致病性鸡大肠杆菌type1菌毛fimC基因的克隆与序列测定

根据国外发表的人致病性大肠杆菌fimC基因序列,在其保守区设计了带有BamHⅠ/HindⅢ酶切位点的一对引物,应用PCR技术以鸡致病性大肠杆菌O2基因组DNA为模板扩增到一个片段,大小约为700bp,将扩增产物克隆到pMD18-T载体上,并转化于大肠杆菌TG1宿主菌,经酶切和筛选,得到阳性重组质粒.通过对阳性重组质粒核酸序列测定,确定此DNA片段为鸡大肠杆菌fimC基因.     

致病性鸡大肠杆菌typel菌毛fimC基因的克隆与序列测序

根据国外发表的人致病性大肠杆菌fimC基因序列,在其保守区设计了带有BamHⅠ/HindⅢ酶切位点的一对引物,应用PCR技术以鸡致病性大肠杆菌02基因组DNA为模板扩增到一个片段,大小约为700kp,将扩增产物克隆到pMD18-T载体上,并转化于大肠杆菌TG1宿主菌,经酶切和筛选,得到阳性重组质粒。通过对阳性重组质粒核酸序列测定,确定此DNA片段为鸡大肠杆菌fimC基因。     

H7亚型禽流感病毒HA1基因的克隆与原核表达

利用PCR技术亚克隆了H7亚型禽流感病毒的HA1基因,并将PCR产物连接到克隆载体pMD 18-T Simple vector,转化大肠杆菌。测序结果表明所克隆的片断大小为1035bp。将HA1基因克隆至原核表达载体pGEX-6P-1,经酶切和PCR鉴定,证明成功构建了重组表达载体pGEX-HA1。将构建好的融合表达载体在IPTG的诱导下在大肠杆菌中得到了表达。融合蛋白GST-HA1的分子量为63ku。Western-Blot和ELISA鉴定结果表明,融合蛋白与H7亚型禽流感阳性血清发生特异性反应,而与H5、H9亚型抗血清不发生反应。     

大肠杆菌多重耐药调控基因evgS的克隆及其原核表达

以大肠杆菌ATCC25922的基因组为模板,根据GenBank中大肠杆菌的evgS基因序列设计引物,PCR扩增出约894 bp的基因片段,将所得片段与pMD18-T simple vector连接,转化至大肠杆菌JM109中,筛选阳性克隆,其质粒中插入序列测序结果与GenBank中报道一致.提取阳性克隆质粒,经EcoR Ⅰ和Xho Ⅰ双酶切,回收目的片段,定向克隆到pET-28a原核表达载体中,提取阳性质粒,转化至大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中,获得阳性克隆.经IPTG诱导阳性菌,收集表达产物,通过SDS-PAGE分析证实,pET-28a-evgS可成功地在大肠杆菌中表达EvgS蛋白.Western-blot检测证明,表达产物具有良好的反应原性.     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒ORF5扩增产物与其克隆后测序结果的比较

为了明确PCR产物直接测序与克隆后测序结果的差异,验证PCR产物直接测序的“准确性”,将从两个规模化猪场采集的组织样品（A、B）PRRSV ORF5 PCR阳性扩增产物胶回收后连接至pMD19-T载体,分别取15个阳性亚克隆单菌落,同原始PCR产物进行测序,对两个样品各获得的16条序列进行比对分析。结果显示：A、B两组样品16条序列间的核苷酸同源性分别为84.2%~100%、87.4%~100%,PCR产物与其15个亚克隆测序获得序列的核苷酸同源性分别为87.7%~97.3%、87.9%~100%。遗传演化分析方面：样品A序列与其亚克隆序列被划分在谱系1、5、8,占比分别为6.25%、87.50%、6.25%,与其12个亚克隆序列同属于谱系5;样品B与其亚克隆序列被划分在谱系5、8,占比分别为68.75%、31.25%,与其10个亚克隆序列同属于谱系5。结果表明,同一样品中PRRSV ORF5序列具有多样性,不同样品的PRRSV ORF5序列丰富度不同。结果提示,在生产实际中,通过PCR对PRRSV ORF5产物进行直接测序,对于了解场内流行毒株具有一定的指示意义。     

