玉米自交系的酯酶同工酶分析

利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳对两个玉米自交系作酯酶（EST）同工酶测定。结果表明：以单粒种子为样品进行酯酶同工酶分析,酶谱清晰,重现性好;通过比较它们的酶谱差异,计算各试材的酶谱相似系数,发现1和4的2种酶谱一致,2和3的2种酶谱一致应是同一样品;1与2的亲缘关系很近,应该是有一定亲缘关系的不同类型。通过对试材的植物学性状比较,所得结果与酶谱分析基本一致,并讨论了它们在制种上的应用以及认为酯酶同工酶作为鉴定玉米自交系亲缘关系及真实性的方法切实可行,具有快速、准确之优点。     

水稻与高粱杂交后代酯酶同工酶遗传研究

分析水稻与高粱杂交后代酯酶同工酶,其酶谱基础与母本粳稻相同,但子代中的种胚、花药等器官出现一条与高粱位置相同而母本水稻没有的第Ⅱ酶带。同时,系统分析了 F_2～F_3及高世代,揭示了这条酶带的遗传现象:杂种各世代多数株系和单株具有这条酶带,并出现分离,绝大多数发生在 F_2～F_3,F_4以后减轻,至高代不再分离;在 F_2～F_5     

酯酶同工酶标记鉴定加拿大披碱草和老芒麦的杂种后代纯度研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直平板电泳对加拿大披碱草和老芒麦及其杂种F1、F2的酯酶同工酶(EST)做了比较分析,结果表明,亲本加拿大披碱草和老芒麦的同工酶可明显区分为A、B两个区,共有4条相同位点的酶带,为亲本的基带。从酶蛋白分子水平验证出亲缘关系相对较近;杂种F1主要表现为互补双亲的酶带类型,同时还丢失了部分双亲的酶带,证明F1是真正的杂种,杂种F1的同工酶谱有偏向母本遗传的倾向;亲本与杂种F1的酶谱表型均有一定的差异;杂种F2代的同工酶谱条带主要表现为它的大多数条带与亲本F1的相同,其他部分条带表现出了一定的差异,但差异较小,同时还丢失了部分亲本F1的酶带,结合表型性状,证明F2是F1自交产生的后代。F2代的EST同工酶谱既继承了亲本部分的性状,又表现出了一定的变异性。同工酶具有多态性,可作为遗传标记用于杂种鉴定和目标性状植物的检测。     

等电聚焦同工酶电泳技术鉴定甘兰一代杂种纯度

等电聚焦丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳方法分析了京丰一号、中甘十一甘兰一代杂种及双亲幼苗的过氧化物同工酶,共分离出12条谱带,两个杂交组合F_1杂种与亲本间同工酶图谱表现出明显不同,均为互补型差异。在此基础上,我们开展了应用等电聚焦电泳技术对甘兰杂交种纯度的检测,并同时在田间进行验证性测定,酶谱纯度和田间纯度二者回归方程式为y=7.93 0.93x,相关系数r=0.96.对r进行t测验t=4.47>2.79(t_(0.01)=2.79,n=26),表明同工酶测定和田间测定结果之间存在着极显著的正相关关系。     

不同玉米品种间酯酶同工酶的分析

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直平板电泳技术,通过品种间叶片酯酶同工酶酶谱的差异性比较,对10个玉米品种亲缘关系进行分析,并研究它们的遗传相似程度,为玉米栽培育种和种子纯度鉴定提供可靠的理论依据。研究结果表明：不同玉米品种间酯酶同工酶酶谱具有一定的差异性,具体表现在酶带数、酶带迁移率和酶带的活性上;在亲缘关系方面,沈137与051176之间的亲缘关系最远,05AY2与05AY1之间具有较近的亲缘关系,其中紫丁糯4号、皖糯1号与天4的亲缘关系最近。     

苏杂16与其亲本的同工酶谱分析

苏杂１６ 是陆地棉品种间强优势杂交种。本文在子叶期按根、茎、子叶三个部位对苏杂１６ 及其双亲的酯酶同工酶与过氧化物酶同工酶做了分析。结果表明, 苏杂１６ 的杂种优势类型在单一酶谱图式上属“单一亲本型”; 同时苏杂１６ 兼具亲本宁１０１ 的酯酶同工酶谱特征和川４１４ 的过氧化物酶同工酶特征, 显示出异类酶互补的独特性。     

大豆生化遗传研究——Ⅰ.超氧物歧化酶谱型Ⅰ和谱型Ⅲ的遗传

采用超氧物歧化酶(SOD)酶谱型不同的3个基因型配制了2个杂交组合,根据 F_1、F_2及F_3资料对两种酶谱型进行了遗传分析。结果表明,大豆超氧物歧化酶 SOD b1b2谱带的有无受一对互为显隐性的主效基因(Major gene)控制,分别用 Sod 1和 sod 1表示;C 区的变异受两个位于同一基因位点上的共显性基因(Codominant allele)控制,分别用 S     

不同育种年代玉米自交系和杂交种的过氧化物酶和酯酶同工酶的研究

对不同育种年代的１１个玉米自交系和８个杂交种进行了过氧化物酶和酯酶的同工酶研究。结果表明，用过氧化物酶同工酶区分不同材料的灵敏性高于酯酶同工酶。尽管不同育种年代玉米自交系和杂交种在同工酶谱带上差异明显，但未表现出随育种年代变化的趋势。根据过氧化物酶同工酶或酯酶同工酶谱带的变化很难预测玉米杂种优势的表现。     

冬小麦不同发育时期过氧化物酶同工酶研究

利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直板电泳技术对 18个冬小麦品种 4个发育期的POD同工酶进行了研究 ,发现在不同发育时期冬小麦根和叶POD同工酶酶谱均有不同程度的变化。返青期根POD同工酶谱变化较明显 ,在A区增加 1条RA1酶带 ,在C区增加 1条RC1酶带 ,而其他发育期无这 2条酶带或只有痕迹带 ;拔节期叶POD同工酶谱C区酶带比其他发育期多 1条LC1酶带 ;同时发现根RC4 酶带、叶LC5酶带在 4个发育期均较为稳定 ,表现为一级带 ;A区的RA2 酶带也较为稳定 ,在不同发育期均表现为二级带 ;冬小麦 18个品种间POD同工酶谱无明显差异     

果蔗不同器官在不同生育期的同工酶聚类相关分析

为了解过氧化物酶(POD)和酯酶(EST)同工酶在果蔗生长中的变化规律,本研究选择不同的取样时期和植株不同器官,对8个果蔗品种利用垂直平板聚丙烯酰胺电泳得出的叶片、根组织不同生育时期POD、EST同工酶酶谱进行聚类分析,并检测其相关性。结果表明：（1）不同品种间同工酶谱的遗传相似系数存在差异,特别是外引黑皮果蔗(Badila)与中国地方品种之间存在着一定的遗传差异;（2）不同生育时期叶片或根部的POD同工酶和EST同工酶酶谱的聚类图都存在着差异;（3）叶片中的POD、EST酶谱在各个生育时期均达到极显著相关。说明叶片是这两种酶基因表达的最重要活性部位,因此叶片可以作为同工酶分析较为稳定和适宜的采样部位。     

两种类型蓖麻杂交种杂种优势的分析

为进一步了解蓖麻表型性状杂种优势表现特点及与亲本相应性状的关系.选用两种基因类型有明显差异的中高秆和矮杆蓖麻杂交组合的亲本CS-R6(♀)、CS-R181(♂)和CS-R63(♀)、CS-R268(♂)和它们的杂交种CS-R6.181F_1、CS-R6.181F_2、CS-R63.268F_1为研究材料.通过田间试验,测定了地上部干物质积累及在营养体和生殖体中分配速率和成熟期13个表型性状的杂种优势表现.结果表明:两种类型杂交组合的生育特点及杂种优势表现上有明显差别,CS-R6.181F_1属于生殖型为主、体质型为辅的杂种优势类型;而CS-R63.268F_1属于生殖型的杂种优势类型;中高秆杂交种CS-R6.181F_1收获期13个地上部主要性状杂种优势均表现为超高亲优势;而矮秆杂交种CS-R63.268F_1只是在籽粒产量、皮壳率和粗脂肪含量等7个性状表现为超高亲优势,百粒重等3个性状表现为超中亲优势,而营养体3个性状均表现超低亲优势,CS-R63.268F_1综合了母、父本突出的优良特性,生育期趋向父本,是适合密植和机械化栽培的杂交种;蓖麻杂种优势从杂种F_2开始出现衰退,不再适合在生产中应用.     

