Phytoremediation of Mixed Soil Contaminants

Tests were conducted to study the influence of non-ionic surfactants Triton X-100 and Tween 80 on the removal of mixed contaminants from a sandy soil using phytoremediation. Cd(II) and Pb(II) were used to form the inorganic contaminant, while used engine oil was selected to form the organic contaminant. The Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) plant was the plant chosen for phytoremediation of the sandy soil that contained the mixed contaminant. Thirty days after the plants were grown in the greenhouse, surfactants were applied to test pots in which the soil had been spiked with 50 mg kg⁻¹ of CdCl₂, 500 mg kg⁻¹ of PbCl₂ and 500 mg kg⁻¹ of used engine oil. Two control tests were conducted in this study. Planted and unplanted control tests were conducted using soil without surfactants. Following these tests, the tests were completed using the plants and surfactants at different concentrations. Test results showed that Triton X-100 and Tween 80 at concentrations higher than their critical micellar concentration enhanced Cd(II) and Pb(II) accumulation in the plant roots. Further, test data showed that translocation of contaminants to plant shoots occurred for Cd(II) but not for Pb(II). At the same concentrations, Tween 80 was more effective than Triton X-100 in facilitating rhizodegradation of used engine oil. This study demonstrates that simultaneous phytoremediation of Pb(II), Cd(II) and oil can be enhanced by using non-ionic surfactant Tween 80. Leaching test results indicated that the enhanced phytoremediation could remove the mixed contaminants safely from the point of view of limiting groundwater contamination.     

Enzyme Responses to Phytoremediation of PAH-Contaminated Soil Using Echinacea purpurea (L.)

Water, Air, &; Soil Pollution - This article evaluates mercury-resistant autochthonous filamentous fungi’s role in mercury transformation and mobility with respect to mercury...     

Crude Oil-Contaminated Soil Phytoremediation by Using Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk

The degradation of total oil and grease (TOG) in crude oil-contaminated soil in the presence of Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk was investigated in a net house study. C. brevifolius plants were transplanted in to spiked soil containing 8% (w/w) crude oil. The capability of plant for enhancing the biodegradation process was tested in pots containing fertilized and unfertilized soil over a 360-day period. Analysis of the degradation of hydrocarbon contaminants, plant growth, and biomass was conducted at 60-day interval. In the presence of contaminants, plant biomass and height were significantly reduced. The specific root surface area was reduced under the effects of crude oil. Concerning TOG content in soil, C. brevifolius could decrease up to 86.2% in TA (crude oil-contaminated soil with fertilizer) and 61.2% in TC (crude oil-contaminated soil without fertilizer). In the unvegetated pots, the reduction of TOG was 13.7% in TB (crude oil-contaminated soil with fertilizer) and 12.5% in TD (crude oil-contaminated soil without fertilizer). However, biodegradation was significantly more in vegetated pots than in unvegetated pots (p?=?0.05). The addition of fertilizer had positive effect on TOG degradation in the presence of C. brevifolius compared to the unfertilized treatments. Thus, there was evidence of C. brevifolius enhancing the biodegradation of crude oil in soil under the conditions of this experiment.     

植物修复镉污染土壤的差异性研究

以茶花凤仙和百日草为供试植物,对不同镉浓度条件下两种植物的生物量、镉含量及其对镉的吸收、富集状况进行了研究.结果表明,不同程度镉浓度处理的土壤中生长的茶花凤仙和百日草对镉的吸收和富集特性不同,生物量随土壤镉浓度的升高而升高,但达到一定浓度时,生物量又随土壤镉浓度的升高而降低.茶花凤仙在低浓度区域,富集镉的能力要强于百日草,但是在高浓度区域时,茶花凤仙富集镉的效果却低于百日草的富集效果.本试验中所选的两种植物,百日草和茶花凤仙均没有达到超积累植物要求的标准.     