致猪水肿病大肠杆菌标准菌株F107/86SLT-ⅡeA基因的克隆与表达

为了克隆与表达致猪水肿病大肠杆菌标准菌株F107/86类志贺毒素Ⅱ型变异体A亚单位(SLT-ⅡeA)基因,试验以F107/86为模板,PCR扩增去掉信号肽的935 bp的SLT-ⅡeA亚单位基因,将其克隆到原核表达载体pGEX-6p-1的EcoRⅠ与SalⅠ位点之间并测序,在大肠杆菌中经IPTG诱导表达,并对表达产物进行SDS-PAGE和Western-blot分析。结果表明:对筛选出的阳性重组质粒pGEX-SLT-ⅡeA-4测序并与GenBank登录的M36727序列比较,证明插入序列及读码框正确;表达产物GST-SLT-ⅡeA经SDS-PAGE分析其大小为58.3 ku;Western-blot检测证实表达产物具有良好的免疫原性。说明试验所构建的原核表达载体可大量表达抗原蛋白。     

传染性支气管炎病毒纤突蛋白S1基因的T/A载体克隆策略

参考Genbank收录的IBV纤突蛋白 (S1)基因序列 ,自行设计合成一对引物 ,对传染性支气管炎病毒 (IBV)江苏省地方分离毒株 (JS/95/0 3)RNA进行RT PCR扩增 ,产物经琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析 ,呈现一条 1716bp的条带 ,将其克隆入T/A质粒pMD18 T载体中 ,转化大肠杆菌JM10 9,挑选阳性克隆 ,用质粒少量提取法提取重组质粒 ,用EcoRⅠ和HindⅢ双酶切对重组克隆质粒进行鉴定 ,然后进行序列测定 ,证实为S1基因。将此重组质粒命名为pMDJS950 3S。     

大肠杆菌多重耐药调控基因soxS的克隆及其原核表达

根据GenBank中大肠杆菌的soxS基因序列设计引物,以大肠杆菌ATCC25922的基因组为模板,PCR扩增出约324 bp的soxS基因片段,将所得片段与pMD18-Tsi mple vector连接,转化至J M109大肠杆菌中,成功地筛选到阳性克隆,其质粒序列测序结果与GenBank中报道一致。从阳性克隆中提取质粒,经BamHⅠ和XhoⅠ酶解,回收324 bp的目的片段,定向克隆到pET-28a表达载体中,提取质粒,再次转化到大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中,成功地筛选出阳性克隆。经IPTG诱导阳性菌,获得表达产物,通过SDS-PAGE检测出soxS基因的表达。     

Asia1型FMDV非结构蛋白3A基因的克隆、表达与抗原性鉴定

为了研究Asia1型口蹄疫病毒(FMDV)非结构蛋白3A的抗原性,试验对Asia1型口蹄疫病毒非结构蛋白3A基因进行扩增、亚克隆及测序,将3A克隆至表达载体pET-32a(+)中,选取阳性克隆转化Rosetta(DE3)pLysS大肠杆菌感受态细胞,用IPTG诱导表达和纯化3A蛋白,并进行SDS-PAGE鉴定与Western-blot分析。结果表明:在大肠杆菌中成功地表达了3A蛋白,表达的目的蛋白能与Asia1型FMDV阳性血清发生特异性反应。说明非结构蛋白3A具有较好的抗原活性。     

大肠杆菌不耐热肠毒素LTB大肠杆菌-乳酸菌穿梭表达载体的构建及表达

为了获取大肠杆菌不耐热肠毒素LTB基因,试验以产肠毒素大肠杆菌的大质粒为模板,采用PCR技术扩增大肠杆菌不耐热肠毒素LTB基因,并将PCR产物克隆至p MD18-T载体中构建克隆质粒p MD18T-LTB;通过酶切、纯化将LTB基因与大肠杆菌-乳酸菌穿梭表达载体p W425et连接构建成重组质粒p W425et-LTB,将p W425et-LTB转化至thy A基因缺陷型大肠杆菌X13感受态细胞中,再进行SDS-PAGE、Western-blot检测。结果表明:重组大肠杆菌表达出LTB蛋白,且表达的融合蛋白能被LTB特异性抗体识别。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -