观地分析我国土壤质量现状的基础上,提出土壤管理必须建立在土壤质量的基础上并兼顾土壤的生产性、稳定性、持续性、生存性及社会的可接受性,才能实现农业的可持续发展。     

An Integrated Modeling Approach to Total Watershed Management: Water Quality and Watershed Assessment of Cheney Reservoir, Kansas, USA

Degradation of water quality is the major health concern for lakes and reservoirs in the central regions of the United States as a result of heavily devoted agricultural production. A vital key to the development of a reservoir management strategy is to identify nutrient loading that describes associated water quality conditions in reservoirs. This study integrated AnnAGNPS watershed and BATHTUB lake models to simulate actual lake water quality conditions of Cheney Reservoir, KS, and demonstrated the use of the coupled model for simulating lake response to changes in different watershed land use and management scenarios. The calibrated current-conditions model simulated in-lake reductions as much as 52% for TN, 48% for TP, and 70% for chlorophyll a due to conversion to native grass, and increases as much as 4% for TN, 9% for TP and 6% for chlorophyll a due to conversion of land from the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) to cropland (15.5% of watershed). This model also demonstrated an increase in chlorophyll a (19%) as the lake sediment capacity was reached over the next century.     

基于BP神经网络的辽河源头区水质评价研究

基于辽河源头区水环境问题日益突出的现状,该文开展了辽河源头区水环境质量的研究,旨在对区内的水体质量进行分析评价。通过资料收集与汇总,基于BP人工神经网络结构的思想和理论,利用研究区内13个控制断面的水质监测数据,建立了包括pH、溶解氧、氨氮、化学需氧量、五日生化需氧量、高锰酸盐指数的水质综合评价模型,并应用训练好的模型进行仿真运算及水质综合评价。结果显示,在选取的13个断面中,约76.92%的断面为Ⅴ类—劣Ⅴ类水质,仅有23.08%的断面水质级别在Ⅱ—Ⅲ类之间,研究区上游断面的水质状况较好,中下游的水质较差。将该结果与《环境公报》公布的主要断面水质结果进行对比,81.25%的评价结果相同,采用BP神经网络对研究区水质进行综合评价具有较强的适用性和可靠性。     

毛乌素沙地县域生态环境质量评价研究--以宁夏回族自治区盐池县为例

以宁夏回族自治区盐池县为例,建立了毛乌素沙地县域尺度上的生态环境质量综合评价指标体系,应用层次分析法,对各指标进行了量化处理,全面地评价了盐池县1991~2000年间的生态环境质量动态变化状况,并且对盐池县生态环境质量状况进行了发展趋势预测。在定量和动态的层面上,对该地区的生态环境建设及可持续发展提供了参考和借鉴。     

调亏微喷灌对高寒荒漠区人工草地产量、品质及水分利用的影响

为获得高寒荒漠区兼顾牧草产量和品质的较优灌水调控模式,推动微喷灌和调亏灌溉技术在人工草地生产中的应用,采用大田试验对比分析了2种种植模式(燕麦单播和燕麦+箭筈豌豆混播)与7种水分调控(拔节期轻度亏水65％～75％,拔节期中度亏水55％～65％,拔节期重度亏水45％～55％,开花期轻度亏水65％～75％,开花期中度亏水5...     

Water Quality Retrievals from High Resolution Ikonos Multispectral Imagery: A Case Study in Istanbul, Turkey

This paper presents an application of high resolution satellite remote sensing data for mapping water quality in the Goldon Horn, Istanbul. It is an applied research emphasizing the present water quality conditions in this region for water quality parameters; secchi disc depth (SDD), chlorophyl-a (chl-a) and total suspended sediment (TSS) concentration. The study also examines the retrievals of these parameters through high resolution IKONOS multispectral data supported by in situ measurements. Image processing procedure involving radiometric correction is carried out for conversion from digital numbers (DNs) to spectral radiance to correlate water quality parameters and satellite data by using multiple regression technique. The retrieved and verified results show that the measured and estimated values of water quality parameters in good agreement (R ²?>?0.97). The spatial distribution maps are developed by using multiple regression algorithm belonging to water quality parameters. These maps present apparent spatial variations of selected parameters and inform the decision makers of water quality variations in a large water region in the Istanbul metropolitan area.     

Effect of Irrigation Water Quality on Soil Hydraulic Conductivity

The effect of irrigation water quality on unsaturated hydraulic conductivity (HC) of undisturbed soil in field was studied.Results show that within the operating soil suction range (0-1.6 KPa) of disc permeameters,the higher the electric conductivity (EC) of irrigation water,the higher the soil HC became.The soil HC doubled when EC increased from 0.1 to 6.0ds m^-1.High sodium-adsorption ratio(SAR) of irrigation water would have an unfavorable effect on soil HC.Soil HC decreased with the increasing of SAR,especially in the case of higher soil suction.An interaction existed between the effects of EC and SAR of irrigation water on soil HC.The HC of unsaturated soil dependent upon the macropores in surface soil decreased by one order of magnitude with 1 KPa increase of soil suction.In the study on the effect of very low soluble salt concentration (EC=0.1 ds m^-1 of irrigation water on soil HC,soil HC was found to be lowered by 30% as a consequence of blocking up of some continuous pores by the dispersed and migrated clay particles.Nonlinear successive regression analysis and significance test show that the effects of EC and SAR of irrigation water on soil HC reached the extremely significant level.     