铅污染土壤的植物修复治理技术

铅锌矿的大量开采不可避免地导致了矿区土壤受到严重的铅污染。本文综述了铅对土壤的危害、对植物的毒害作用,铅超富集植物的筛选、影响超富集植物富集铅的因素和超富集植物吸收和积累铅的机制等方面的研究进展,并指出了目前尚未解决的问题及未来发展趋势。     

植物修复技术中有关土壤重金属活化机制的研究进展

植物修复技术是现在环境污染研究领域的一个热点问题,而植物提取是植物修复技术一个重要分支。本文主要从三个方面综述了植物提取中土壤重金属活化的机制问题。1.植物本身分泌特殊物质来螯合溶解难溶性金属;2.通过某些微生物或微生物和植物的共生体促进植物对重金属的吸收;3.通过一些土壤改良措施如螯合剂、酸性肥料等的施用增加重金属的有效性,从而提高植物对重金属的提取效率。土壤重金属的植物修复涉及到的学科很多,在进行研究时应加强学科之间的协作研究。     

EDTA-Enhanced Phytoremediation of Lead-Contaminated Soil by Corn

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation by corn (Zea mays L.) of soil supplemented with 500 mg L^?1 lead (Pb) was examined. The chelate EDTA was used in order to increase Pb bioavailability at four levels: 0 (control), 0.5 (low), 1.0 (medium), and 2.5 mmol kg^?1 (high). Plants were grown under controlled conditions in a growth-chamber with supplementary light. An EDTA concentration of 5.0 mmol kg^?1 was lethal to plants. At high and medium EDTA levels plants grew significantly less than control ones. Lead concentrations in corn leaves increased with increased EDTA levels. Plants subjected to medium EDTA level had the greatest root to shoot Pb translocation. Plants subjected to high EDTA level showed high phosphorus (P) uptake and translocation within plants. Therefore, possibly it was not only Pb that caused toxic effect on plants, but also the high internal concentration of P that in turn could have complexed active Fe.     

Phytoremediation of Nitrogen-Polluted Water Using Water Hyacinth

ABSTRACT

Aquatic plants can be used for treating eutrophicated water in a simple and cost-effective manner, but many such plant systems remain to be characterized. The effects of growing Eichhornia crassipes on removal of nitrogen (N) from the eutrophicated water were investigated in a large-scale enclosure system installed in hyper-eutrophicated water in Hua-jia-chi pond, Hangzhou city, China. Total N concentration in the enclosures decreased from 2.1 to 0.50 mg L^{? 1} after growing Eichhornia crassipes for 44 d. Ammonium concentration decreased at least 2-fold after plant growth. Nitrite concentration decreased to below detection limit after growing Eichhornia crassipes for only 14 d and was maintained at that level afterwards. Chlorophyll a concentration (an indicator of water eutrophication) decreased to 10 μ g L^{? 1} after 44 d. The water transparency increased significantly, reaching the depth of 1.8 m (i.e., to the bottom of the pond) after 44 d. Eichhornia crassipes removed 21.7 kg nitrogen from 6,000 t of hyper-eutrophicated water in the enclosures, thus quickly and effectively improving the water quality. Growing Eichhornia crassipes is the first step toward re-establishing natural ecosystem functions in eutrophicated water bodies.     

蚯蚓在植物修复菲污染土壤中的作用

采用盆栽试验法,研究了蚯蚓（Pheretima sp.）在植物修复菲污染土壤中的作用。结果显示,试验浓度（20.05-322.06 mg.kg-1）范围内,蚯蚓活动促进了菲污染土壤中修复植物黑麦草（Lolium multiforum）的生长,其根冠比明显增大。添加蚯蚓72 d后,种植黑麦草的土壤中菲的去除率高达64.35%-93.40%,其平均去除率（80.92%）比无蚯蚓活动的土壤-植物系统（71.57%）提高9.35%,比无植物对照组（22.58%）提高57.34%。各种生物、非生物修复因子中,植物-微生物交互作用对菲去除的平均贡献率（53.56%）最为突出,比无蚯蚓活动时（47.48%）提高6.08%。说明蚯蚓活动可强化土壤-植物系统对土壤菲污染的修复作用。     

滨海盐渍化土壤引种油葵的试验研究

在对引种油葵进行海涂肥料试验的基础上,布置了3种油葵海涂盐溃土栽培试验,以研究海涂不同程度盐渍化土对油葵产量的影响.结果表明:在江苏海涂的不同程度盐渍化土上.3 品种油葵葵籽产量的差异达到极显著水平,且盐分含量与品种两因素之间互作效应也达到极显著水平.在滨海轻度、中度与强度 3 种盐渍化土壤上,3个油葵品种葵籽产量表现均为DK1显著高于DK3792与G101B,而DK3792与G101B两品种之间无显著差异,DK1为适宜江苏沿海各种盐渍化土种植的油葵品种.     