油菜杂种后代硫苷和蛋白质含量的表现及其杂种优势分析

以1个甘蓝型油菜细胞质雄性不育恢复系为父本,与2个不同来源的保持系配置杂交种F1,并构建了F2,F2：3家系。对2个群体的F1,F2,F2：3家系的硫苷含量、蛋白质含量的杂种优势进行分析,结果表明,这2个品质性状的F1杂种优势值较低,为负值或较小的正值;F2杂种优势值仍然较低,为负值或较小的正值;对群体1硫苷含量、蛋白质含量在F2,F2：3家系的分离情况进行分析,结果表明,2个品质性状都存在着丰富的变异,但均集中在中亲值附近,其在F2,F2：3家系中的次数分布均符合正态分布,说明它们为数量性状,同时都出现了超优亲现象,这为品质育种选择高蛋白、低硫苷优质油菜奠定了基础。     

Heterosis in rice over environments

Summary Ten CMS (A) lines and their maintainers (B) and seven restorers (R) were used to make 70 crosses (A/R) and 70 reciprocals (R/B) following line x tester design. The 140 crosses and 17 parents (10 B + 7 R lines) were evaluated in six environments created by three nitrogen fertility levels (0, 60, 120 kg N/ha) and two seasons wet (WS) and dry (DS). Hybrids (both A/R and R/B) were superior to their parents in yield. Hybrids flowered earlier and were taller than the parents. Substantial heterosis, heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis were observed in different environments. Extent of heterosis was higher in WS (stress environment) than in DS (favorable environment). Twenty four hybrids outyielded the standard check (IR46) significantly. Most of them were derived from crosses with parental lines: IR54752A/B, IR58057A/B, IR46 and IR54. For days to flowering, the overall mean heterosis, heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis were all negative values. Heterosis for plant height did not change the plant type of hybrids from semi-dwarf to tall because the parents possessed same dwarfing gene. With proper choice of parents hybrids possessing higher yield potential, early maturity and semi-dwarf plant type can be developed for the tropics.     

栽培大豆(G.max)×半野生大豆(G.gracilis)后代主要农艺性状遗传参数的初步分析

本试验利用三个不同结荚习性的栽培大豆(G.max)做母本,分别与三个半野生大豆(G.graeilis)按NCⅡ设计配制的9个杂交组合,估测了F_1、F_2代主要农艺性状的优势指数;F_2代主要农艺性状的平均数、变幅、遗传变异系数、遗传力和预期遗传进度。试验结果表明:F_1代除百粒重、主茎有效节数以外,其余性状均有明显的杂种优势;F_2代除有效分枝、主茎粗以外,其余性状的优势指数均明显下降;F_2代遗传变异幅度大小的趋势为有限组合>亚有限组合>无限组合;生育日数、株高的遗传力高,可在早期世代进行选择;单株粒数、单株荚数、主茎粗的遗传力低,应在较晚世代选择;单株粒重及其主要构成因素均有较大的遗传进度绝对值,无限组合的遗传进度明显低于有限、亚有限组合。     

西瓜同工酶及可溶性蛋白分析

对京欣一号西瓜的亲本及杂种一代的几种同工酶系统及可溶性蛋白进行了分析。结果表明，在种子萌发过程中，过氧化物酶、酯酶和可溶性蛋白随发育阶段或营养状况的改变而改变；而在相同萌发时期，过氧物酶工酶、酯酶同工酶、过氧化氢酶同工酶和淀粉酶同工酶在亲本及杂种间未见差异，杂种的可溶性蛋白图谱表现与母本相同，而与父本有差异。此外，对６个品种的西瓜、非洲西瓜和瓠瓜的分析结果表明，非洲西瓜和瓠瓜的过氧化物酶酶谱、酯酶     

Isoenzymic diversity index of vigna parents in relation to heterosis for seed yield in green gram (Vigna radiata (L.)Wilczek)

Summary Extent of heterosis for seed yield is an indicator for transgressive segregation in cross of self-pollinated crops. However, the extent of heterosis is thought to be related to the genetic diversity among the parents. Isoenzymic variation was used for estimating the genetic diversity. Eight varieties of green gram (Vigna radiata) were characterized for esterase, amylases, phosphatases, catalase and peroxidase isoenzymes. Differences in these systems were used to calculate a diversity index (D.I.). Hybrids produced from an inbred pair having higher D.I.'s outyielded those with low D.I.'s. However, the correlation (r) between D.I. and heterosis for seed yield was not consistent in different seasons but some of the desirable crosses could be singled out on the basis of D.I.     