我国主产烟区灌溉水中重金属含量调查及环境质量评价

为摸清我国主产烟区的烟田灌溉水中的重金属含量情况,从全国五大烟区的13个主要植烟省的种烟县市采集了151个灌溉水样,其中河渠水样111个,降雨水样14个,水库水样5个,地下水样21个,测定分析了其重金属Hg、As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb的含量。结果表明:我国主要烟区灌溉水中重金属含量Hg含量为0(未检出,下同)~0.61μg/L,平均为0.17μg/L;As含量为0~8.16μg/L,平均为0.98μg/L;Cd含量为0~0.58μg/L,平均为0.03μg/L;Cr含量为0~7.29μg/L,平均为0.46μg/L;Cu含量为0~7.50μg/L,平均为1.54μg/L;Pb含量为0~10.13μg/L,平均为2.60μg/L。均低于相应的国家限量标准。水库水样综合质量指数最高,为0.20,北方烟区灌溉水样综合质量指数最高,为0.18。综合来看,我国烟区灌溉水环境质量目前均处于清洁水平。     

基于熵值赋权的黑龙港地区水土资源综合质量评价

区域水土资源综合质量评价是开展区域农业种植结构调整、资源优化配置和合理开发利用的基础。为促进黑龙港地区水土资源与区域经济协调发展,基于熵值赋权法,利用ArcGIS 10平台,将区域水资源与土地资源作为统一的系统,开展了单位像元尺度的水土资源综合质量评价。评价结果显示,黑龙港地区水土资源综合质量较低,多数地区综合质量值处于0.4～0.6之间,0.6以上相对优良区面积仅占总面积的2.5%,黑龙港地区总体趋势呈现中间及南部区域水土资源综合质量值较高,而东西两侧的边缘区域质量较低。研究结果还表明,在土壤资源质量相对差的区域,如果水资源质量较好,则土壤资源将被改良,区域水土资源综合质量也得以提升。     

Water Quality, Water Management and the Ranger Uranium Project: Guidelines, Trends and Issues

This paper explores the regulation of water quality protection downstream from the Ranger Uranium Project in the Alligator Rivers Region, an area of high conservation value which is both World Heritage- and Ramsar-listed. Available historical monitoring data for surface water quality in Magela Creek downstream of Ranger have been compiled and analysed with respect to hydrologic data and the Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council?CAgricultural and Resource Management Council of Australia and New Zealand (ANZECC?CARMCANZ) regulatory guidelines, introduced in late 2000. The paper focuses on the underlying scientific basis for the current approach and examines the complex inter-relationships of minesite water management, hydrology, climate, monitoring design, implementation and interpretation which are used to differentiate between natural variability and potential mine-derived solutes. The research found that the application of the ANZECC?CARMCANZ guidelines has clearly improved the regulation of water quality protection downstream from the Ranger Uranium Project. The scientific basis is more coherent than the previous regulatory regime; however, for U (a key parameter of indigenous Mirarr-Gundjeihmi and public concern), higher downstream concentrations are permitted than those observed through natural variability, leaving open the potential for an influence of mine-derived U loads while still being within regulatory limits. Another improvement that could be made to the current regulatory regime, to provide enhanced protection of the water quality in Magela Creek downstream of Ranger, would be to explicitly link the water quality monitoring regime with hydrologic flow conditions. The paper makes a valuable case study for the application of water quality guidelines, especially for controversial projects such as uranium mining surrounded by a World Heritage- and Ramsar-listed region on indigenous land??a context of clear relevance for many places around the world.     

Water Cover Technology for Reactive Tailings Management: A Case Study of Field Measurement and Model Predictions

Environmentally safe disposal of sulfide-rich reactive mine tailings is one of the major challenges facing the mining industry in Canada, Scandinavia, USA, and many other parts of the world. Placing tailings under a water cover is one of the effective methods to reduce the influx of oxygen to the tailings. Wind-induced turbulence and subsequent resuspension of the tailings, however, are major concerns with this approach. In this paper, a study of wind-induced resuspension at the Shebandowan tailings storage facility, northwestern Ontario, Canada, is discussed. The study compares computer modeling of required water cover depths and resuspended tailings concentrations to observed field data. The calculated minimum water cover depths required to eliminate resuspension were found to be higher than the existing implemented water cover depths in each cell. The predicted resuspended tailings concentrations for the west cell were 6?C22?mg/l with an average value of 15?mg/l and, for the east cell, 1?C10?mg/l, with an average of 6.0?mg/l. In comparison, optical backscatter sensors, deployed in situ, recorded average resuspended tailings concentration up to 25?mg/l, indicating that the model results were similar to the field-measured values. Results from sediment trap measurements did not show any correlation between the amount of resuspended tailings and water cover depth. Sediment traps collect not only sediments eroded and suspended at the location of deployment but also those that have been transported from elsewhere and redeposited at the trap location. The amount of resuspension occurring at Shebandowan does not raise a major concern because discharge from the tailings area is collected and managed before it reports to the final effluent.