马唐对Pb污染土壤的修复作用

研究了农田杂草马唐(Digitaria sanguinaisl)对于Pb污染土壤的修复效果。通过45d的盆栽试验研究观测了马唐在Pb污染下的生长情况和富集能力、土壤重金属Pb浓度与土壤酶活性的关系,以及经马唐修复后土壤酶活性恢复情况。结果表明:Pb污染对马唐的生长有明显的抑制作用;五种土壤酶活性均随土壤Pb浓度的增加而降低,回归分析表明土壤过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性与土壤Pb浓度极显著相关,可表示出土壤受Pb污染程度;Pb污染土壤经过马唐修复后,过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性得到恢复,可根据它们的活性恢复状况判断马唐的修复效果。     

修复剂对镉污染盐渍化土壤植物修复效率的影响

目前,重金属污染盐渍化土壤已成为世界性的环境问题,利用盐生植物进行修复具有良好的环境与经济效益,但如何提高盐生植物修复效率的研究尚较少.采用盆栽试验方法,通过向土壤中施加氯化钠和氯化镉溶液分别模拟无污染非盐渍化土壤(Cd0S0)、NaCl型盐渍化土壤(Cd0S4)、重金属Cd污染土壤(Cd3S0)、重金属Cd污染NaC...     

Mercury Mobilization in a Contaminated Industrial Soil for Phytoremediation

The aim of this work was to investigate the possibility of using plants for mercury (Hg) removal from a contaminated industrial soil, increasing the metal's bioaccessibility by using mobilizing agents: ammonium thiosulphate [(NH₄)₂S₂O₃] and potassium iodide (KI). The selected plant species were Brassica juncea and Poa annua. The addition of the mobilizing agents promoted Hg uptake by plants, with respect to controls. Treatments promoted Hg translocation to aerial parts. In the case of Poa annua, greater Hg uptake was found in plants after the 100 mM KI treatment, reaching values that were nearly 400 mg kg^?1 in the aerial part. In contrast, Brassica juncea plants accumulated in their aerial part the greatest Hg quantities, about 100 mg kg^?1, after treatment with 0.27 M (NH₄)₂S₂O₃. The ratio between the concentration of Hg in the shoots and the initial concentration in the soil support the potential for successfully applying Hg phytoextraction on this soil.     

有机污染物污染土壤环境的植物修复机理

利用活的生物体对有毒有机物污染土壤环境的修复是一种被人们认为安全可靠的方法。植物修复是生物修复研究的热点。植物修复的机理包括植物对有机污染物的直接吸收、植物根系分泌物、微生物对根际环境中有机污染物降解的促进作用。     

重金属污染土壤的植物强化修复研究进展

随着工农业生产的快速发展,土壤重金属污染日益严重,土壤重金属污染的高效快速修复技术备受关注。在各种土壤重金属污染修复技术中,植物修复技术因其清洁、简单、高效、低消耗等优点,得到人们的认可,具有良好的发展前景。论文综述了土壤重金属污染来源及现状,植物修复技术的基本原理及特点,植物强化修复技术的研究进展,分析了当前植物强化修复技术中存在的问题,并指明了植物强化修复技术的发展方向,以期为土壤重金属污染的快速、绿色修复提供理论依据。     

微生物菌肥对盐渍土壤微生物区系和食葵产量的影响

在内蒙古五原县,以食葵LD5009为供试作物,通过大田试验,研究了不同微生物菌肥产品（包括丹路牌微生物菌肥和丹路牌微生物菌剂）对盐渍土壤微生物、土壤含盐量及食葵产量的影响。结果表明：（1）施用不同产品可降低0～40cm土层盐分含量;（2）施用不同产品可改善土壤微生态系统,促进土壤微生物繁殖,提高细菌和放线菌的数目,并提高细菌优势菌多样性,且不同产品处理均广泛分布有芽孢杆菌属和假单胞菌属细菌;（3）施用不同产品可极显著提高食葵产量,产量表现为菌剂与无机肥配施〉单施菌肥〉单施无机肥,菌剂配施化肥处理增产可达107.62%;（4）单施菌肥对土壤微生态系统的作用效果较优,但其增产、抑盐效果均不如菌剂配施无机肥处理,不能完全代替化肥产品。     