An electrophoretic study of esterase and peroxidase isozymes in Brassicoraphanus

Summary A comparative electrophoretic study of esterase and peroxidase isozymes from the leaves of Brassicoraphanus and its parental species (Brassica japonica and Raphanus sativus) was carried out by means of the polyacrylamide gel isoelectrofocusing technique. The isozyme bands of Brassicoraphanus could be regarded as a summation of parent-derived bands, some of which were missing, in addition to some new bands. The qualitative and quantitative variation of isozyme patterns among individual plants was found within each strain of Brassicoraphanus as well as each parental species. The range of the enzymatic variation of a certain strain seemed to reflect the genetic homogeneity of the strain in question. Every strain of Brassicoraphanus was less variable in esterase patterns than the parental species, but in peroxidase patterns the variations of Brassicoraphanus were intermediate between those of both parents. Some strains of Brassicoraphanus were uniform in isozyme patterns, whereas others were variable. The difference in enzymatic variation among strains was perhaps due to the difference in the source of the strains and the selection which they received.     

Heterosis and combining ability for grain yield and other agronomic traits in winter triticale

Hybrid breeding is a widely discussed alternative for triticale. Heterosis as well as general (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects were estimated for eight agronomic traits. The experiment comprised 24 F₁ hybrids, produced by a chemical hybridizing agent, together with their six female and four male parents, grown in drilled plots in two locations. In comparison with the mid‐parent values, hybrids averaged a 6.4 dt/ha (10.1%) higher grain yield, 8.4% more kernels per spike, a 6.8% higher 1000‐kernel weight, 9.7% lower falling number (FN) and 4.4% greater plant height. SCA effects for grain yield were significant and ranged from 4.5 to 6.9 dt/ha for grain yield. Together with GCA x location interactions, they explained most of the variation. For 1000‐kernel weight, GCA effects were predominant. SCA and interactions with location accounted for most of the variation in FN, whereas interactions were negligible for plant height. Correlations between mid‐parent and hybrid performance and between GCA and per se performance of parents were tight for all traits except grain yield, which allows for pre‐selection of parental lines. Although the amount of heterosis in triticale at present is closer to wheat than to rye, by selecting parents for combining ability and identifying heterotic patterns, grain yield heterosis of up to 20% appears sufficiently encouraging to embark on hybrid breeding.     

不同组合杂种小麦旗叶光合优势特点的研究

为揭示不同亲本组合的化杀型杂种小麦旗叶光合优势形成的生理基础，对杂种小麦1F1和2F1进行了研究，结果表明：1F1和2F1旗叶光合速率在旗叶衰老后期都高于亲本和对照，在全展初期则优势不显著或不具优势；1F1和2F1旗叶的叶源量均高于亲本和对照，但优势来源不同，1F1的优势起因于其叶片光合功能期(叶绿素含量缓降期和光合速率高值持续期)的延长，2F1的优势则由叶片光合功能期延长和光合速率提高共同作用所致。     

大麦农艺性状的杂种优势与配合力分析

从中国不同大麦产区选取12份代表性的品种（系）,按NCⅡ设计配制成35个杂交组合,对7个主要农艺性状,株高、穗下节间长、穗长、单株穗数、每穗实粒数、单株粒重、千粒重的杂种优势与配合力进行了分析,旨在为杂交大麦育种的亲本选配提供依据。结果表明,不同性状的中亲优势表现不同,株高、穗下节间长、穗长、千粒重大多为正向优势组合,所占比例分别为90%、73.3%、73.3%、73.3%;单株穗数、每穗实粒数、单株粒重多呈负向优势,其中每穗实粒数负向优势组合所占比例高达76.7%。同一性状,不同亲本的一般配合力(GCA)不同,同一亲本,不同性状的GCA不同,组合间的特殊配合力(SCA)也是如此。GCA高的两亲本所配组合的SCA并非一定高,SCA是相对复杂的基因互作结果。因此,在杂交大麦育种的亲本选配上,应先考虑GCA高的亲本,在此基础上,筛选SCA高的组合。