螯合剂强化棉花对镉污染土壤修复的初步研究

采用土壤盆栽试验研究了4种有机螯合剂柠檬酸(CA)、乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)、乙二醇双四乙酸(EGTA)和乙二胺二琥珀酸(EDDS)在不同添加量(0,2.5,5,7.5mmol/kg)时对棉花修复镉(Cd)污染土壤的影响。结果表明,添加螯合剂显著提高了土壤水溶态Cd的含量,添加EDTA、EGTA、EDDS 3种螯合剂,使水溶态Cd含量分别提高了46.5~92.2,52.0~101.1,16.7~84.1倍,其中EGTA增加的幅度最大。棉花生长受有机螯合剂种类和添加量的影响,EDDS和EDTA在高添加量(7.5mmol/kg)时对棉花产生较大的毒害作用,但在培养期内添加螯合剂对植株生物量无显著影响。使用螯合剂显著促进棉花植株Cd含量和地上部分的积累量,其中以EGTA处理效果最佳,地上部Cd含量为对照(CK)的4.01~5.20倍。从地上部Cd积累量和转运系数来看,4种螯合剂EGTA效果最好,CA效果最差。依据研究结果,棉花可作为土壤Cd污染修复植物使用,在植株收获前7d左右添加EGTA螯合剂可有效提高棉花对Cd污染土壤的修复效率。     

Reclamation of Polluted Soil: Phytoremediation Potential of Crop-Related BRASSICA Species

Soils polluted by heavy metals can be reclaimed using a number of expensive tactics that either remove the contaminants or stabilize them within the soil. The value of metal accumulating plants for environmental remediation has recently been appreciated and promising results have been obtained. This paper reports a study on the behavior of Brassica napus, Brassica juncea, Raphanus sativus and Brassica carinata grown on a substrate contaminated by several heavy metals caused by the use of contaminated irrigation water. Data on carbon dioxide assimilation, biomass growth and the bioconcentration and translocation factor of each metal in each species were measured. The polluted substrate caused only a small variation in photosynthesis, however transpiration was more affected by the experimental substrate and in all three species of the genus Brassica the presence of metals in the substrate resulted in higher transpiration levels.Two bioconcentration factors were calculated respectively for the roots (BCF) and the shoots (BCF); the BCF was >1 for all the species for Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn without significant differences among species. All the values of BCF were lower than 0.5; among the metals, all Brassica species demonstrated a similar performance for Cd and Zn, whereas for other elements the bioconcentration factor was very low.     

采用根滤去污工艺的污水净化植物补救系统决策支持软件

为了开发利用植物去除因吸收污染水而产生的重金属的商业化根滤系统和植物去污补救工艺,研究开发了微型计算机软件,以便为该系统的设计与运行提供参考。建立了一个基于Michaelis-Menton方程的工艺模型,可以定量确定在根滤系统中的植物积累和去除毒素物质的能力。采用一系列的算法处理信息并编入一个根滤设施的系统模型内。该系统模型将植物补救系统的物理元件——植物苗圃、根过滤系统、水的前处理与后处理、植物生物质的产后处理等与系统设计的工程方面包括工艺、运行、设施和系统集成结合起来。该软件内含的工程经济分析工具可用于分析主要设计变量对系统效率的影响     

香薷植物修复铜污染土壤的研究进展

土壤铜污染有自然来源和人为来源。铜污染土壤中有机质、Fe／Al氧化物对铜的专性吸附，是影响土壤中铜生物有效性的主要因素。近年来，我国原生植物修复材料如海州香薷、鸭跖草、酸模、紫花香薷在国内铜污染土壤的研究中得到广泛应用。其中．采用海州香薷开展铜污染土壤植物修复机理和修复技术的研究，已从实验室水培、盆栽试验的生长反应特性、耐及解铜毒的生理生化反应，进展到室外大田修复的示范工程及技术推广阶段。紫花香薷在重金属复合污染土壤上，也有修复前景。开展植物修复材料的产后处置研究，综合利用和深加工，增大植物修复材料价值，对加强植物修复工程的示范和推广步伐，有重要意义。